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USA in the XX century.
The republican administration being totally incapable of coping with the crisis Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the Democratic Party candidate, was elected president in 1932, the official starting was in 1933 till 1945. He introduced a series of measures which were termed the New Deal. It was the first attempt at government intervention in US economic life which had until then been controlled by private business. Under New Deal banks received Government support, industrial enterprises and farmers received subsidies. The new deal also included social and labor legislation, unemployment relief, old age and disability pensions, etc. The New Deal reduced unemployment from 17 mln. to 8 mln. These measured made Roosevelt very popular. He was the only American president who served three successive terms and was elected to a forth. It was under his administration that diplomatic relations were established between the USA and the Soviet Union.
The US entered the Second World War in December 1941 and the main reason was Perl Harbor – Japanese air attack. The USA played the leading part in the war in the Far East. The supreme commander of the allied (объединенные) forces was US general D.D. Eisenhower. Roosevelt died shortly before the end of the war and was succeeded by Harry Truman. He attended the Potsdam conference and was responsible for dropping atomic bombs (A-bombs) on Japan in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August. The decision to drop the A-bomb was dictated by political considerations to intimidate (устрашить) the Soviet Union. It was the first major act heralding (возвещающий) the Cold War.
Post-war period in America. Americans were the only people in the World that the war had made better off. There homes hadn’t been bombed, busy war-time factories had given them good wages, between 1947 and 1971 America’s real incomes more than doubled, they became more than prosperous people the world has ever seen. During these years of prosperity the US was led by president Truman (1945-1953) and then by president Eisenhower (1953-1961). Truman was the first president who formed Civil Rights Committee which fought for racial equality. He created the department of defense (министерство обороны), the national Security Council and the central intelligence agency. He was hostile towards the Soviet Union. Many Americans saw communism as a dangerous disease. The hostility between the western and communist nations defined the life of the post-war world. It was the policy of the Iron Curtain: 1) the Soviet union control over the countries of the Warsaw Treaty, 2) Truman doctrine of helping all free people to resist communist influence, 3) the Marshall (The US secretary of state) Plan in which the US gave or loaned billions of dollars to various European countries to assist in post-war reconstruction of their industries , 4) the wide spread sphere of communism was one of the reasons behind the creation of the North-Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949), 5) the same fear during the 1950s brought to life the political phenomenon of McCarthyism – the most famous anti-communist senator Josef McCarthy started what came to be called a Which-hunt” – a search for people he could blame for working secretly for the Soviet Union. McCarthy ruined hundreds of innocent people’s lives and this program touched scientists, writers, actors and so on.
Truman also sent US to fight in the Korean War, over 50.000 Americans were killed. North Korea was under Chinese influence, American troops were in the South. Soviet-trained North Koreans invaded the South and occupied most of South Korea. The main reason for this was American domination in Japan. The United nations (American solders+solders from 15 other nations) So the UN succeeded and forced the North Koreans back across the border that has been established before the Korean War began. In 1954 the South-East Asia Treaty Organization was formed, high-level contacts between the USA and USSR were resumed in the late 1950s and for the first time in history the Soviet leaders visited the USA. In 1961 John Kennedy was elected the president, he was the youngest elected president of the US, he was only 43 and also the youngest to die while in office he was 46. He was the country’s first Roman catholic president.
Kennedy started many social programs: medic care, the elementary and secondary educational act, the Civil Right act, etc. One of the worst moments of his term was Cuban Crisis. For 10 days in October 1962 the World trembled on the age of Nuclear War. Cuba war a communist country which received help from the Soviet Union. In 1962 the US learned that the Soviets were planning to install missiles (ракеты) in Cuba. American ships surrounded the country to blockade Soviet ships delivering missile-building equipment to Cuba. Hrushev said that the missiles would be removed from Cuba if the US promised never attack Cuba and remove from Turkey the American missiles aimed at the Soviet Union. The Soviet chips turned back, the crisis was over. But the US was still afraid of communism so the first US troops were sent to Vietnam.
In 1968 about 500.000 American soldiers were in Vietnam. The Soviet Union and China supported North Vietnamese. American killed innocent people, women and children. People in America began to protest against the war, many young men refused to fight. It became clear that it was necessary to end the war but Washington demanded withdrawal of northern soldiers from the South. In 1973 all sides agreed to stop fighting but only in April 1975the South Vietnamese government surrended. While Americans were still recovering from the shock of their first-ever defeat in war, their belief in the Nation’s political institutions was shaken by a series of scandals, most serious became known as Watergate scandal when prominent members of the republican party were found guilty of bugging the democratic parties campaign headquarters. The scandal forced president Nixon to resign the presidency. In 1980 Americans elected Ronald Reagan as president, he was a former film actor and the oldest president ever elected, he was 69. When he took office the US economy faced problems with inflations and unemployment, at home he showed little sympathy for the poor, abroad Reagan was determined to make the US stronger than the Soviet Union. He spent many million dollars on developing powerful space missiles and new weapons. His terms were from 1980-1988. Reagan kept the US prepared for war, he also opened diplomatic channels with the soviet union. He met with Michael Gorbachev and in 1987 they signed an agreement to eliminate all US and Soviet nuclear missiles that were within 500 to 5.500 km.