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Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages
Faculty of philology and translation; Chair of simultaneous translation;
«Approved» by:
Ramazanova G.Kh. ______
Project Work
Theme: « The profession of an interpreter »
Specialty 5B020726- Simultaneous translation
Fulfilled: Kalambayeva Nurila,
Mahmet Asem, 104 group
Scientific consultant: Baysakalov T.
Almaty 2013
Theme of the project: « The profession of an interpreter »
The aim of the project acquainted with the profession of an interpreter.
Content
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Introduction
Interpreters are becoming increasingly important. Our frequent dealings with the international market as well as a growing ethnic minority population at home means the services of an interpreter to overcome language barriers is crucial. Our first-class interpreters deal with all manner of needs including:
Business - conference interpreters, meetings, entertaining, greeting, telephone, video conferencing and negotiations
Public sector - public service, police, courts, immigration, healthcare and social services
Media - voice overs, interviews, location services and other TV work
1) Understanding what is wanted of you.
Bear in mind that clients themselves often do not know exactly what they want: it is up to you to provide services that meet their needs (Consecutive or simultaneous? Or perhaps what they really want is a tour guide rather than an interpreter?). Your clients will appreciate your help.
2) Knowing your role and your place.
You are a verbal communication expert, a multilingual, intercultural go-between providing a service to people who depend on you – but who may not have recruited you themselves. You have experience, know-how or training, or perhaps all three. It is your responsibility to prepare thoroughly, bring along everything you need (paper, pencils, glasses, headphone wipes, water, etc.), to turn up in good time, introduce yourself and keep a low profile. You are there for your client, not the other way round.
3) Knowing your technical and linguistic skills, and your limits, and managing your diary so you can give a firm and honest reply when work is offered.
So: do not accept more than one offer of work on a single day, since you cannot be in two places at once; do not accept work if you have not got the right languages; do not turn down a prior offer you have accepted, if something else comes along afterwards. Clients will come to trust you.
4) Make sure that the basic requirements are clear and understood by both sides (client and interpreter), perhaps by signing a contract. You will then be taken seriously as a professional.
You may be working on your own or need to put a team together, depending on the work involved. You may need preparation time or a briefing. There must be explicit agreement on working hours, the place of work, pay and expenses, and the responsibilities of all concerned.
5) In the end, if you build up a reputation for integrity, teamwork and solidarity (between the generations, for example), you will win the respect of other interpreters and the trust of clients. You will be well established on a good career. A bad reputation is almost impossible to shake off.
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Interpreters enable the cross-cultural communication necessary in today’s society by converting one language into another. However, these language specialists do more than simply translate words — they relay concepts and ideas between languages. They must thoroughly understand the subject matter in which they work in order to accurately convert information from one language into another. In addition, they must be sensitive to the cultures associated with their languages of expertise.
Interpreters convert one spoken language into another-or, in the case of sign-language interpreters, between spoken communication and sign language. This requires interpreters to pay attention carefully, understand what is communicated in both languages, and express thoughts and ideas clearly. Strong research and analytical skills, mental dexterity, and an exceptional memory also are important.
The first part of an interpreter's work begins before arriving at the jobsite. The interpreter must become familiar with the subject matter that the speakers will discuss, a task that may involve research to create a list of common words and phrases associated with the topic. Next, the interpreter usually travels to the location where his or her services are needed. Physical presence may not be required for some work, such as telephone interpretation. But it is usually important that the interpreter see the communicators in order to hear and observe the person speaking and to relay the message to the other party.
Interpreters convert spoken or sign language statements from one language to another. Interpreting involves listening to, understanding and memorising content in the original 'source' language, then reproducing statements, questions and speeches in a different 'target' language. This is often done in only one direction, normally into the interpreter's native language, but may be on a two-way basis.
Interpreters facilitate effective communication between clients in the following settings:
Interpreting can be carried out in various ways:
There are two types of interpretation: simultaneous and consecutive. Simultaneous interpretation requires interpreters to listen and speak (or sign) at the same time. In simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter begins to convey a sentence being spoken while the speaker is still talking. Ideally, simultaneous interpreters should be so familiar with a subject that they are able to anticipate the end of the speaker's sentence. Because they need a high degree of concentration, simultaneous interpreters work in pairs, with each interpreting for 20- to 30-minute segments. This type of interpretation is required at
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international conferences and is sometimes used in the courts.
