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Grmmticl clsses of words differentited on the bsis of their semntic morphologicl syntctic propeties; the grmmticl ctegory or word group in lnguge to which words my be ssigned on the bsis of how t

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  1.  Parts of speech in English. Notional and functional parts of speech.
    A part of speech – are large lexico-grammatical classes of words differentiated on the basis of their semantic, morphological & syntactic propeties; (the grammatical category or word group in a language to which words may be assigned on the basis of how they are used in sentences. The traditional main parts of speech in English are noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Others sometimes used are article and determiner.)
    The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into classes. The traditional grammatical classes of words are called “parts of speech”, since the word is distinguished not only by grammatical, but also by semantico-lexemic properties, some scholars also refer to parts of speech as lexico-grammatical categories (    Смирницкий).
    The semantic criterion presupposes the generalized meaning, which is characteristic of all the words constituting (    составлять) a given part of speech. This meaning is understood as the categorical meaning of the part of speech.
    The formal criterion exposes the specific inflexional and derivational (word-building) features of part a part of speech.
    The functional criterion concerns the syntactic role of words in the sentence, typical of a part of speech.
    These three factors of categorical characterization of words are referred to as 'meaning', form and function.
    The three-criteria characterization of parts of speech was developed and applied to practice in Soviet linguistics. Three names are especially notable for the elaboration of these criteria: V.V. Vinogradov in connection with the study of Russian Grammar, A.I. Smirnitskyand B.A. Ilyish in connection with their study of English Grammar.
    Today many scholars believe that it is difficult to classify English parts of speech using one criterion.
    Some Soviet linguists class the English parts of speech according to a number of features.
    1. Lexico-grammatical meaning: (noun - substance, adjective - property, verb - action, numeral - number, etc).
    2. Lexico - grammatical morphemes: (-er, -ist, -hood - noun; -fy, -ize - verb; -ful, -less - adjective, etc).
    3. Grammatical categories and paradigms.
    4. Syntactic functions
    5. Combinability (power to combine with other words).
    In accord with the described criteria, words are divided into notional and functional, which reflects their division in the earlier grammatical tradition into changeable and unchangeable.
    To the notional parts of speech of the English language belong the noun, the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the verb, the adverb.
    To the basic functional series of words in English belong the article, the preposition, the conjunction, the particle, the modal word, the interjection.
    1) Notional parts of speech express notions and function as sentence parts (subject, object, attribute, adverbial modifier).
    2) Notional parts of speech have a naming function and make a sentence by themselves: Go!
    1) Functional words (or form-words) cannot be used as parts of the sentence and cannot make a sentence by themselves.
    2) Functional words have no naming function but express relations.
    3) Functional words have a negative combinability but a linking or specifying function. E.g. prepositions and conjunctions are used to connect words, while particles and articles - to specify them.




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