Семья и брак в Древнем Риме
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!>1AB25==> 70:;NG5=85 1@0:0 @0A?0405BAO =0 420 @0745;L=KE 2 A2>5< ?@02>2>< 7=0G5=88 A>1KB8O: >1@CG5=85 8 A>1AB25==> 1@0G=0O F5@5<>=8O. 1@CG5=85 >1K:=>25==> ?@54H5AB2C5B 1@0:C. 4@52=59H55 2@5<O >1@CG5=85 ;8F alieni iuris A>25@H0;>AL 8E paterfamilias 157 CG0AB8O 1@0GCNI8EAO. >74=55 >1@CG5=85 A>25@H0;8 65=8E 8 =525AB0 A A>3;0A8O paterfamilias >1>8E. 4@52=59H55 2@5<O =0@CH5=85 >1@CG5=8O 4020;> 4@C3>9 AB>@>=5 ?@02> ?>B@51>20BL 2>7<5I5=8O ?@8G8=5==>3> CI5@10. > ?@5B>@A:><C ?@02C =0@CH5=85 >1@CG5=8O 2;5:;> 70 A>1>9 B>;L:> infamia 8 >3@0=8G5=85 ?@020 2KABC?0BL 2 AC45 2 :0G5AB25 ?@54AB028B5;O GC68E 8=B5@5A>2. ?5@8>4 8<?5@88 AB>@>=0, =0@CH82H0O >1@CG5=85 B5@O;0 ?@02> =0 2>72@0I5=85 A45;0==KE 5N ?>40@:>2.
A=>2=K< <><5=B>< A>1AB25==> 70:;NG5=8O 1@0:0, @>6402H8< 2A5 ?@54CA<>B@5==K5 ?@02>< ?>A;54AB28O ;8G=>3> 8 8<CI5AB25==>3> E0@0:B5@0, ?@87=020;AO C2>4 65=K 2 4>< <C60; 2A5 4@C385 >1@O4>2K5 ?@>F54C@K B>;L:> A8<2>;878@>20;8 70:;NG5=85 1@0:0, => =5 AG8B0;8AL D>@<0;L=K<8 CA;>28O<8 =0ABC?;5=8O 1@0G=KE A2O759.11 ! @0728B85< ?@020 H5; ?@>F5AA >B<8@0=8O 8;8 >A;01;5=8O @>;8 AB0@KE D>@< 70:;NG5=8O 1@0:0. 0@0;;5;L=> 5<C ?@>8AE>48;> CB25@645=85 =5D>@<0;L=>3> A>25@H5=8O 1@0:0 ?CB5< ?@>AB>3> A>3;0H5=8O, 70 :>B>@K< 4>;6=> 1K;>, >4=0:>, =5>1E>48<> A;54>20BL deductio feminae in domum nuptias.
@0: ?@87=020;AO =8GB>6=K<: <564C @>4AB25==8:0<8 ?> ?@O<>9 ;8=88, 0 B0:65 <564C B5<8 1>:>2K<8 @>4AB25==8:0<8, 87 :>B>@KE E>BO 1K >48= AB>8B : >1I5<C ?@54:C 2 ?5@2>9 AB5?5=8 @>4AB20. =0;>38G=K5 ?@028;0 ?@8<5=O;8AL 8 : A2>9AB25==8:0<. ><8<> 87;>65==KE CA;>289 70:>==>AB8 1@0:0 ?@54JO2;O;8AL 5I5 =5:>B>@K5 A?5F8D8G5A:85 B@51>20=8O. ?@8<5@C, ?@>28=F80;L=K9 <038AB@0B =5 <>3 2ABC?0BL 2 1@0: A 3@0640=:>9 40==>9 ?@>28=F88.12
@5:@0I0;AO 1@0:, 70:;NG5==K9 ?> 2A5< ?@02>2K< B@51>20=8O<, B0:65 B>;L:> ?> ?@02>2K< >A=>20=8O<. "0:>2K<8 O2;O;8AL:
!<5@BL AC?@C30
0O2;5=85 >1 >B:075 >B 1@0G=>3> A>N70- @072>4
#B@0B0 AC?@C3>< 53> 3@0640=A:>3> ?@02>2>3> :0G5AB20 2 A2O78 A 87<5=5=85< 53> A>A;>2=>3> ?>;>65=8O, B5< 1>;55- CB@0B>9 A2>1>4K, 8;8 87<5=5=85< 3@0640=AB20.
