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Прямая и косвенная речь
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Прямая речь – это речь какого-нибудь лица, передаваемая без изменений, непосредственно так, как она была произнесена.
На письме прямая речь заключается в кавычки, которые в английском языке ставятся вверху строки. Первое слово прямой речи начинается с прописной (большой) буквы.
Точка или какой-либо другой знак препинания ставится внутри кавычек при окончании прямой речи (в русском языке точка или запятая ставятся после кавычек).
Слова автора, вводящие прямую речь, могут предшествовать ей или следовать за ней. В обоих случаях они отделяются от нее запятой. В отличие от русского, где после слов, вводящих прямую речь, следует двоеточие, а если прямая речь стоит перед словами автора, то после нее ставится запятая и тире.
She said, "I want to learn Chinese."
Она сказала: "Я хочу изучать китайский язык".
Sharon shouted, "I don't like to study after school."
Шэрон закричала: "Мне не нравится заниматься после школы".
Примечание: Если же прямая речь является длинным текстом, то в английском языке после вводных слов, так же как и в русском, ставится двоеточие.
Прямая речь может представлять собой: повествовательное, вопросительное или повелительное предложения.
Косвенная речь передает слова говорящего не слово в слово, а лишь по содержанию, в виде дополнительного придаточного предложения. При этом в структуре предложения происходят некоторые изменения.
She said, "I don't know much about my family."
Она сказала: "Я немного знаю о своей семье".
She said (that) she didn't know much about her family.
Она сказала, что немного знает о своей семье.
Перевод прямой речи в косвенную
Повествовательное предложение
При обращении прямой речи в косвенную производятся следующие изменения:
1) Запятая, стоящая после слов, вводящих прямую речь, а также кавычки, в которые заключена прямая речь, опускаются. Косвенная речь вводится союзом that что, который, однако, часто опускается.
Если в словах, вводящих прямую речь, употреблен глагол to say без дополнения, указывающего на лицо, к которому обращаются с речью, то to say сохраняется. Если же после to say имеется дополнение (обязательно с предлогом to, например – said to me), то to say заменяется глаголом to tell (далее дополнение без предлога to):
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
He says, "Mary will do it." - Он говорит: «Мария сделает это».
He says (that) Mary will do it. - Он говорит, что Мария сделает это.
He says to me, "I know it." – Он говорит мне: «Я знаю это».
He tells me that he knows it. – Он говорит мне, что он знает это.
He said to me: "I have seen you somewhere." - Он сказал мне: «Я где-то тебя видел».
He told me that he had seen me somewhere. - Он сказал мне, что он где-то видел меня.
Примечание: В английском языке глагол to answer – отвечать редко используется для введения косвенной речи, чаще: Он ответил = He said.
2) Личные и притяжательные местоимения прямой речи заменяются по смыслу, как и в русском языке:
He says, "I have your book." – Он говорит: «У меня есть твоя книга».
He says that he has my book. – Он говорит, что у него есть моя книга.
Mary says, "Peter has taken my dictionary." - Мария говорит: «Петр взял мой словарь».
Mary says that Peter has taken her dictionary. -Мария говорит, что Петр взял ее словарь.
3) Если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь (главное предложение), употреблен в настоящем или будущем времени Present Indefinite, Present Perfect, Future Indefinite, то глагол в косвенной речи (придаточное предложение) остается в том же времени, в каком он был в прямой речи :
He says (has said, will say), "I sent them the catalogue on Monday." - Он говорит (сказал, скажет): «Я послал им каталог в понедельник».
He says (has said, will say) that he sent them the catalogue on Monday. - Он говорит (сказал, скажет), что он послал им каталог в понедельник.
4) Если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь (главное предложение), употреблен в одном из прошедших времен, то время глагола прямой речи заменяется в косвенной речи (придаточном предложении) другим временем, согласно правилу согласования времен (SEQUENCE OF TENSES).
