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UNIT 13

SCEPTICISM

Scepticism is the first step on the road to philosophy

Denis Diderot (Frenchman of letters and philosopher, 1713-1784)
Ex. 1 Read and translate the quotation. Do you agree with it? Give your reasons. What is your opinion about skepticism and sceptics?
Ex. 2 Get acquainted with new words and phrases. Put them down into your vocabulary and memorize.

certainty [stnt] – упевненість;

report [rpt] – повідомляти; розповідати, описувати;

communicate [kmjunket] – передавати;

arise from [rz] – виникати, з'являтися;

founder [fnd] – засновник;

argue [ju] – переконувати, доводити;

since [sns] – через те що; оскільки;

true [tru] – істинний, справжній;

refrain [rfren] – утримуватися (від чогось - from);

judgement [ddmnt] – думка, судження;

probable [prbb()l] – ймовірний; можливий; передбачуваний;

exponent [kspnnt] – представник;

assumption [smpn] – припущення;

reasoning [rzn] – міркування, пояснення; аргументація;

demonstrative [dmnstrtv] – доказовий; переконливий;

set limits to [set lmts] – обмежувати;

irrational [rn()l] – нелогічний;

retain [rten] – підтримувати, зберігати.

Ex. 3 Group the new words (Ex.2) in columns according to their stressed vowel. Read the words aloud in chorus. Write down two more words on each phonetic symbol.

[]	[]	[]	[e]	[]	[:]	[]	[]

Ex. 4 Match synonyms in columns A and B.

A	B
set limits	abstain
irrational	adherent
retain	argumentation
reasoning	confidence
assumption	confine
certainty	conjecture
communicate	convince
argue	emerge
arise from	convincing
true	illogical
founder	inform
exponent	keep
demonstrative	opinion
judgement	possible
refrain	promoter
probable	tell
report	veritable

Ex. 5 Use Ex. 4 to substitute the antonyms for the words in bold type to get logically correct and true sentences. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

Kant expanded knowledge in order to avoid the mistakes of unreason.
Today there is a widespread assertion that we know, well enough, what is meant in philosophy by Scepticism.
The ancient skeptics did not all agree on even the most fundamental matters, such as whether doubt and knowledge are possible.
The sophist Gorgias claimed that “if anything exists and can be known, it cannot be concealed".
Hume shows that unconvincing reasoning does not yield factual results.
Philosophical skepticism is opposed to philosophical dogmatism, which maintains that a certain set of positive statements are authoritative, absolutely certain, and wrong.
Fritz Mauthner is a German author, theatre critic, and antagonist of philosophical Skepticism derived from a critique of human knowledge.
Hume's scepticism decreased the tradition of British Empiricism as a result of the realization that experience only gives knowledge of sensations, not of anything beyond sensation.
The logical philosophy of skepticism is to doubt all knowledge.
The philosophy of skepticism asserts that no truth is knowable or only impossible.

Ex. 6 Put a question to each true sentence of Ex. 5. Use four kinds of questions.
Ex. 7 Read the proper names that are used in the text (Ex. 9) and try to memorize their pronunciation. Write down the names under the corresponding picture.

Protagoras of Abdera [prtrs v bdr] – Протагор із Абдери;

Gorgias [ds] – Горгій;

Pyrrho of Elis [pr v ls] – Піррон з Еліса;

Timon of Philius [tmn v fls] – Тимон із Фліунта;

Carneades [kneudz] – Карнеад;

Aenesidemus [nsdms] – Енесідем;

Sextus Empiricus [seksts mprks] – Секст Емпірік;

Michel de Montaigne [ml d mnten] – Мішель де Монтень;

Blaise Pascal [blez pskl] – Блез Паскаль;

David Hume [devd hjum] – Давид Хьюм;

Immanuel Kant [m nt] – Іммануїл Кант;

Friedrich Nietzsche [frdrk nt] – Фрідріх Ніцше;

Jean-Paul Sartre [n pl str] – Жан Поль Сартр;

George Santayana [dd sntjn] – Джордж Сантаяна.

________________

___________

Ex. 8 Guess to whom of the skeptics (Ex. 7) the following statements belong. Translate them using the dictionary.

