Controlled substnce Tort Lw- mintining dngerous instrumentlities dynmite or dmmed up wter if nything goes wrong nd dmge results

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UNIT 11. STRICT LIABILITY AND COMMON DEFENSES

In each field of our law we have sections which are called strict liability. For understanding, these are matters where the people, speaking through their legislators, have determined that, for whatever reason, the mental state of an individual is to have no impact upon the question of responsibility. That is, you are responsible for the harm which your actions cause even though you never intended anything evil and even though you may be acting reasonably and prudently under the circumstances and even when there is no measurable harm present.

Here are examples from each field of the law:

Criminal Law: sale of alcohol to one under 21 is a crime; driving under the influence of alcohol even though no accident occurred; intercourse with a girl under a set age (statutory rape); use or possession of any "controlled substance".

Tort Law: maintaining dangerous instrumentalities (dynamite) or dammed up water if anything goes wrong and damage results.

Contract Law: introducing a product into a stream of commerce means that all that must be proven is that the merchandise was faulty. The manufacturer is liable regardless of state of mind or reasonable behavior in design and production.

Property Law: any trespass upon my property or person.

Defenses in Common Law to crimes or torts of intent included: defense of self, others or property; necessity; acting under actual or apparent authority; age (minority); mental capacity (insanity).

Defenses to negligence were: contributory negligence (now modified to comparative negligence); assumption of risk; mitigation of damages; last clear chance; mental capacity and age; statutes of limitation (fixed times in which to file suit or lose the right).

Property defenses all focused upon who has what rights.

Contract defenses focus on what the parties did or did not intend (meeting of the minds) or what should have been expected (recovery for actions taken in reasonable reliance upon promises).

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 A SUMMARY OVERVIEW OF CRIMINAL LAW, TORTS, PROPERTY LAW, CONTRACT LAW, AND EQUITY

In Criminal Law, judges ask:

1.  Is there a statute?
2.  Were the acts of the defendant done after enactment of the statute?
3.  What are the material elements of the offense as set forth in the
   statute?
4.  Did the defendant do acts which establish every material element?
5.  What is the mem rea required by the statute? Then, in order of
   importance: Did the defendant intend, or act recklessly or negligently,
   or is this a crime of strict liability?
6.  Did the defendant do the acts with the needed mens real
7.  Is proof beyond a reasonable doubt?
8.  What, from the variety available, should be the punishment?

In Tort Law, judges ask:

1.  Was there duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff?
2.  Was this duty breached?
3.  Was a breach due to a fault of the defendant as tested 0игУ) by
   the community standard (hypothetical reasonable man in similar cir
   cumstances)?
4.  Did a damage proximately result and is reasonably foreseeable?
5.  Is proof sufficient to just the scales of justice (preponderance of
   the evidence)?
6.  What compensation should be given to the person damaged?

In Property Law, judges ask:

1.  What are the respective rights - ownership, possession, use, pre
   sent or future, contingent or certain, etc. - of the competing parties (that
   is, whose rights are the higher)?
2.  Does the proof tip the scales?
3.  What needs to be done to uphold or protect the rights?

In Contract Law, judges ask:

1.  Was there a contract (offer and acceptance)?
2.  Was each promise supported by some adequate consideration?
3.  Did each party have legal capacity to contract?
4.  Was the contract valid?
5.  What were the conditions of the contract, and were they certain?

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