Согласно этому правилу:
а) Если в прямой речи было одно из настоящих времен (Present), то в косвенной речи оно меняется на соответствующее ему прошедшее (Past) время:
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
He said, "I know it." – Он сказал: «Я знаю это».
He said that he knew it. – Он сказал, что он знает это.
"I am working," she said. – «Я работаю», - сказала она.
She said that she was working. – Она сказала, что она работает.
He said, "I have translated the text." – Он сказал: «Я перевел текст».
He said that he had translated the text. – Он сказал, что он перевел текст.
He said, "I have been waiting for you since five o'clock." - Он сказал: «Я жду вас с пяти часов».
He said that he had been waiting for me since five o'clock. - Он сказал, что он ждет меня с пяти часов.
б) Если в прямой речи было прошедшее неперфектное время (Past Indefinite или Continuous), то в косвенной речи оно меняется на соответствующее перфектное время:
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
Past Indefinite
Past Perfect
|
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
He said, "I saw her there." – Он сказал: «Я видел ее там».
He said that he had seen her there. – Он сказал, что видел ее там.
She said, "I was reading." – Она сказала: «Я читала».
She said that she had been reading. – Она сказала, что она читала.
Примечание 1: Эти времена могут оставаться без изменения если указано время совершения действия:
The boy said, "I was born in 1988." – Мальчик сказал: «Я родился в 1988 году».
The boy said that he was born in 1988. – Мальчик сказал, что он родился в 1988 году.
He said, "I began to study English in 1992." - Он сказал: «Я начал изучать английский язык в 1992 году».
He said that he began to study English in 1992. - Он сказал, что он начал изучать английский язык в 1992 году.
Примечание 2: Однако с такими указаниями времени, как the day before, two years before и т. п., время заменяется на Perfect:
She said that she had been there the day before.
Она сказала, что была там накануне.
в) Если в прямой речи было прошедшее перфектное время (Past Perfect или Perfect Continuous), то в косвенной речи оно остается без изменения:
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
He said, "We had finished our work by six o'clock." - Он сказал: «Мы окончили свою работу к шести часам».
He said that they had finished their work by six o'clock. - Он сказал, что они окончили свою работу к шести часам.
г) Если в прямой речи было одно из будущих времен (Future), то в косвенной речи оно меняется на соответствующее ему будущее в прошедшем (Future – in – the - Past). Shall/will заменяются на should/would соответственно:
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
Future Indefinite
Future Indefinite-in-the-Past
Future Continuous
Future Continuous-in-the-Past
Future Perfect
Future Perfect-in-the-Past
Future Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous-in-the-Past
He said, "I will (или shall) go there." – Он сказал: «Я пойду туда».
He said that he would go there. – Он сказал, что он пойдет туда.
He said, "I’ll (shall/will) be working this summer." –Он сказал: «Я буду работать этим летом».
He said that he would be working that summer. – Он сказал, что он будет работать этим (тем) летом.
Примечание: Если в прямой речи были модальные глаголы, то те из них, которые имеют формы прошедшего времени, изменятся в косвенной речи: can на could, may на might, have (to) на had (to). Остальные при переходе в косвенную речь не меняются: must, ought и др.
He said, "The contract will be signed in the evening." - Он сказал: «Контракт будет подписан вечером».
He said that the contract would be signed in the evening. - Он сказал, что контракт будет подписан вечером.
5) Глагол must заменяется в косвенной речи глаголом had, когда must выражает необходимость совершения действия в силу определенных обстоятельств:
She said, "I must send him a telegram at once." - Она сказала: «Я должна послать ему телеграмму немедленно».
She said that she had to send him a telegram at once. -Она сказала, что должна послать ему телеграмму немедленно.
Когда же глагол must выражает приказание или совет, то must остается без изменения:
He said to her, "You must consult a doctor." - Он сказал ей: «Вы должны посоветоваться с врачом».
He told her that she must consult a doctor. - Он сказал ей, что она должна посоветоваться с врачом.