"If a man has a strong faith he can indulge in the luxury of skepticism."
“She believed in nothing. Only her scepticism kept her from being an atheist.”
"All reasonings concerning matter of fact seem to be founded on the relation of Cause and Effect"
“There is no skeptical use of pure reason”.
"Man is the measure of all things".
“Objective knowledge did not actually exist”.
“If there were a criterion, it must exist either in reason, or sensation, or conception”.
“Equally good arguments could be made for either side of any argument”.
“Even if something can be known about it, knowledge about it can't be communicated to others”.
“Few men speak humbly of humility, chastely of chastity, skeptically of skepticism”.
“To "differ" from something is to be relative to something”.
“The only thing certain is nothing is certain”.
“We never know enough to be sure that one course of action is wiser than another”.
“All belief is irrational”.

Ex. 9 Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.

Main Traits of Scepticism

Scepticism is the philosophical view which holds that it is impossible to know anything with absolute certainty, or to know the world as it 'really' is. Scepticism began in the 5th century BC in Greece where certain philosophers expressed doubts about how certain we could be about our knowledge. Protagoras of Abdera (480-411 BC), for instance, is reported to have said that "man is the measure of all things" (i.e. that we make the world in our own image) and Gorgias (485-380 BC) that "nothing exists; if anything does exist, it cannot be known; if anything exists and can be known, it cannot be communicated". Many such thinkers arose from the group known as the Sophists.

Next came the Pyrrhonists, so called after Pyrrho of Elis, it's founder, who argued that since we can never know true reality we should refrain from making judgements. His pupil, Timon of Philius, followed this by adding that equally good arguments could be made for either side of any argument. The New Academy of the 2nd century BC, founded by Carneades (214-129 BC), taught only that some arguments were more probable than others. Later sceptics include Aenesidemus (1st century BC), who put forward ten arguments in support of the sceptical position and the Greek physician Sextus Empiricus (3rd century AD), who argued the use of common sense over abstract theory.

Scepticism was revived in the early modern period by Michel de Montaigne and Blaise Pascal. Its most extreme exponent was the Scottish empiricist philosopher David Hume (1711-1776), who argued that certain assumptions - such as the link between cause and effect, natural laws, the existence of God and the soul - were far from certain. Hume argued that there are only two kinds of reasoning: what he called probable and demonstrative. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), influenced by Hume, set limits to human knowledge by arguing that certain things - such as if there was proof for God, or if the world had a beginning - did not make sense to be asked. The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) argued that objective knowledge did not actually exist, and his scepticism influenced French Existentialists such as Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). The American philosopher George Santayana (1863-1952), argued that all belief is irrational. Modern day philosophy still retains the influence of earlier sceptical thinkers.

Ex. 10 Give English equivalents to the following Ukrainian phrases. Use Ex. 9.
Всі переконання – нелогічні;
Передбачуване і переконливе пояснення;
На підтримку позиції скептиків;
Знати про щось з цілковитою впевненістю;
Немає змісту питати про певні речі;
Такі мислителі походять від софістів;
Повідомляється, що він сказав;
Все ще зберігає вплив;
Певні припущення;
Утриматися від складання судження.
Ex. 11 Say if the following statements true (T) or false (F). In case of a false statement say the right one.

Nietzsche argued that subjective knowledge did not actually exist.	⃞
Hume set limits to human knowledge.	⃞
Santayana argued that all belief is irrational.	⃞
Jean-Paul Sartre was influenced by Kant’s scepticism.	⃞
The New Academy of the 2nd century BC was founded by Carneades.	⃞
Michel de Montaigne and Blaise Pascal revived Scepticism in the modern period.	⃞
Scepticism began in the 5th century BC in Greece.	⃞
Many Greek sceptics arose from the group known as the Sophists.	⃞
Protagoras said that "man is the measure of all things".	⃞
Hume claimed that there are only four kinds of reasoning.	⃞

Ex. 12 Correct grammar mistakes in the following questions and answer them. Give a grammar rule to each corrected mistake.
1. What do skepticism claim?
  1. Modern day philosophy still retains the influence of earlier sceptical thinkers, don’t it?
  2. Who were a founder of the Pyrrhonists?
  3. When Scepticism revived?
  4. When and where did Scepticism began?
  5. What does Greek philosophers express?
  6. What you know about Timon of Philius?
  7. What certain things can’t be ask according to Immanuel Kant?
  8. What do Timon of Philius claim?
  9. Who was later sceptics and what did they argued?
  10. All belief is irrational, don’t it?
Ex. 13 Write out passive sentences from the text (Ex. 9) and transform them at least in another two possible grammar tenses. Make them active if it’s possible.