072>4 2 :;0AA8G5A:CN M?>EC 1K; A2>1>4=K< 8 4>?CA:0;AO :0: ?> >1>N4=><C A>3;0A8N AC?@C3>2 (divortium), B0: 8 ?> >4=>AB>@>==5<C 70O2;5=8N >B:070 >B 1@0G=>9 687=8 (repudium). !2>1>40 @072>40 1K;0 >4=8< 87 =0G0; @8<A:>3> 1@0G=>3> ?@020. , =5 A<>B@O =0 <=>65AB2> @072>4>2 2 :>=F5 ?5@8>40 @5A?C1;8:8 8 2 ?5@8>4 8<?5@88, =5 A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> @072>4K ?@>B82>@5G8;8 CG5=8N E@8AB80=A:>9 F5@:28 > 1@0:5, A2>1>40 @072>40 =8:>340 =5 1K;0 =8 >B<5=5=0, =8 4065 >3@0=8G5=0, 5A;8 =5 AG8B0BL @O40 8<CI5AB25==KE ?>A;54AB289 4;O AC?@C30, ?> 8=8F80B825 8;8 ?> 28=5 :>B>@>3> 1@0: 1K; ?@5:@0I5= @072>4><.
III. 8G=K5 8 8<CI5AB25==K5 >B=>H5=8O <564C AC?@C30<8.
59AB28B5;L=K9 1@0G=K9 A>N7 ?@54?>;030; 2708<=K5 ?@020 8 >1O70==>AB8 AC?@C3>2 :0: ;8G=>3>, B0: 8 8<CI5AB25==>3> E0@0:B5@0. 5@025=AB2> ?0@B=5@>2 2=CB@8 @8<A:>3> 1@0:0 2K@060;>AL 2 B><, GB> =0 65=C ?@8E>48;>AL ?> ?@58<CI5AB2C B@51>20=8O >1O70B5;L=>3> E0@0:B5@0, B>340 :0: <C6C ?@54>AB02;O;8AL 7=0G8B5;L=K5 ?@020 2 >B=>H5=88 65=K.
8G=K5 8 8<CI5AB25==K5 >B=>H5=8O <564C AC?@C30<8 1K;8 3;C1>:> @07;8G=K 2 1@0:5 cum manu 8 sine manu.
1@0:5 cum manu 65=0, AB02 N@848G5A:8 GC6>9 A2>59 AB0@>9 A5<L5, ?>4G8=5=0 2;0AB8 <C60, :>B>@0O 2 ?@8=F8?5 =5 >B;8G05BAO >B patria potestas >BF0 =04 A2>8<8 45BL<8. C6 <>65B 8AB@51>20BL ?>:8=C2HCN 4>< 65=C ?@8 ?><>I8 8A:0, ?>4>1=>3> 28=48:0F88. = <>65B ?@>40BL 55 2 :010;C, 2?@025 =0;>68BL =0 =55 ;N1>5 =0:070=85 2?;>BL 4> ;8H5=8O 5 687=8. "0: 65, :0: @01K 8 45B8, 65=0 ;8H5=0 ?@02>A?>A>1=>AB8 2 >1;0AB8 8<CI5AB25==KE >B=>H5=89. A5 8<CI5AB2> 65=K 8 55, CA;>2=>, @01>G0O A8;0 A 01A>;NB=>ABLN ?5@5E>48;8 : <C6C, AB0=>28;8AL 2 <><5=B 70:;NG5=8O 1@0:0 4>AB>O=85< <C60. A5, G5< >=0 1C45B >1;040BL 70 2@5<O 1@0:0, ?@8=04;568B <C6C. !B>;L 15A?@02=>5 ?>;>65=85 65=K A<O3G0;>AL @8<A:8<8 >1KG0O<8 8 B@048F8O<8 2 >1;0AB8 A5<59=KE >B=>H5=89. 0?@8<5@, >1KG08 >1O7K20;8 <C60 =5 =0;030BL =0 65=C =0:070=89, =5 2KA;CH02 A>25B0 @>4AB25==8:>2 ?> MB><C 2>?@>AC.