Изменение модальных глаголов при переводе прямой речи в косвенную
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
can
could
could
could
may
might
might
might
am/is/are to
was/were to
was/were to
was/were to
have to
|
had to
had to
had to
must
must/had to
ought to
ought to
need
needed
needed
needed
dare
dared
dared
dared
should
should
She said to him, "You should (ought to) send them a telegram at once." - Она сказала ему: «Вам следует послать им телеграмму немедленно».
She told him that he should (ought to) send them a telegram at once. - Она сказала ему, что ему следует послать им телеграмму немедленно.
6) Указательные местоимения и наречия времени и места в прямой речи заменяются в косвенной речи по смыслу другими словами, как и в русском языке:
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
this этот
that тот, этот
these эти
those те, эти
now теперь
then тогда
here здесь
there там
today сегодня
that day в тот день
tomorrow завтра
the next day на следующий день
the day after tomorrow послезавтра
two days later через два дня
yesterday вчера
the day before накануне
the day before yesterday позавчера
two days before двумя днями раньше
ago тому назад
before раньше
next year в будущем году
the next year, the following year в следующем году
last night вчера вечером (ночью)
the previous night предыдущим вечером (ночью)
Например:
"I’ll go there tomorrow," he said. – «Я пойду туда завтра», – сказал он.
He said that he’d (сокр. would) go there the next day. – Он сказал, что он пойдет туда на следующий день.
He said, "They were here yesterday." – Он сказал: «Они были здесь вчера».
He said (that) they had been there the day before. –Он сказал, что они были там накануне.
7) Повествовательные предложения вводятся в косвенной речи следующими глаголами:
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
to say говорить, сказать
to tell (наиболее часто употребляемые)
to say (to smb) that…
to tell smb that…
to add добавить
to add that…
to announce объявлять
to announce that…
to answer отвечать
to answer (to smb) that...
to decide решать
to decide that…
to declare заявлять
to declare (to smb) that...
to explain объяснять
to explain (to smb) that...
to inform сообщать
to inform (smb) that…
to promise обещать
to promise (smb) that…
to remark замечать
to remark that…
to reply отвечать
to reply that…
to state заявлять
to state that…
to suppose предполагать
to suppose that…
to think думать
to think that…
Например:
He said (to us), “I know English well.”
Он сказал (нам): «Я хорошо знаю английский».
said (to us)
told us
He declared to us
(that) he knew English well.
explained to us
supposed
Exercises
Exercise 1
Convert the following into indirect speech
1. "I have something to tell you," I said to her. 2. "I met her for the first time on a warm sunny morning last spring," he said. 3. "I am going to call again tomorrow, mother," she said. 4. "I've been to Turkey twice, but so far I haven't had time to visit Istanbul," said Robert. 5. "It will be very difficult to persuade her to take care of herself, doctor," I replied. 6. "The president is to come to Madrid the day after tomorrow," said the BBC announcer. 7. "We have a lift but very often it doesn't work," they said. 8. "We have bought a new flat. But we don't like it so much as our last one," said my cousin. 9. "I have left a message for him, but he hasn't phoned yet," she said. 10. "I've no idea who has done it but I'll find out," said Peggy. 11. He said, "My mother has just been operated on." 12. 'I'll come with you as soon as Fin is ready," she replied to me. 13. I have a French lesson this evening and I haven't done my homework yet," said the small boy. 14. "She has been sitting in the garden since the police came," I said to the officer. 15. "You haven’t closed the window and has forgotten to turn off the light," he pointed out.
Exercise 2
Convert into reported speech paying special attention to the adverbial modifiers of time and place.
1. “I posted your letter yesterday,” said Pearl to her. 2. “I'll have another talk with him tomorrow,” said Agnes. 3. “You have a beautiful place here,” said Pete. 4.
