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abandon1 verb
a‧ban‧don1 W3 /ë"bændën/ [transitive]
1 to leave someone, especially someone you are responsible for:
How could she abandon her own child?
2 to go away from a place, vehicle etc permanently, especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay [= leave]:
We had to abandon the car and walk the rest of the way.
Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city.
3 to stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue:
The game had to be abandoned due to bad weather.
They abandoned their attempt to recapture the castle.
Because of the fog they abandoned their idea of driving.
4 to stop having a particular idea, belief, or attitude:
They were accused of abandoning their socialist principles.
Rescuers had abandoned all hope of finding any more survivors.
5 abandon yourself to something literary to feel an emotion so strongly that you let it control you completely:
She abandoned herself to grief.
6 abandon ship to leave a ship because it is sinking
—abandonment noun [uncountable]
Extra dictionary examples
a home for abandoned kittens and puppies
A new-born baby was found abandoned on the steps of a hospital yesterday.
All attempts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict have now been abandoned.
Education leaders do not want to abandon California's commitment to affordable college education.
My sister abandoned her husband and three children and went to live in Holland.
Owing to rough weather, the coast guard had been forced to abandon the search.
Retreating troops were told to abandon their weapons and run as fast as they could towards the beach.
The 9-year-old boy was abandoned by his alcoholic father.
The baby was found abandoned outside a local mosque.
The government has now abandoned its plans to privatize parts of the health service.
The suspect abandoned the car at Llewellyn and Hamilton Avenues.
The volcano eruption forced the U.S. to abandon Clark Air Force Base.
There was increased pressure on North Korea to abandon nuclear arms development.
Sentences from books, newspapers, etc.
But if the general were the unclear, we could with reason abandon all science and inquiry.
I wanted to be accurate about it and in order to be accurate, you have to abandon all restrictions.
It will offer a fair rates policy that gives 100 percent. rates relief to people whom the present Government have abandoned.
Knighton is reported to be ready to abandon his takeover bid.
Long-term research projects within companies will most likely be abandoned altogether or sharply reduced.
Republicans, meanwhile, are mulling whether to abandon the notion of filing ethics charges against Rep.
So, intellectually unfashionable but undaunted, the idea of Utopia abandoned the world altogether and was launched into space.
Sometimes Doogan abandons her classical re-visions altogether and heads into surrealism.
to leave your husband, wife, girlfriend etc
leave • walk out • run/go off with • desert • abandon
to put something somewhere
put • place • leave • abandon • position • plant a bomb/explosives etc • plant • lay • set down • deposit
to stop doing something without successfully completing it
give up • quit • abandon • drop • leave it at that
1 extremely attractive or beautiful:
You look absolutely stunning in that dress.
a stunning view
➔ see usage note beautiful
2 very surprising or shocking [= staggering]:
stunning news
—stunningly adverb:
a stunningly beautiful woman
WORD CHOICE: WORD CHOICE:
beautiful, pretty, handsome, good-looking, attractive, gorgeous, stunningbeautiful is used to describe someone, usually a woman or child, who is attractive in a very special and noticeable way.pretty is usually used to describe a girl or woman who is good-looking, with regular features. It can also be used to describe a boy or young man who has an attractive but feminine face.handsome is usually used to describe a man or boy who is good-looking, with strong regular features. It can also be used to describe a woman, usually an older woman, who has attractive but masculine features.good-looking can be used to describe anyone who you think is nice to look at. attractive is used to describe someone who looks good in a way that attracts sexual interest • I can see he's handsome, but I don't find him very attractive.gorgeous and stunning are emphatic ways of saying that someone is very attractive. Gorgeous is used mostly in spoken English. ➔
Extra dictionary examples
a stunning victory
Ella's stunning photography
Knox's metal statues are stunning.
Men always stared when she looked good, and today she was stunning.
Mother came out of her room, looking stunning in her silk dressing gown.
Rafaella wore a stunning white satin wedding gown.
the restaurant's stunning decor
Sentences from books, newspapers, etc.