In contrast to simultaneous interpretation's immediacy, consecutive interpretation begins only after the speaker has verbalized a group of words or sentences. Consecutive interpreters often take notes while listening to the speakers, so they must develop some type of note-taking or shorthand system. This form of interpretation is used most often for person-to-person communication, during which the interpreter sits near both parties.
Who and what is an interpreter?
The Oxford Dictionary defines him or her as "a person who interprets laws, texts, etc., in an official capacity; a person, esp. an official, who translates orally the words of people speaking different languages; a messenger of the gods, spec. Mercury" (The New Shorter Oxford Dictionary).
Simultaneous interpretation is usually said to have been invented at the Nuremberg Trials. The very first simultaneous translation took place, however, several decades earlier, in 1927 during the International Labour Conference in Geneva. Although a setting in which national boundaries are perhaps more easily overcome despite the many languages and wide-ranging attendance, time is nonetheless of the essence. In fact, the well tried technique of consecutive translation proved so laborious that an ingenious system using telephone lines was rigged up and delegates were able to listen to a translation of the speaker’s words in real time.
Transmission systems have improved enormously since then and today the headsets worn by conference attendees use sophisticated radio and/or infrared technology. By the same token, today’s simultaneous interpreter has developed into a highly specialized professional, trained in the specific technique of contemporaneous translation - a far cry from the heroic efforts of the first interpreters at the 1927 conference.
Interpreters are in great demand in the current global climate. With people from all over the world participating in business meetings, conferences and events, overcoming the language barrier naturally becomes the key to ensuring all attendees contribute and benefit from such occasions. The interpreter is an integral cog in the wheel of cross cultural communication. Knowing how to hire and work with an interpreter is a must for international business personnel.
Hiring an interpreter is the easy part. Most agencies that provide interpreters will only work with qualified and experienced interpreters. In addition, they will ensure an interpreter is familiar with the subject matter, i.e. an interpreter specializing in medicine will not be used in an agricultural conference.
Working with an interpreter offers challenges. Interpreters on the whole have a stressful job. Unlike translators they do not have the luxury of breaks and time to think. Interpreters have to perform ‘live’ and in front of an audience. In order to ensure you get the best out of an interpreter, good communication is necessary.
By way of offering some tips on working with interpreters the following guidelines may be of some use:
1 – Establish and agree ground rules with an interpreter. For example, try and communicate how you want a meeting run, the number of sentences to be translated at a time, the confirmation of jargon or idioms before they are translated, when breaks will be
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taken and seemingly trivial matters like seating arrangements.
2 – Try and brief an interpreter prior to any face to face meetings. Familiarized them with the whose, what’s and whys. If there is any specific terminology to be used ask them if they understand it. If you foresee any tricky issues or tense topics, prepare them for it.
3 – If you plan to give a speech or read from a script, give the interpreter a copy. The more familiar they are with the subject matter, the better a job they will do.
4 – While speaking through an interpreter always engage with your counterpart directly. Even though you cannot understand what is being said, show interest, keep eye contact and remain focused. If you start to converse through an interpreter you lose any chance of building trust, rapport or confidence.
5 – Try and avoid humour. Most interpreters will agree that jokes do not translate well. If you are giving a speech and plan to start it off with a joke, it is advisable to consult the interpreter first to see if they think it will work.
6 – Plan your time carefully. Conversing through an interpreter makes conversations twice as long. For example, if you are making a presentation remember that anything you say will first be translated, so the likelihood is that a one hour presentation will take two. Compensate for this by either cutting down your presentation or speaking in shorter, sharper sentences.
7 – Do not rush. Interpreting is a taxing job and is mentally exhausting. To alleviate the pressure as much as possible, speak slowly and clearly. If you rush the interpreter is more likely to become stressed and the quality of the translation may drop.
8 – Interpersonal communication, by its nature, involves emotion. An interpreter should never translate emotions. If the speaker is annoyed this will be obvious in their body language and tone. Never involve the interpreter at a personal level in any discussions and if you see an interpreter translating your emotions, ask them to stop. The interpreter is there to purely translate what is being said.
9 – Make sure the interpreter is clear that they are never to answer questions on your behalf. Even if the answer is simple, the interpreter should still convey this to you. If an interpreter starts to speak on your behalf, this can have numerous negative consequences such as undermining your position or even losing face.
