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1. Systematic character of English Vowels
SpS is human patterned noise with organization. It’s organized articulatory, acoustically, auditory & functionally.
Articulatory aspect is the way the speech sounds are pronounced.
Acoustic aspect exists in the form of sound waves produced be the vocal cords. Each sound is characterized by frequency, intensity & duration (distinctive features).
Auditory aspect sound perception aspect. The listener hears the sound, percepts its acoustic features & the hearing mechanism selects & transfers them into linguistically important SpSs.
Functional aspect differentiates the meaning of the words & their grammatical forms.
To produce vowels we use 3 producing mechanisms: power, vibrator & resonator. Vowels are produced without obstructing the flow of air from the lungs, so that the breath stream passes freely through the mouth. 6 vowels: a, e, I, o, u, y
Vs can be classified according to different aspects:
According to the position of the tongue, Vs are: front, front-retracted, central/mixed, back-advanced & back according to the horizontal position of the tongue, and high, mid & low according to the vertical position of the tongue.
According to the historical length, Vs are long & short. short vowels: [I], [e], [u], [a]; b) long vowels: [i], [a], [3], [u]. Historically long vowels are tense while historically short vowels are lax.
According to the final phase of articulation, free & checked. Free are those in the production of which there is some decrease in the force of articulation. Checked are those in the production of which there is no decrease in the force of articulation.
According to the principle of stability of articulation the English vowels are divided into:
a) monophthongs; b) diphthongs; c) diphthongoids.
A monophthong is a single, pure vowel sound. While pronouncing a monophthong, the positions of the mouth and tongue remain fixed. For instance: [ε, æ, I, e, ə] : skirt, man, reason.
A diphthong is a vowel sound that changes from the beginning to the end, while still being pronounced in the space of a single syllable. The first part of the diphthong is its main strong component (the nucleus), the second – short & weak (the glide). For instance: ride, boy. While pronouncing a diphthong, the positions of the mouth and tongue change, or slide, from the beginning to the end of the vowel sound: [au, ai, ei, oυ].
2. Stress distinctions of an English utterance
Utterance-stress (sentence-stress) is a prosodic phenomenon of speech with a linguistic function of indicating the relative importance of various elements in an utterance. The effect of phonetic prominence is based on a complex of prosodic modifications which can be in a great way described as an increase of the force of articulation (intensity), length (duration) and pitch level (fundamental frequency of the voice).
Not all the syllables that are stressed when the word is pronounced in isolation retain prominence in connected speech:
Well-read
He is an amazingly well-read person.
The syllable which is unstressed in an isolated word may become stressed in an utterance:
Unpleasant
Quite of the contrary, I said it was unpleasant.
Monosyllabic words often take utterance-stress, although such words are said to have no word-stress pattern, as there can be no contrast in phonetic prominence between syllables within these words:
Not, wait
I’m not going to wait any longer.
It must be pointed out that the identification of utterance stress depends on pitch modifications more than on any other prosodic parameter.
The occurrence and the distribution of utterance-stress are determined by factors of two kinds: semantic and rhythmic.
The classification of English words according to their accentability is based on the following general principle: stress of notional words and absence (отсутствие) stress on function words. The list of function words includes articles, particles (частицы), prepositions, conjunctions, some pronouns, auxiliary and modal verbs.
Types of Heads in English
The head of an intonation-group stretches from the first fully stressed syllable and extends up to the nucleus.
According to the general contour of pitch movement over the head are classified into three major types:
1) Descending – the first fully stressed syllable is said on a high pitch; each following fully stressed syllable begins lower than preceding stressed syllable.
I think you’d better ask Helen.
2) Ascending - the first fully stressed syllable is said on a low pitch; each following fully stressed syllable begins higher than preceding stressed syllable.
I couldn’t possibly do it.
3) Level – there are perceptible contrasts in the initial pitch-height of the successive stressed syllables.
About six o’clock.
Heads are classified into 3 types:
1) Stepping, characterized by an even, unchanging pitch-level over each of the stress-group
2) Sliding, characterized by a downward pitch movement over the stress-group
3) Climbing, or scandent, with an upward pitch movement over the stress-groups.