@0: sine manu =5 <5=O; N@848G5A:>3> ?>;>65=8O 65=K. =0 >AB05BAO in patria potestate, 5A;8 1K;0 ?>4G8=5=0 >BF>2A:>9 2;0AB8 4> 1@0:0. A;CG05, 5A;8 >=0 1K;0 4> 2ABC?;5=8O 2 1@0: persona sui iuris, B> 8 ?>A;5 1@0:0 >=0 >AB05BAO ;8F>< A2>53> ?@020. >=OB=>, GB> 8 8<CI5AB2>, ?@8=04;560I55 59 4> 1@0:0, 5A;8 >=0 1K;0 persona sui iuris, >AB05BAO 55 8<CI5AB2><, 0 2A5, GB> >=0 ?@8>1@5B05B 2 1@0:5, ?@8=04;568B 59 A0<>9. "> 5ABL 2 1@0:5 sine manu 459AB2>20; ?@8=F8? @0745;L=>AB8 8<CI5AB2. 745@6:8 A>2<5AB=>9 687=8 ;>60BAO =0 <C60, => >= 2?@025 @0A?>@O60BLAO 4>E>4><, :>B>@K9 ?@8=>A8B 8<CI5AB2> 65=K.13 4=0:> <C6 =5 8<5; ?@020 >BGC640BL MB> 8<CI5AB2> 157 A?5F80;L=>3> @07@5H5=8O AC?@C38 (2848<>, 2 A;CG05, 5A;8 >=0- persona sui iuris) 8;8 55 ?@56=53> 4><>2;04K:8. @56=85 @>4AB25==8:8 8<5;8 ?@02> =5 B>;L:> ?@54JO28BL <C6C B@51>20=8O > 2>AAB0=>2;5=88 8<CI5AB20, => 4065 8A:8 ?> ?>2>4C 7;>C?>B@51;5=89 2 C?@02;5=88 8<. 5=0 2?@025 2ABC?8BL A <C65< 2 ;N1CN 8<CI5AB25==CN A45;:C. >A?@5I5=K 1K;8 ;8HL 40@5=8O <564C AC?@C30<8. 0: =5 >1;040NI0O ius commercii, >=0 =5 <>3;0 A0<>AB>OB5;L=> @0A?>@O60BLAO A2>8< 8<CI5AB2>< 2 E>7O9AB25==>< >B=>H5=88. 0 65=>9 A>E@0=O;>AL ?0AA82=>5 ?@02> 2KABC?0BL CG0AB=8F59 F828;L=>3> >1>@>B0. B25BAB25==>ABL 2>7;030;0AL =0 AC?@C3>2 @0745;L=>, 70 8A:;NG5=85< A;CG052 :>=D8A:0F88 8<CI5AB20 ?> C3>;>2=K< ?@5ABC?;5=8O<. 0<5B8<, GB> A B5G5=85< 2@5<5=8 MB0 ?>;=0O N@848G5A:0O @07>1I5==>ABL AC?@C3>2 2 1@0:5 sine manu =0G8=05B A<O3G0BLAO :0: 2 ;8G=KE, B0: 8 8<CI5AB25==KE >B=>H5=8OE.
57028A8<> >B D>@<K 1@0:0 =0 >A>1>< ?@02>2>< ?>;>65=88 =0E>48;8AL 425 :0B53>@88 1@0G=KE 8<CI5AB2: ?@840==>5 (dos) 8 1@0G=K5 40@K (dos propter nuptias).
"5@<8=>< ?@840==>5 >1>7=0G0NBAO 25I8 8;8 8=K5 G0AB8 8<CI5AB20, ?@54>AB02;O5<K5 <C6C 65=>9, 55 4><>2;04K:>9 8;8 B@5BL8< ;8F>< 4;O >1;53G5=8O <0B5@80;L=KE 70B@C4=5=89 A5<59=>9 687=8.14 4@52=5@5A?C1;8:0=A:89 ?5@8>4, :>340 1@0:8 ?>GB8 2A5340 1K;8 cum manu, A?5F80;L=>9 @53;0<5=B0F88 ?@02>2>3> ?>;>65=8O ?@840==>3> =5 1K;>. >B><C, 5A;8 =5 1K;> >A>1>3> A>3;0H5=8O ?> MB><C 2>?@>AC, B> ?@840==>5 =5 2K45;O;>AL 87 2A53> >AB0;L=>3> 8<CI5AB20, ?@8=>A8<>3> 65=>9 8 ?>ABC?0;> 2 A>1AB25==>ABL <C60. > <5@5 CB25@645=8O 1@0:>2 sine manu 4;O ?@840==>3> :0: 8<CI5AB20, ?5@540205<>3> <C6C, 1K; CAB0=>2;5= >A>1K9 ?@02>2>9 @568<. @8<5@=> 70 2 25:0 4> =. M. AB0;> 2E>48BL 2 ?@028;> 70:;NG0BL CAB=>5 A>3;0H5=85, ?> :>B>@><C <C6 ?@8=8<0; >1O70B5;LAB2> 2>72@0B8BL ?@840==>5 2 A;CG05 ?@5:@0I5=8O 1@0:0.