10 – Ask interpreters not to change or alter what you say even if they think it may cause offense. If you plan to talk about a controversial issue let the interpreter know. Before discussing it with an audience announces that what will be said is not the opinion of the interpreter but your own. This then frees the interpreter of feeling uncomfortable and nervous.
These guidelines should enable you to get the best out of your interpreter and consequently your business meeting, presentation, conference or event.
The role of the Interpreter is to facilitate communication between two individuals, where, typically, one is a service providing agency, such as a local authority housing department and the other a client with a problem or an important request.
Interpreters are often given little time to prepare for work in a given situation. They must, therefore, possess the requisite skills and information to respond immediately and effectively to their client's needs in a particular context.
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In order to work reliably and effectively, interpreters working in the public sector must have:
Initial Contact
On initial contact the Interpreter must indicate clearly and unequivocally:
If the assignment is accepted, the interpreter should record appropriate details, such as:
Impartiality
Confidentiality
The interpreter will maintain utmost confidentiality and trust, since clients need to feel that total discretion will be observed by both the interpreter and the agency.
Awareness of Professional Limitation
The interpreter has the right to refuse an assignment in the following circumstances:
Equal Opportunities
An interpreter will not discriminate between parties, either directly or indirectly, on the grounds of race, colour, ethnic origin, age, nationality, religion and belief, gender, physical ability or sexual orientation.
Cultural Guidance
The interpreter may, as a separate assignment, give guidance on cultural norms and differences, in order to facilitate fuller understanding between parties. This is done, however, in the recognition that it is the view of the individual interpreter and that no individual can speak for a whole culture or race.
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Sensitivity
If the assignment has been accepted, the interpreter will also be required to demonstrate sensitivity and understanding in coping with tense and stressful situations, such as racial abuse, child abuse, domestic violence or the trauma of asylum seekers. Similarly, consideration should be given to the sensitivities of the interpreter and his/her vicarious exposure to such situations
In high school, students can prepare for this career by taking a broad range of courses that include foreign languages’ writing and comprehension, and basic computer proficiency. Other helpful pursuits include spending time abroad, engaging in direct contact with foreign cultures, and reading extensively on a variety of subjects in English or other foreign languages.
Beyond high school, there are many educational options. Although a bachelor’s degree is often required, interpreters note that it is acceptable to major in something other than a language. An educational background in a particular field of study provides a natural area of subject matter expertise. However, specialized training in how to do the work is generally required. Formal programs in interpreting are available at colleges nationwide and through non-university training programs, conferences, and courses. Many people who work as conference interpreters or in more technical areas such as localization, engineering, or finance have master’s degrees, while those who working in the community as court or medical interpreters are more likely to complete job-specific training programs.
This area of work is open to all graduates with a high level of language knowledge. For most, this will mean an undergraduate degree in one of the following subjects:
Entry is also possible, however, for graduates who have an unrelated degree but possess the required language skills. Specialist knowledge in science, engineering, the environment, business, economics, law or politics can be helpful, as interpreters work for a wide range of clients and understanding specialist vocabulary and concepts to a high level is essential.
This area of work is open to those with an HND/foundation degree in one of the above subjects, although you will need to progress to degree-level study and/or a diploma in interpreting in order to enter the profession. Entry without a degree or HND/foundation degree is unlikely except where practitioners have come to interpreting through life experience, for example, a bilingual upbringing, residence abroad or regular work with speakers of a second language. BSL interpreters may develop their language proficiency through vocational qualifications such as NVQs.
A postgraduate diploma or Masters in interpreting techniques is usually expected. Some courses focus on particular aspects of interpreting, but there are options which also develop complementary skills, such as translation. Several institutions run both part and
full-time courses.
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Pre-entry experience is not essential but, if you want to work as a professional interpreter, you will need to show evidence of the following:
In addition, conference and court interpreters must be confident about speaking in public and have a clear and pleasant speaking voice.
While building a network of contacts and developing experience, some interpreters offer their services voluntarily. They may also do this in the later stages of their career, if it is financially viable to do so. Interpreters will often use speculative applications in order to approach agencies when seeking work. Many professional interpreting associations offer membership at a reduced cost to students, which can assist you in developing contacts and knowledge of the industry.