Bracken Twist is a stunning new Tufted range of 12 colours, manufactured in 50% wool, 50% polypropylene.
However, at a 640 by 480 resolution the 32,000 colours offered by the card are simply stunning.
I can hardly wait - I hear some of John's outfits are quite stunning.
In the first minute of the second half Celtic fashioned a stunning goal.
Once you got to the top, you have a stunning view and a choice.
Three which weren't securely fastened include the stunning limited edition Ovation 1992 electro-acoustic with its great sound and gorgeous top.
We took three Hairflair readers along to the Schwarzkopf London Academy to try these new professional products - the results werestunningg!
thing/building
beautiful • pretty • magnificent • superb • gorgeous • exquisite • elegant • attractive • lovely • splendid • stunning • artistic
woman
beautiful • good-looking • pretty • attractive • nice-looking • cute • gorgeous • glamorous • stunning • elegant • striking • lovely • ravishing • a woman of great beauty
place/countryside/view
beautiful • lovely • stunning/breathtaking • magnificent • picturesque • scenic • pretty • beauty spot
1 - things that you throw away because you do not want them
rubbish
rubbish
/"ršbûÐ/ [uncountable noun] British all the paper, empty bottles, cans, pieces of food etc that you throw away
The dustmen collect the rubbish on Wednesdays.
There was rubbish and broken glass all over the grass.
put/take out the rubbish
(=put it in a rubbish bin outside your house ready to be collected)
Don't forget to put the rubbish out before you go to bed.
a rubbish bin
(=a container for rubbish)
Two stolen paintings have been found dumped in a rubbish bin.
rubbish dump/tip
(=a large open area where people's rubbish is taken after it is collected)
I rescued this table from a rubbish dump.
garbage/trash
garbage/trash
/"gä:ʳbûdž, træÐ/ [uncountable noun] American all the paper, empty bottles, cans, pieces of food etc that you throw away
There were piles of trash in the backyard.
take out the garbage/trash
(=put it in a garbage can outside your house ready to be collected)
I do all the chores, from picking up the groceries to taking out the garbage.
garbage/trash can
(=a container for garbage)
Will someone please empty this trash can!
garbage truck
(=a truck that takes away garbage)
Ken drives a garbage truck for a living.
waste paper
waste paper
/weûst "peûpëʳ/ [uncountable noun] paper that you throw away, especially because it has been used
There are two bins. One is for glass and one is for waste paper.
waste paper bin /waste paper basket
She crumpled the letter up and put it in the waste paper basket.
litter
litter
/"lûtëʳ/ [uncountable noun] empty bottles, packets, and pieces of paper that people have dropped on the street or in a park
These streets are full of litter.
drop litter
You can be fined £100 for dropping litter.
pick up litter
I am tired of picking up litter thrown by other people.
litter bin /litter basket
(=a container for litter)
a picnic area with large wooden tables and litter bins
refuse
refuse
/"refju:s/ [uncountable noun] formal all the things that are regularly thrown away from the houses, shops etc in an area
Heaps of decaying refuse littered every street.
refuse collection
Refuse collection has been seriously affected by the strike.
refuse disposal
(=destroying or burying refuse)
We are gradually developing safer and more effective methods of refuse disposal.
household/domestic refuse
(=refuse from houses)
facilities for recycling household refuse
waste
waste
/weûst/ [uncountable noun] useless materials which are left over, especially after an industrial process, and which must be thrown away
Too much waste has been dumped into the North Sea.
industrial/chemical/nuclear waste
Industrial waste had leaked into the water supply.
radioactive/toxic/hazardous waste
The government has announced a ban on all imports of toxic waste from abroad.
waste disposal
(=destroying or burying waste)
1 an extinct type of animal or plant does not exist any more:
Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years.
Pandas could become extinct in the wild.
an extinct species
2 if a type of person, custom, skill etc is extinct, it does not exist in society any more
3HE an extinct volcano does not erupt any more [≠
Extra dictionary examples
The valley contains fossils of many extinct species.
The white rhino is now almost extinct.
There are several theories as to why the dinosaurs become extinct?
Sentences from books, newspapers, etc.