Ex. 14 Make the following sentence passive if it is possible.
A teacher will praise Pyrrho for his consistency.
The Nazis made selective use of Nietzsche's philosophy.
We have confined our doubts to specific questions.
Philosophical skepticism doubts whole categories of beliefs.
The problem of skepticism is remaining a key topic in philosophy.
Ex. 15 Write a short summary of the text and present it orally to your groupmates.
Ex. 16 Discussion. Read and translate the statement. Think over it and give your pros and cons.

Scepticism is the driving force for further discovery and better evidence.

(John Beddington, the UK government's chief scientific adviser and head of the Government Office for Science)

Ex. 17 Discussion. Prepare an oral report or make a presentation about prominent sceptic philosophers that are mentioned in the text (Ex.9).
Ex. 18 Solve the crossword puzzle. New active words (Ex. 2) are its clues.

ACROSS:

3. most likely;

5. a person that explains or interprets;

6. seeing that; because;

8. to reveal information about;

10.to try to prove by presenting reasons; maintain;

11. inconsistent with reason or logic; illogical; absurd;

13. to convey knowledge of or information about : make known;

14. a process of thinking carefully about something in order to make a judgment;

15. being of real or natural origin; genuine; not synthetic;

17. an assuming that something is true;

18. the condition of being certain.

DOWN:

1. to come into being; originate;

2. serving as proof;

4. to restrict or confine;

7. someone who establishes a business, organization, school etc.;

9. an opinion that you form, especially after thinking carefully about something;

12. to keep oneself from doing, feeling, or indulging in something;

16. to keep in possession or use.

IDIOMS & PROVERBS

That’s the limit. – Далі нема куди (це вже занадто).

Pass judgment on. – Критикувати, засуджувати.

Never quit certainty for hope. – Краще синиця в руках, ніж журавель в небі.

True as I stand here. – Щира правда.

The History of Scepticism: From Savonarola to Bayle by Richard H. Popkin (2003)
Scepticism and the Possibility of Knowledge by A. C. Grayling (2010)
Sextus Empiricus and Greek scepticism . by Mary Mills Patrick (2010)
The Significance of Philosophical Scepticism by Barry Stroud (1984)
Scepticism by Kai Nielsen (1973)
The Modes of Scepticism: Ancient Texts and Modern Interpretations by Julia Annas and Jonathan Barnes (1985)
On Academic Scepticism by Marcus Tullius Cicero and Charles Brittain (2006)
Ancient Scepticism (Ancient Philosophies) by Harald Thorsrud (Mar 2, 2009)

Vocabulary Notes:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 14

IDEALISM

“An idealist is one who, on noticing that a rose smells better than a cabbage, concludes that it makes a better soup.”
Henry Louis Mencken
Ex. 1 Read and translate the quotation. Do you agree with? Give your reasons. What is your opinion about skepticism and sceptics?
Ex. 2 Get acquainted with new words and phrases. Put them down into your vocabulary and memorize.

reflection [rflek()n] – відображення;

self-aware [self w] – само-осмислений;

imposition [mpz()n] – нав’язування;

prevalent [prevlnt] – поширений;

transcendental [trnsndntl] – абстрактний;

groundwork [rndwk] – основа;

dispense [dspns] – розподіляти;

thoroughgoing [r] – радикальний;

notable [ntbl] – видатний; визначний;

admit [dmt] – допускати, приймати;

incomplete [nkmplt] – незакінчений, незавершений;

acceptance [ksptns] – прийняття;

reconciliation [reknslen] – примирення;

embrace [mbres] – обирати;

“Copernican Turn” [kpnkn tn] – переворот Коперника;

onward [nwd] – вперед;

container [knten] – резервуар.