“Jessica arrived last night and she wanted to see you,” said Anny. 5. “You'll never guess whom I met today. It was Flora!” said Nick. 6. “I have not seen him this morning,” said Luke. 7. “He'll meet Betsy here today,” she said. 8. “I saw Jack at the University today,” she said. 9. “Tonight I shall stay at home and read what the editor has given to me,” said Nelly. 10. “The McMillans moved to Glasgow two months ago and I have lived in their house since then,” said Stella Gibson. 11. “Tomorrow I shall do it myself,” said mother. 12. “Now everything has changed here, you won't recognize a thing in this company,” said the chief executive. 13. “I
heard Meg say she would come on Thursday next week,” said Barb.
Choose the proper adverb or the adverbial phrase.
1. Mr. Brown said the manager would be back in London (tomorrow, the following day).
2. He says he enjoyed the film (yesterday, the previous day).
3. The secretary told Mr. Black that Mr. Brown had called him up (two hours ago, two hours before).
4. The secretary said Mr. Brown was having an appointment (now, then).
5. Mary says she will book tickets for the cinema (tomorrow, the next day).
Exercise 3
Change sentences with modal verbs and their equivalents into indirect speech.
1. "If what you have said is true I must go to the police," he said. 2. "You don't need to come in tomorrow," said my employer. "You may take a day off." 3. "I'll be busy next week and won't be able to help you," she said to us. ''Besides this text must be typed and as for me, I cannot type, so I'll have to ask somebody to do it," she added. 4. The official said, "This passport photo isn't like you at all. You must have another one taken." 5. "I needn't get up till nine tomorrow," I said. 6. "I must go to the dentist tomorrow," she said to me. "I have an appointment." 7. "I will go to bed. I had to get up very early today," he said. 8. "I couldn't meet her, I was working," he said. 9. "Ann's English is very poor. She must study very hard," the teacher said. 10. "Something was wrong with the receiver, I could not hear you well yesterday," she said.
Exercise 4
Change sentences into direct speech.
1. Не said that while crossing the English Chan nel they had stayed on deck all the time. 2. The woman said she had felt sick while crossing the Channel. 3. She said she was feeling bad that day. 4. Tom said he would go to see the doctor the next day. 5. He told me he was ill. 6. He told me he had fallen ill. 7. They told me that Tom had not come to school the day before. 8. I told my sister that she might catch cold. 9. She told me she had caught cold. 10. The old man told the doctor that he had pain in his right side. 11. He said he had just been examined by a good doctor. 12. He said he would not come to school until Monday. 13. The man said he had spent a month at a health-resort. 14. He said that his health had greatly improved since then.
Exercise 5
Change the following into indirect speech paying attention to conditional sentences.
1. "I'll put a book into your briefcase in case you want to read," Mother said. 2. He said, "If she follows my advice, all will turn out well." 3. "Annette will have come to Paris in an hour if there are no delays," Pete thought. 4. "These letters must be sent immediately as soon as they are translated," the manager said. 5. "I'll take you out for a walk after I have seen the film," he said to his dog. 6. "I am sure she will sing to us provided we ask her," he whispered. 7. "If she trains hard she will win the Cup," the trainer said. 8. "If she stays in bed for a couple of days, she will be all right in a week," the doctor said to the mother. 9. "If the train comes on time we'll be able to see the football match," he said to me. 10. She said, "I won't come if I am not invited."
Exercise 6
Find one sentence in which there is no mistake. Correct other sentences.
1. Mike told the policeman that he lost his identity card.
2. Jane said to Dick that Julia doesn’t live next to her.
3. She told the detective that she sees the thief in the house.
4. He said that he ate nothing since morning.
5. My girlfriend told me that she felt very bad, and she had a headache.
6. Tom’s boss said to him that he hasn’t done the work properly.
7. Anna said that she doesn’t want to wear her old dress.
8. Her brother told her that they will have plenty of time to do their work.
Exercise 7
Translate into English
1.Час назад он сказал, что придет сюда вечером. 2. Она напомнила мне, что вечером будет собрание. 3. Она сказала, что Джейн хорошо играет на рояле. 4. Она воскликнула, что он лжет. 5. Она сказала, что больше никогда не будет так счастлива. 6. Он сказал, что эти книги продаются во всех магазинах. 7. Она сказала, что на каникулах хочет поехать по Волге. 8. Он сказал, что потерял часы. 9. Он сказал, что они обсудят этот вопрос на следующей неделе. 10. Она сказала, что они играют в футбол с утра. 11. Я сказал, что долго не играл в крикет. 12. Мой брат сказал, что очень устал, так как 3 часа играл в крикет. 13. Она сказала, что игра не состоится, если погода будет плохая.