All of them were marine and all of them are extinct.
Both are about modern paleontologists who encounter groups of hominids thought extinct for eons.
But there was no laughter, and he had to remember that Browning Societies had been extinct for a long time.
Cuvier noticed that the most recently extinct creatures such as the mammoth were closely related to living species.
Once extinct this wonderful animal will be gone for ever.
The adonis blue and silver-skipper butterflies are all but extinct.
The most chilling exhibit space is a room that holds species that are extinct or endangered.
1 - things that you throw away because you do not want them
rubbish
rubbish
/"ršbûÐ/ [uncountable noun] British all the paper, empty bottles, cans, pieces of food etc that you throw away
The dustmen collect the rubbish on Wednesdays.
There was rubbish and broken glass all over the grass.
put/take out the rubbish
(=put it in a rubbish bin outside your house ready to be collected)
Don't forget to put the rubbish out before you go to bed.
a rubbish bin
(=a container for rubbish)
Two stolen paintings have been found dumped in a rubbish bin.
rubbish dump/tip
(=a large open area where people's rubbish is taken after it is collected)
I rescued this table from a rubbish dump.
garbage/trash
garbage/trash
/"gä:ʳbûdž, træÐ/ [uncountable noun] American all the paper, empty bottles, cans, pieces of food etc that you throw away
There were piles of trash in the backyard.
take out the garbage/trash
(=put it in a garbage can outside your house ready to be collected)
I do all the chores, from picking up the groceries to taking out the garbage.
garbage/trash can
(=a container for garbage)
Will someone please empty this trash can!
garbage truck
(=a truck that takes away garbage)
Ken drives a garbage truck for a living.
waste paper
waste paper
/weûst "peûpëʳ/ [uncountable noun] paper that you throw away, especially because it has been used
There are two bins. One is for glass and one is for waste paper.
waste paper bin /waste paper basket
She crumpled the letter up and put it in the waste paper basket.
litter
litter
/"lûtëʳ/ [uncountable noun] empty bottles, packets, and pieces of paper that people have dropped on the street or in a park
These streets are full of litter.
drop litter
You can be fined £100 for dropping litter.
pick up litter
I am tired of picking up litter thrown by other people.
litter bin /litter basket
(=a container for litter)
a picnic area with large wooden tables and litter bins
refuse
refuse
/"refju:s/ [uncountable noun] formal all the things that are regularly thrown away from the houses, shops etc in an area
Heaps of decaying refuse littered every street.
refuse collection
Refuse collection has been seriously affected by the strike.
refuse disposal
(=destroying or burying refuse)
We are gradually developing safer and more effective methods of refuse disposal.
household/domestic refuse
(=refuse from houses)
facilities for recycling household refuse
waste
waste
/weûst/ [uncountable noun] useless materials which are left over, especially after an industrial process, and which must be thrown away
Too much waste has been dumped into the North Sea.
industrial/chemical/nuclear waste
Industrial waste had leaked into the water supply.
radioactive/toxic/hazardous waste
The government has announced a ban on all imports of toxic waste from abroad.
waste disposal
(=destroying or burying waste)
plural species [countable]
HB a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or plants:
Seven species of birds of prey have been observed.
pandas and other endangered species (=ones that may soon no longer exist)
[↪Extra dictionary examples
Many species of aquatic plants can exist in very little light.
Scientists have discovered a new species of Eucalyptus tree.
The giant panda is an endangered species. There are fewer than a thousand living in the wild.
There are over forty species of bird living on the island.
Sentences from books, newspapers, etc.
Clear lakes have more species than do those with muddy water.
If world insect species totals are as high as 50 million, this would extend to 28,345 species per insect specialist.
Scientists have begun to investigate and to identify some of the possible causes, which may differ from species to species.
The achenes of Sagittaria species differ from those of Echinodorus species by not being ribbed.
The eggs of this species are shed in a packet - that is several stuck together - and sink.
The large numbers of wild orchids being traded threatens some species with extinction.
Then the bans on the cull grenade, released at the same time, came into effect for all species of whales.