Ex. 3 Word-building. Form the derivatives of the following words adding suffixes if it’s possible. Consult the dictionary and translate them correctly. The index near the suffixes means the quantity of derivatives.

reflect	-ance2; -able (-ible)6; -tion5; –er (-or)5; -ment2; –ed4; -ity3.
impose
dispense
admit
reconcile

Ex. 4 Substitute the words and the derivatives of Ex. 3 for the Ukrainian words and phrases in bold.

Примирення of idealism and materialism may provide a new view of how humanity fits into the universe.
The ideal society is seen as a відображення of the ideal organization of the Absolute.
At first glance, Hegel's philosophy presents a seemingly радикальний idealism, in which the world is explained as a manifestation or determination of Absolute Spirit.
Відмовлення від Transcendental Idealism enables us to understand and appreciate Kant's genuine philosophical achievements.
Even idealists приймають that thinking requires a thinker.
Being a form of idealism conceptual idealism is a поширений approach to philosophical theorising.
In Britain the most визначний idealists were Bernard Bosanquet (1848-1923) and F.H.Bradley (1846-1924).
Moore's two works Principia Ethica and The Refutation of Idealism laid the основи for a major assault on the Idealist tradition in philosophy and paved the way for the Realist, logic-oriented development of philosophical topics.

Ex. 5 Put scrambled words in a correct word order to make up sentences. Translate them.

1. denies / Idealism / of mind-independent objects / the existence.

2. For the idealist, than our experiences of them / are nothing more / objects.

3. usually / Platonic idealism Plato's theory / refers to / of forms or doctrine of ideas.

4. a philosophical theory / Idealism is / the importance of mental activity / that stresses.

5. can be known or have / only ideas any reality / (it is also known as solipsism) / According to Subjective Idealism.

6. Transcendental Idealism, / developed by Kant, / that all knowledge / argues / originates / which have been organized by categories / in perceived phenomena.

7. all objects / According to Absolute Idealism, / with some idea / are identical.

8. promoted by Hegel / is the sort of / Objective Idealism / idealism.

9. the metaphysical and epistemological doctrine / Idealism / is that ideas or thoughts / make up fundamental reality.

10. reject / Not /all idealists / the material world.

Ex. 6 Paraphrase the following statements.
something that has to happen before an activity or plan can be successful;
involving every detail or aspect of a thought;
not having everything that should be there, or not completely finished;
the process of finding a way that two beliefs, facts etc that are opposed to each other can both be true or successful;
experiences or ideas that are beyond normal human understanding and experience;
an excessive or uncalled-for requirement or burden;
to not use or do something that people usually use or do, because it is not necessary;
widespread in a lot of places or done by a lot of people;
knowledge and understanding of yourself;
important, interesting, excellent, or unusual enough to be noticed or mentioned.
Ex. 7 Match words from A and B with their translation C.

A	B	C
dispense	for studying	визначна праця
groundwork	work	відмовитися від думки
imposition	form	нав’язування готових відповідей
incomplete	thought	незавершена філософія
notable	of ready-made answers	основа для вивчення
prevalent	philosophy	поширена форма
reconciliation	with belief	примирення протиріч
self-aware	idealism	ретельна реформа
thoroughgoing	reform	само осмислена думка
transcendental	of contradictions	трансцендентальний ідеалізм

Ex. 8 Read and translate the text.

Idealism

The word idealism is derived from the Greek word ἰδέα, which simply means something seen, or the look of something. Idealism refers to any philosophy that argues that reality is somehow dependent upon the mind rather than independent of it.

Idealism includes the principles that:

The everyday world of things and people is not the world as it really is but simply as it appears to be.
The best reflection of the world is not found in physical and mathematical categories but in terms of self-aware thought.
Thought is the relation of each experience to that which it expresses, rather than the imposition of ready-made answers.

The first prominent modern Western idealist in the metaphysical sense was George Berkeley. Berkeley argued that there is no deep distinction between mental states. Berkeley expressed this with the Latin formula esse est percipi: to be is to be perceived.

Forms of idealism were prevalent in philosophy from the 18th century to the early 20th century. Transcendental idealism, advocated by Immanuel Kant, is the view that there are limits on what can be understood. Kant wrote his Critique of Pure Reason (1781–1787) in an attempt to reconcile the conflicting approaches of rationalism and empiricism, and

to establish a new groundwork for studying metaphysics. He maintained that things-in-themselves existed independently of our perceptions and judgments. Continuing his work, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schelling dispensed with belief in the independent existence of the world, and created a thoroughgoing idealist philosophy.