Competition is fierce, particularly amongst the major European languages. If you do not have professional interpreting qualifications, you may still find informal work as an interpreter if you are fluent, or almost fluent, in more than one language, but rates of pay will be lower than those for professionally qualified interpreters. Some local authorities, colleges and universities offer short courses in community interpreting for those without such qualifications.
Experience is an essential part of a successful career in interpreting. In fact, many agencies or companies use only the services of people who have worked for 3 to 5 years or who have a degree.
Paid or unpaid internships and apprenticeships are other ways for interpreters to get started. Escort interpreting may offer an opportunity for inexperienced candidates to work alongside a more seasoned interpreter. Interpreters might also find it easier to break into areas with particularly high demand for language services, such as court or medical interpretation.
New interpreters should establish mentoring relationships to build their skills, confidence, and a professional network. Mentoring may be formal, such as through a professional association, or informal with a coworker or an acquaintance who has experience as an interpreter.
Interpreters convert one spoken language into another or in the case of sign-language interpreters, between spoken communication and sign language. This requires interpreters to pay attention carefully, understand what is communicated in both languages, and express thoughts and ideas clearly. Strong research and analytical skills, mental dexterity, and an exceptional memory are also important.
Much of the interpreting performed at conferences is simultaneous; however, at some meetings with a small number of attendees, consecutive interpreting also may be used.
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Usually, interpreters sit in soundproof booths, listening to the speakers through headphones and interpreting into a microphone what is said. The interpreted speech is then relayed to the listener through headsets. When interpreting is needed for only one or two people, the interpreter generally sits behind or next to the attendee and whispers a translation of the proceedings.
Judiciary interpreters help people appearing in court who are unable or unwilling to communicate in foreign language. These workers must remain detached from the content of their work and not alter or modify the meaning or tone of what is said. Legal interpreters must be thoroughly familiar with the language and functions of judicial system in other countries. Court interpreters work in a variety of legal settings, such as attorney-client meetings, preliminary hearings, depositions, trials, and arraignments. In addition to interpreting what is said, court interpreters also may be required to translate written documents and read them aloud.
Medical interpreters provide language services to health care patients with limited foreign language proficiency. Medical interpreters help patients to communicate with doctors, nurses, and other medical staff. Medical interpreters need a strong grasp of medical and colloquial terminology in both languages, along with cultural sensitivity regarding how the patient receives the information. They must remain detached but aware of the patient’s feelings and pain.
Interpreters are employed in a variety of industries, reflecting the diversity of employment options in the field. About 33 percent work in public and private educational institutions, such as schools, colleges, and universities. About 12 percent work in health care and social assistance, many of whom worked for hospitals. Another 10 percent work in other areas of government, such as Federal, State and local courts. Other employers of interpreters include publishing companies, telephone companies, airlines, etc. About 22 percent of interpreters are self-employed. Many of them are freelance in the occupation work only part time, relying on other sources of income to supplement earnings from interpreting.
Interpreters work in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, courtrooms, and conference centers. They are required to travel to different places. And don’t matter if it is in a neighboring town or on the other side of the world. Interpreters who work over the telephone generally work in call centers in urban areas.
The work can be stressful and exhausting. However, interpreters may use their irregular schedules to pursue other interests, such as traveling, dabbling in a hobby, or working a second job. Many interpreters enjoy what they do and value the ability to control their schedules and workloads.
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Conclusion
In a nutshell: the interpreter’s role, conduct and markets, and the image they have in the outside world. All professional interpreters provide verbal communication between cultures and languages which they know very well, and between many speakers and many client groups. Thus, they all do the same thing.
Professional interpreters are other people’s mouthpiece and keep their own opinions, if they have any, to themselves. Since most meetings are private, what goes on in them is private too. Everyone must be able to trust the interpreter. Interpreters therefore observe a code of confidentiality. There are ethical rules of conduct to make sure that the interpreter provides a high-quality service in an atmosphere of mutual trust:
Interpreters must be effective in getting the message across, have proven language skills, be personally suited to verbal communication, respect speakers and listeners, be discreet and restrained, and observe confidentiality and the terms and conditions of work.
Professional interpreters work full time. This does not mean to say that they interpret every day, but that interpreting is their main work activity. They keep their skills polished and invest in lifelong learning. In itself globalization is nothing new to the world of interpreters: people have been moving around for centuries. They set up home all around the world, where they negotiate, get ill, fight, etc. Interpreters are in increasing demand, and more and more languages are needed. This applies to all types of interpreter.
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Notes