This sweeping view of our species makes it clear that we must urgently learn from our past to plan for our future.
to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained:
My keys were here a minute ago but now they've vanished.
vanish without (a) trace/vanish off the face of the earth (=disappear so that no sign remains)
The youngster vanished without a trace one day and has never been found.
The bird vanished from sight.
She seemed to have just vanished into thin air. (=suddenly disappeared in a very mysterious way)
2 to suddenly stop existing [= disappear]
vanish from
By the 1930s, the wolf had vanished from the American West.
Public support for the Prime Minister has now vanished.
Extra dictionary examples
All hopes of finding the boy alive have vanished.
Before she could scream, the man had vanished into the night.
Like so many dance crazes, the "moonwalk' was popular for a while in the clubs, then vanished without a trace.
Smith vanished from Heathrow Airport in 1969 and is believed to be living in Florida.
Statistics show that Santa Clara's farmland is vanishing.
The company that supplied the missing cargo seems to have vanished into thin air.
The last of the police cars sped past and vanished into the storm.
The plane vanished from radar screens soon after taking off.
The Shatin rice fields have long vanished beneath a new town of skyscrapers and motorways.
The snow flakes vanished as they touched the ground.
When she returned, her car had vanished.
Sentences from books, newspapers, etc.
Once it began it would go on for days, and then as inexplicably vanish.
The pain in his arm and neck had vanished.
Within a few seconds it flew on again, vanishing from sight and hearing.
1 likely to suffer from a particular illness or be affected by a particular problem [↪ immune]
susceptible to
Older people are more susceptible to infections.
Soil on the mountain slopes is very susceptible to erosion.
2 a susceptible person is easily influenced or attracted by someone or something [= impressionable]:
A lot of TV advertising is aimed at susceptible young children.
susceptible to
She was very susceptible to flattery.
3 susceptible of something formal if something is susceptible of an action, that action can be done to it:
Working conditions are susceptible of improvement by legislation.
Extra dictionary examples
a susceptible young boy
Sentences from books, newspapers, etc.
But this was very much the effect that the Duchess of Argyll always had on susceptible gentlemen.
It is at this free-swimming stage that it is susceptible to treatment.
The greatest challenge is strengthening judicial systems, which in some countries have long beensusceptiblee to bribery or political pressure.
The Northeastern markets, though, are more susceptible to severe winter weather.
Those who place permanent or temporary personnel are more susceptible to layoffs than State job service employment interviewers.
Though this stance protects the groin, it leaves the front foot susceptible to a front sweep.
Well-intentioned white allies of black political groups are even more susceptible to this mistake than most black leaders.
Younger branches of S. cordifolia are much more susceptible to damage than older branches.
past tense thrived or throve /Ørë|v $ Øro|v/ past participle thrived [intransitive] formal
to become very successful or very strong and healthy:
plants that thrive in tropical rainforests
a business which managed to thrive during a recession
thrive on something phrasal verb
to enjoy or be successful in a particular situation, especially one that other people find difficult or unpleasant:
I wouldn't want that much pressure, but she seems to thrive on it.
Extra dictionary examples
It is still unclear whether dotcom companies will continue to thrive in the long-term future.
Most herbs need direct sun all day in order to thrive.
The IT explosion means that telecommunications companies are thriving.
Wineries have thrived in the town for more than a century.
Sentences from books, newspapers, etc.
Ellington thrived in the limelight and success that his backstage partner contributed to so significantly during their almost three-decade collaboration.
Eurosceptic business and political groups said the figures proved that Britain could thrive without losing its currency.
If there was anything Percy thrived on, he mused, it was details.
In quite a few ranges reintroduced sheep have thrived.
They appear to love them and thrive.
They can thrive with less than four hours of sun and survive in most garden soils.
1 [singular,uncountable]HBA an animal, bird etc that is hunted and eaten by another animal [= predator]:
a tiger stalking its prey
2 bird/beast of preyHBA a bird or animal which lives by killing and eating other animals
3 be/fall prey to somebody/something if someone falls prey to someone or something bad, they are harmed or affected by them:
Street children in this part of the world often fall prey to drug dealers.