The most notable work was G.W.F. Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, of 1807. Hegel admitted his ideas weren't new, but that all the previous philosophies had been incomplete. His goal was to correctly finish their job. His program of acceptance and reconciliation of contradictions is known as the "Hegelian dialectic". Philosophers in the Hegelian tradition include Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach, Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels; and the British idealists, notably T.H. Green, J.M.E. McTaggart, and F.H. Bradley. Few 20th century philosophers have embraced idealism. However, quite a few have embraced Hegelian dialectic. Immanuel Kant's "Copernican Turn" also remains an important philosophical concept today.

Idealism includes a few of the types:

Metaphysical Idealism: asserts the ideality of reality.
Epistemological Idealism: the mind can only hold that which it can perceive.
Subjective Idealism: (Berkeley) nothing exists except minds and spirits and their perceptions and thoughts.
Transcendental Idealism: (Kant) human self, or "transcendental ego," constructs knowledge out of sense impressions.
Critical Idealism: The name that Kant preferred for his approach.
Formalistic Idealism: another name for Transcendental Idealism.
Objective Idealism: Opposition to Berkeley's Subjective Idealism.
Aesthetic Idealism: (Schelling) variant of Objective Idealism.
Moral Idealism: (Fichte) variant of Objective Idealism.
Dialectical Idealism: (Hegel) variant of Objective Idealism.
Absolute Idealism: (Hegel) the real world is a reflection of the mind.
Kantian Idealism: Relatively recent view that seeks to go 'back to Kant'.
Neo-Kantian Idealists: View that seeks to progress from Kant onwards.
Theist Idealism: (Lotze) theory of the world ground, when all things find their unity.
Theist Absolutism: (Tennant) accepts traditional theological monotheism.

Three key types of Idealism:

Neo-Kantianism: We organize experience through mental constructs.
Rational Choice Theory: People make rational decisions.
Hermeneutics: Experience is internal. Positivism ignores this.

Idealism is opposed to many philosophies that stress material matter, including Empiricism, Positivism, Skepticism, Atheism and Materialism. It is closer to systems that emphasize meaning that is derived from thought, such as Rationalism. Overall, it is used as a container for other philosophies such as Phenomenology and Conventionalism that also oppose purely material viewpoints.

Ex. 9 Answer the following questions to the text.

What types of idealism do you know?
What is idealism opposed to?
What are the famous idealists?
What principles does idealism have?
What does idealism argue?
Who was the first idealist? What was his credo?
Is idealism popular among philosophers nowadays?
When were the forms of idealism prevalent in philosophy?
What are three key types of idealism?
What does each key type hold?

Ex. 10 Say if the following statements true (T) or false (F). In case of a false statement say the right one.

Another name for Transcendental Idealism is Formalistic Idealism.
Idealism is opposed to many philosophies that stress material matter, including Phenomenology and Conventionalism.
Immanuel Kant is famous for his "Copernican Turn".
The notable British idealists are T.H. Green, J.M.E. McTaggart, and George Berkeley.
The most notable work in idealistic theory is G.W.F. Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit.
In his Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit he didn’t manage to complete the work of previous idealists.
George Berkeley is the first prominent modern Western idealist.
George Berkeley was a representative of Absolute Idealism.
Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach and Friedrich Schelling dispensed with belief in the independent existence of the world.
The best reflection of the world is found in terms of self-aware thought.

Ex. 11 Complete the following statements logically.

Absolute Idealism argues that …
The "Hegelian dialectic" is known as ...
Transcendental idealism, advocated by Immanuel Kant, is the view that ...
Idealism argues that …
Idealism is closer to systems that …
Thought is the relation …
Berkeley argued that ...
Transcendental Idealism states that human self, or …
Kant maintained that things-in-themselves ...
Idealism includes the principles that …

Ex. 12 Find an odd word in each line, rewrite the text with your corrections and render its main core.