Вопросительное предложение
Вопросительные предложения, воспроизведенные в косвенной речи, называются косвенными вопросами.
В отличие от вопроса в прямой речи, где в большинстве случаев существует обратный порядок слов (кроме вопросов к подлежащему) - перед подлежащим стоит сказуемое или его часть, вопросы в косвенной речи имеют структуру повествовательного предложения, т.е. прямой порядок слов (подлежащее, за ним сказуемое). Знак вопроса в конце такого предложения отсутствует, вспомогательный глагол to do в Present и Past Indefinite не употребляется.
Между главным и придаточным предложениями соблюдается правило согласования времен, как и в рассмотренном выше случае повествовательного предложения. В зависимости от типа вопроса в прямой речи существует две модели образования косвенных вопросов.
1) Специальные вопросы при обращении в косвенную речь становятся дополнительными придаточными предложениями, присоединяемыми к главному с помощью тех вопросительных слов (местоимений или наречий) которые были использованы в самом вопросе. Типичными вопросительными словами в этих вопросах являются: who кто, when когда, where где, куда, why почему, which который, whose чей и т.п.
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
He asked me, "Who has come?" - Он спросил меня: «Кто пришел? »
He asked me who had come. - Он спросил меня ,кто пришел.
He asked, "When did you see him?" – Он спросил: «Когда ты видел его? »
He asked when I had seen him. – Он спросил ,когда я видел его.
He asked me, "Why have you come so late?" - Он спросил меня: «Почему вы пришли так поздно?»
He asked me why I had come so late. - Он спросил меня, почему я пришел так поздно.
I asked, "How long will it take you to get there?" –Я спросил: «Сколько времени тебе понадобится, чтобы доехать туда? »
I asked him how long it would take him to get there. – Я спросил его, сколько времени ему понадобиться, чтобы доехать туда.
He asked me, "Where were you yesterday?" - Он спросил меня: «Где вы были вчера? »
He asked me where I had been the day before. - Он спросил меня, где я был накануне.
He asked me, "Where do they live?" - Он спросил меня: «Где вы живете? »
He asked me where I lived. - Он спросил меня, где я живу.
He asked me, "Who showed you my work?" - Он спросил меня: «Кто показал вам мою работу?»
He asked me who had shown me his work. - Он спросил меня, кто показал мне его работу.
Если, однако, в прямом вопросе, относящемся к подлежащему или именной части сказуемого, имеется глагол-связка to be, то в косвенном вопросе может применяться как порядок слов вопросительного, так и повествовательного предложения:
He asked me, "What is the price of this car?" - Он спросил меня: «Какова цена этого автомобиля? »
He asked me what was the price of this car. = He asked me what the price of this car was. - Он спросил меня, какова цена этого автомобиля.
2) Общие вопросы заменяются придаточным предложением, которое присоединяется к главному при помощи союзов if и whether, имеющих значение частицы ли. Запятая не ставится.
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
"Do you know the boy?" I asked him. – «Ты знаешь мальчика? » – спросил я его.
I asked him if he knew the boy. – Я спросил его, знает ли он мальчика.
He asked, "Have you met my wife?" – Он спросил: «Ты знаком с моей женой? »
He asked if (whether) I had met his wife. – Он спросил, знаком ли я с его женой.
He asked me, "Will you be here tomorrow?" - Он спросил меня: «Вы будете здесь завтра?»
He asked me whether (if) I should (или would) be there the next day. - Он спросил меня, буду ли я там на следующий день.