They are prey to nameless fears.
4 easy prey
a) someone who can easily be deceived or harmed:
He was easy prey for the two conmen who called at his house.
b) an animal which is easily caught by another:
Fish at the surface of the water are easy prey for eagles.
Extra dictionary examples
Snakes track their prey by its scent.
Sentences from books, newspapers, etc.
It is hardly surprising that in such environments, adolescents fall prey to peer pressure.
Many birds of prey regurgitate pellets which contain the indigestible remains of their prey, including much of the bone.
Men prowled the motel like packs of wolves searching out easy prey.
Snakes sometimes caught their prey here by dropping from above.
The toothed whales have a set of teeth which they use to grasp large and quick-moving prey, mainly squid or fish.
These refugees fell prey to marauding gangs, even to troopers, or to one another.
They become a prey to nameless and often unspoken fears.
Thirdly, the species composition of the prey animals may be characteristic of particular predator types.
[countable]
1HBA the baby of a wild animal such as a lion or a bear:
a five-month old lion cub
a tiger and her cubs
2SSO the Cubs the Cub Scout organization
3SSO a member of the Cub Scouts organization
Extra dictionary examples
a seal cub
The older bears will teach the cub how bears are supposed to behave in the wild.
Sentences from books, newspapers, etc.
I have known a fox earth populated with a family of cubs while small rabbits were running around on the surface nearby.
It is more likely that the white ear spots are there as a signal to cubs following their dam in thick jungle.
Lionesses lick their cubs into shape and life.
The cubs, all between three and seven weeks old, have been found orphaned or abandoned over the
The most recent estimates suggest that Britain has a population of about 250,000 adult badgers and 105,000 cubs.
There inside the den was the first of the cubs.
We saw her bury her cubs.
You know, wash a car with one hand and feed a bottle to a tiger cub with the other.
1 irreversible damage, change etc is so serious or so great that you cannot change something back to how it was before [≠ reversible]
Fossil fuels have caused irreversible damage to the environment.
2 if an illness or bad physical condition is irreversible, it will continue to exist and cannot be cured:
Miller is in an irreversible coma.
irreversible blindness
—irreversibly adverb:
His reputation was irreversibly damaged by the affair.
Extra dictionary examples
an irreversible decision
Despite claims made by skincare manufacturers, the effects of ageing are irreversible.
New technology has brought about irreversible changes in society.
Sentences from books, newspapers, etc.
A third priority is to stop irreversible damage to the natural environment.
Among the drugs that may cause irreversible injury to the vestibular hair cells are streptomycin, neomycin, and gentamicin.
But things are changing and some of these changes look irreversible.
Much of this simplification may be irreversible.
The consensus among scientists is that global warming is irreversible.
They intend to build a socialist state, and the revolution which they have begun is irreversible.
We urge you to ensure the most stringent environmental assessment procedures are followed before aunstoppable
/šn"stãpëbÊlá-"stä:p-/ [adjective] a process or action that is unstoppable cannot be stopped
Political change is now unstoppable, and the regime will eventually collapse.
The war could unleash unstoppable political and economic changes.
Her rise to fame seems to be unstoppable.
remorseless
remorseless
/rû"mé:ʳslës/ [adjective] a process that is remorseless continues in an unpleasant and threatening way and it seems to be impossible to stop
The remorseless spread of the virus has led to the deaths of thousands.
the remorseless advance of the invading army
ￚremorselessly [adverb]
The destruction of the rainforests has gone on remorselessly for the past 30 years.
inexorable
inexorable
/ûn"eksÊrëbÊl/ [adjective] formal use this about a gradual process that cannot be stopped, especially one which leads to something very bad happening
His jealousy sets him on an inexorable course towards murder.
the inexorable decline in Britain's manufacturing industry
ￚinexorably [adverb]
The story moves inexorably towards its tragic climax.
irreversible
irreversible
/;ûrû"vî:ʳsÂbÊl/ [adjective] a process of change that is irreversible cannot be stopped, and the situation that existed before cannot return
New technology has brought about irreversible changes in society.