Idealism is as a philosophy had its greatest impact during the nineteenth century. Its than influence in today’s world is less important than it has been being in the past. Idealism is the a conclusion that the universe is enough expression of intelligence and will, that the ever enduring substance of the world is the wild nature of the mind, that the material is explained by the mental. Idealism knows as a philosophy can stands in contrast with all those systems of thought when that center in nature (naturalism) or in man (humanism)." According with to idealism "to be" means to be are experienced by a person. Idealism holds that the order of the world is due to the manifestation in space and much time of an eternal and spiritual reality. As for to knowledge, idealism holds that knowledge is man itself thinking the thoughts and purposes of this eternal and spiritual reality world as they are embodied in the our world of fact. As to ethics, idealism holds that the well goodness of man's individual and social life is the conformity of the human will be with the moral administration of the universe.

Ex. 13 Rewrite the sentences in the indirect speech.
H. L. Mencken says: “An idealist is one who, on noticing that a rose smells better than a cabbage, concludes that it is also more nourishing”.
Carl Sandburg said: “I am an idealist. I don't know where I'm going but I'm on my way”.
John Galsworthy said: “Idealism increases in direct proportion to one's distance from the problem. “
William F. Buckley says: “Idealism is fine, but as it approaches reality the cost becomes prohibitive. “
Emma Goldman said: “Idealists are foolish enough to throw caution to the winds. They have advanced mankind and have enriched the world”.
Anne Frank said: “It's really a wonder that I haven't dropped all my ideals because they seem so absurd and impossible to carry out. Yet, I keep them, because in spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart. I simply can't build up my hopes on a foundation consisting of confusion, misery, and death. I see the world gradually being turned into a wilderness, I hear the ever-approaching thunder, which will destroy us too, I can feel the sufferings of millions and yet, if I look up into the heavens, I think that it will all come right, that this cruelty too will end, and that peace and tranquility will return again. “
Bob Geldof said: “It went beyond idealism and that ridiculous term activism, which basically means talking about something but doing nothing. We made giving exciting.”
Ex. 14 Write a short summary of the text (Ex.8) and present it orally to your groupmates.
Ex. 15 Discussion. Read and translate the sentences of Ex. 15. Think over each and give your pros or cons.
Ex. 16 Discussion. Prepare an oral report or make a presentation about prominent idealist philosophers that are mentioned in the text (Ex.8).
Ex. 17 Solve the crossword puzzle. New active words (Ex. 2) are its clues.

ACROSS:

4. worthy of note, remarkable;

5. conscious of one's own feelings, character, etc.;

7. very thorough and careful;

9. to confess or acknowledge;

10. not complete, lacking a part;

12. generally or widely accepted, practiced, or favored;

13. moving forward or continuing;

14. to take up (a new idea, faith, etc.); adopt;

15. the process of finding a way that two beliefs, facts etc that are opposed to each other can both be true or successful.

DOWN:

1. something that someone expects or asks you to do for them, which is not convenient for you;

2. to set aside or to do without;

3. it marks a revolution in philosophical methodology that spawned a whole generation of followers and critics;

6. when you officially agree to take something that you have been offered;

7. abstract experiences or ideas that are beyond normal human understanding and experience;

8. preliminary work as a foundation or basis;

11. the production of an image by or as if by a mirror.

IDIOMS & PROVERBS

Acceptance of persons. –– Небезсторонній; упереджений.

At every turn. – На кожному кроці (постійно).

Be on the turn. – Змінюватися.

Do smb. a bad turn. – Підкласти свиню.

Give smb. a turn. –– Налякати або розстроїти когось.

One good turn deserves another. –– Зумів взяти, зумій й віддати.

George Berkeley: Idealism and the Man by David Berman (1996)
German Idealist Philosophy by Rudiger Bubner (1997)
The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism by Karl Ameriks (2001)
The Case for Idealism by John Foster (1982)
Current Issues in Idealism by Paul Coates and Daniel D. Hutto (1997)
Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense by Henry E. Allison (2004)
Hegel's Idealism: The Satisfactions of Self-Consciousness by Robert B. Pippin (1989)
Heidegger, German Idealism, and Neo-Kantianism by Tom Rockmore (2000)
Continental Idealism: Leibniz to Nietzsche by Paul Redding (2009)

Vocabulary Notes:

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