:;0AA8G5A:89 ?5@8>4 ?@840=>5 ?>;CG05B A?5F80;L=CN @53;0<5=B0F8N. . <5;LG5=:> CB25@6405B, GB> ACI5AB2>20; >A>1K9 4>:C<5=B > ?5@540G5 ?@840=>3>, :>B>@K9 4>;65= 1K; A>45@60BL CA;>28O 8 >3>2>@:8 >B=>A8B5;L=> AC4L1K ?@840=>3> ?@8 ?@5:@0I5=88 1@0:0 (845B ;8 >=> ?>A;5 A<5@B8 65=K <C6C, ?>A;5 A<5@B8 <C60- 65=5, ?@545;K 2>7<>6=KE 2KG5B>2 87 AB>8<>AB8 ?@840=>3> 8 B. ?.)15 A;CG05 ?@5:@0I5=8O 1@0:0 ?@840=>5 ?>4;568B 2>72@0BC. A;8 ?@8 CAB0=>2;5=88 1@0:0 1K;> 70:;NG5=> ?> MB><C ?>2>4C A>3;0H5=85, =0 53> >A=>25 8 4020;AO 8A: > 2>72@0B5 ?@840=>3>. -B> 1K; AB@>389 8A:, 8 <C6 2>72@0I0; ?@840=>5 157CA;>2=> 8 2 ?>;=>< >1J5<5. A;8 A?5F80;L=>3> A>3;0H5=8O =5 1K;>, ?@5B>@ 4020; 65=5 8A:. -B> 1K; 8A: bonae fidei; >= 4020;AO 65=5, => =5 55 =0A;54=8:0<, 8 <C6 8<5; ?@02> C45@60BL 8725AB=CN 5<C 4>;N =0 A>45@60=85 >AB02H8EAO ?@8 =5< 45B59 8 ?@>G85 =C64K.
@8 .AB8=80=5 ?@828;0 > 2>72@0B5 ?@840=>3> 1K;8 C?@>I5=K G5@57 >1J548=5=85 42CE @0=55 =0720==KE 8A:>2. "5?5@L =57028A8<> >B B>3>, 1K;> ;8 70:;NG5=> A>>B25BAB2CNI55 A>3;0H5=85, 65=0 8 55 =0A;54=8:8 ?>;CG0NB B5?5@L 8A: > 2>72@0I5=88 ?@840=>3>, ?> :>B>@><C ?@840=>5 ?5@5405BAO ?>;=>ABLN, => 70 2KG5B>< AC<<K =5>1E>48<KE 8745@65:.
@0G=K5 40@K ?@54AB02;O;8 A>1>9 :0: 1K "?@840=>5 =0>1>@>B", MB> 1K; ?>40@>: 65=5 >B <C60 A>>B25BAB25==> A 8E >1I5AB25==K< ?>;>65=85< 2 E>45 70:;NG5=8O 1@0:0, :>B>@K< AC?@C30 :0: 1K >15A?5G820;0AL =0 A;CG09 24>2AB20. 5;0BL 1@0G=K5 40@K B@51>20;8 ?@028;0 >1I5AB25==>3> ?@8;8G8O, E>BO AB>@>=K =5 <>3;8 70O2;OBL ?@5B5=788 >1 >BACBAB288 B0:>2KE. !=0G0;0 MB> 40@5=85 A>25@H0;>AL 4> 1@0:0 (B. :. 40@5=8O <564C AC?@C30<8 70?@5I0;8AL) 8 ?>MB><C =07K20;>AL ?@541@0G=K< 40@><. .AB8=80= @07@5H8; A>25@H0BL MB> 40@5=85 8 2> 2@5<O 1@0:0, 8 >=> AB0;> =07K20BLAO donatio propter nuptias. > @07<5@C MB> 8<CI5AB2> A>>B25BAB2>20;> ?@840=><C. B5G5=85 1@0:0 >=> >AB020;>AL 2 A>1AB25==>AB8 8 C?@02;5=88 <C60; 2 A;CG05 @0AB>@65=8O 1@0:0 ?> 28=5 <C60 >=> ?5@5E>48;> : 65=5. 4>3>2>@5 =5@54:> ?@54CA<0B@820;>AL ?@02> 65=K B@51>20BL 2K40G8 MB>3> 8<CI5AB20 2 A;CG05 A<5@B8 <C60.
IV. Patria potestas.
0 =0H 273;O4, =0G0BL MBC 3;02C A;54C5B A @0AA<>B@5=8O 2>?@>A0 > 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE <564C <0B5@LN 8 45BL<8. -B8 >B=>H5=8O 3;C1>:> @07;8G=K 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3>, A>AB>8B ;8 <0BL 2 1@0:5 cum manu 8;8 2 1@0:5 sine manu.