Despite claims made by skincare manufacturers, the effects of ageing are irreversible.nyirreversiblee damage is done.
[countable]
SG an area where people live which is away from the centre of a town or city:
a London suburb
suburb of
a suburb of Los Angeles
a kid from the suburbs
in a suburb
Don't you get bored living out here in the suburbs?
Extra dictionary examples
All the social workers come in from their comfortable homes in the suburbs.
Amy teaches at a primary school in a suburb of Atlanta.
I was born and brought up in a suburb of New York City.
More and more people are moving to the suburbs every year.
My family moved to the suburbs when I was ten.
They have just bough a house in Pacific Palisades, a wealthy suburb of Los Angeles.
Sentences from books, newspapers, etc.
City officials are wary of population loss to suburbs and point with pride to the overall population gain that has accompanied annexation.
Even in the richest suburbs there are well-concealed but frequently extensive neighborhoods inhabited by poor people.
His parents lived in the Balmoral suburb of south Belfast.
It invented the suburb - the most successful invention in the history of human habitation.
Last year his family bought a villa in a smart Athens suburb.
The city and its suburbs have some 2, 000 public grade crossings, 268 with whistle bans.
The falls are at Neuhausen, an extension of Schaffhausen to the south, rather than a suburb of it.
The rich send their children to private schools and the middle classes move to the suburbs.
pollution
/pë"lu:ÐÊn/ [uncountable noun] harmful chemicals, gases, or waste materials from factories, houses etc
Pollution levels in the area shot up as soon as the factory started operating.
What pollution controls will the state authorities put in place?
air/marine/land etc pollution
She says that transporting goods by rail instead of road would cut air pollution dramatically.
ￚpollutant [countable noun]
carbon monoxide and other pollutants in traffic fumes
global warming
global warming
/;glë|bÊl "wé:ʳmûÅ/ [uncountable noun] a general increase in the temperature of the world caused by harmful chemicals and gases from cars, factories etc entering the air
Scientists estimate that global warming could cause a six degree rise in temperatures by 2100.
One of the most devastating consequences of global warming could be the melting of the polar ice caps.
greenhouse gases
greenhouse gases
/"gri:nha|s ;gæsÂz/ [plural noun] gases from cars, factories, machines etc that form a layer around the earth and keep the heat in. These are a cause of global warming
International controls are needed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
Western countries are overwhelmingly responsible for current levels of greenhouse gases.
acid rain
acid rain
/;æsûd "reûn/ [uncountable noun] rain that is harmful to trees and buildings because it contains pollution from factories, power stations etc
Typical symptoms of acid rain include deformed and dying trees, and trees with vastly reduced numbers of leaves.
climate change
climate change
/"klaûmÂt tÐeûndž/ [uncountable noun] changes in the weather across large areas of the world caused by damage to the natural environment, for example increases in temperature, more storms, or more or less rain
People will have to get used to more flooding and droughts as climate change becomes a reality.
an international conference on Climate Change
hole in the ozone layer
hole in the ozone layer
/;hë|l ûn ði "ë|zë|n leûëʳ/ [noun phrase] a hole in the layer of natural gases around the earth that protects people, animals etc from damage from the sun. This is thought to be caused by harmful gases from cars, household products, factories etc entering the earth's atmosphere
The increase in the incidence of skin cancer is directly due to the hole in the ozone layer.
deforestation
deforestation
/di:;fãrÂ"steûÐÊná-;fé:-,-;fä:-/ [uncountable noun] when too many trees are cut down in an area, so that the environment is badly damaged
Some parts of tropical America have seen over 70% deforestation.
The land is severely eroded as a result of widespread deforestation and intensive farming.
endangered species
endangered species
/ûn;deûndžëʳd "spi:Ði:z/ [countable noun] a type of animal, plant etc that might soon stop existing because of damage to the environment it lives in or because too many of them have been killed by humans
Environmentalists say that the area includes the habitats of at least 20 endangered species.
Although the tiger is an endangered species, it is still hunted in some areas.