0BL, A>AB>OI0O 2 1@0:5 cum manu, 4;O 45B59 O2;O5BAO loco sororis 8 2<5AB5 A =8<8 ?>4G8=5=0 2;0AB8 A2>53> <C60 8;8 53> paterfamilias, 5A;8 <C6 A0< =0E>48BAO in patria potestate. !2O7L <0B5@8 A 45BL<8 2 1@0:5- =081>;55 B5A=0O ?>A;5 A2O78 paterfamilias A> A2>8<8 ?>42;0AB=K<8.
0>1>@>B, 2 1@0:5 sine manu <0BL 2 4@52=59H5< ?@025 =5 A2O70=0 A 45BL<8. =0 =5 G;5= A5<L8 >BF0 A2>8E 45B59, >=0- 03=0B:0 A2>59 AB0@>9 A5<L8, 2 :>B>@>9 >=0 =0A;54C5B 8 G;5=K :>B>@>9 =0A;54CNB ?>A;5 =55 8 >ACI5AB2;ONB =04 =59 >?5:C.
"5?5@L ?5@5945< : @0AA<>B@5=8N 2708<>>B=>H5=89 >BF0 8 45B59.
-B8 >B=>H5=8O 1K;8 ?>AB@>5=K 8=0G5, G5< >B=>H5=8O <0B5@8 8 45B59: 4;O MB8E >B=>H5=89 1K;> 157@07;8G=>, A>AB>O; ;8 >B5F 2 1@0:5 cum manu 8;8 sine manu. 5B8 2A5340 =0E>4OBAO ?>4 2;0ABLN >BF0, in patria potestas.16 > >?@545;5=8N 0O "?>4 2;0ABLN >BF0 >1K:=>25==> 1K20NB 8 <C6G8=K 8 65=I8=K, A5<59=>9 65 2;0AB8 <C60 ?>4G8=ONBAO B>;L:> 65=I8=K."17
-B0 2;0ABL, ?5@2>=0G0;L=> 1573@0=8G=0O, ?>AB5?5==>, >4=0:>, A<O3G0;0AL. A=>2=>9 ?@8G8=>9 4;O MB>3> O2;O;8AL @0A?04 ?@56=59 :@5ABLO=A:>9 A5<L8 8 @0728B85 @5<5A5;: AK=>2LO 2A5 1>;55 254CB A0<>AB>OB5;L=>5 E>7O9AB2>. 0@O4C A MB8<, AK=>2LO ?@8>1@5B0NB A0<>AB>OB5;L=> ?>;>65=85 2 C65 ?>AB>O==>9 0@<88 8 3>AC40@AB25==>< 0??0@0B5. #65 2 4@52=59H55 2@5<O 2;0ABL paterfamilias =04 ;8G=>ABLN 45B59 C<5@O;0AL 2>7459AB285< A5<59=>3> A>25B0. :>=F5 @5A?C1;8:8 8 2 =0G0;5 ?5@8>40 8<?5@88 1K; 22545= @O4 >3@0=8G5=89 ?@02 paterfamilias =0 ;8G=>ABL 45B59.
>42;0AB=K9 AK= 8<55B 8 libertas, 8 civitas; 2 >1;0AB8 ?C1;8G=>3> ?@020 >= AB>8B =0@O4C A >BF><, <>65B 70=8<0BL ?C1;8G=K5 4>;6=>AB8. > 2 A5<L5 >= 2A5F5;> ?>4G8=5= >BF>2A:>9 2;0AB8, ?@8B>< 2>7@0AB 7=0G5=8O =5 8<55B, 8 4065 :>340 >= C65 A>AB>8B 2 1@0:5 8 8<55B 45B59. 06=> ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB> 2;0ABL =04 45BL<8 ?@8=04;568B 8<5==> >BFC, 0 =5 >1>8< @>48B5;O<.
A:;NG8B5;L=>ABL ?>;>65=8O 45B59 >?@545;O;0AL 42C<O >1AB>OB5;LAB20<8: >=8 =5 B>;L:> 1K;8 2 G8AB> A5<59=>9 ?> >A=>20=8O< 2;0AB8 @>48B5;O, => 8 A>AB>O;8 "?>4 2;0ABLN" >A>1>3> @>40, :>B>@>9 ?@54?>;030;8AL 4>?>;=8B5;L=K5 ?@02>2K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 @>48B5;O ?> >B=>H5=8N : 45BO<.18
>4 >BF>2A:CN 2;0ABL 45B8 ?>?040;8 B@5<O ?CBO<8:
'5@57 @>645=85 2 70:>==>< 1@0:5
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