He asked me, "Have you received our invoice?" - Он спросил меня: «Вы получили нашу фактуру?»
He asked me whether (if) I had received their invoice. - Он спросил меня, получил ли я их фактуру.
I asked, "Do you understand now?" - Я спросил: «Теперь вы понимаете?»
I asked him if he understood now. - Я спросил его, понимал ли он (это) теперь.
Примечание: Следует отличать if в значении если в условных предложениях от if в значении ли в косвенных вопросах. После if если будущее время заменяется настоящим, а после if ли такая замена не происходит:
I shall ask him if he will come.
Я спрошу его, придет ли он.
I shall ask him about it if he comes.
Я спрошу его об этом, если он придет.
Краткие ответы в косвенной речи передаются повторением вспомогательного или модального глагола, содержащегося в кратком прямом ответе. При этом временная форма вспомогательного глагола меняется в соответствии с правилом согласования времен.
"Do you speak English?" – «Вы говорите по-английски? »
"Yes, I do. No, I don't." - «Да. Нет».
I answered that I did. - Я ответил, что я говорю.I answered that I didn’t. - Я ответил, что не говорю.
В официальной речи употребляются следующие косвенные краткие ответы:
He answered in the affirmative.
Он ответил утвердительно.
He answered in the negative.
Он ответил отрицательно.
Exercises
Exercise 1
Change the following general questions into indirect speech. Begin your sentences with the words I/he wondered, we/they asked, she/he wanted to know, etc.
Example: Did she go shopping? — He asked if/ whether she had gone shopping,
1. Are your children still skiing? 2. Have they had breakfast yet? 3. Is Mike still taking an exam? 4. Did she take part in the performance? 5. Had they already left by the time you went to the station? 6. Do they regularly go to the swimming pool? 7. Will she buy a new Hoover? 8. Will she be training at 10 tomorrow? 9. Does he usually go to the Caribbeans for his holiday? 10. Did she learn to play the guitar? 11. Has the decision been already taken? 12. Do you know when the results will be out? 13. Does he know your new address? 14. Have you known each other for a long time? 15. Did he begin smoking a pipe?
Exercise 2
Change the following special questions into indirect speech. Begin your sentences with the words I/he wondered, we/they asked, she/he wanted to knew, etc.
Example: When did she go shopping? — He asked when she had gone shopping.
1. Why did he decide to go to Ethiopia? 2. When was she sent on business? 3. Who will fulfil this task? 4. How long has she been staying here? 5. Who was he speaking to when I came up to him? 6. Who will play the role of Hamlet? 7. What is shown in this diagram? 8. What is he going to do on Sunday? 9. How long have they been developing this project? 10. Who was this book written by?
Exercise 3
Imagine that you have come to study to a foreign country and students are asking you questions. Report these questions later to your friend.
Example: "What country do you come from?" asked Bill. — Bill asked what country I came from.
"Do you often go to the swimming-pool?" asked Pete. — Pete asked if I often went to the swimming-pool.
1. "How long have you been here?" said Ann. 2. "Are you working as well as studying?" asked Peter. 3. "Have you got a work permit?" Bill wanted to know. 4. "What are you going to study?" asked Ann. 5. "Have you enrolled for more than one class?" said Peter. 6. "Do you want to buy any second-hand books?" said Bill. 7. "Have you seen the library?" asked Ann. 8. "Do you play rugby?" said Peter. 9. "Will you have time to play regularly?" he went on. 10. "Did you play for your school team?" asked Bill. 11. "Are you interested in acting?" asked Ann. 12. "Would you like to join our drama group?" she asked. 13. "What do you think of our canteen?" asked Pete.
Exercise 4
Change the questions into indirect speech beginning them with the words in brackets.
Example: Is he coming back today? (She asked me...) – She asked me if he was coming back that day.
When will he come back? (She asked them...) – She asked them when he would come back.
1. Have you found the book? (She asked me...) 2. Are there any more books here? (The man asked...) 3. Did she go shopping yesterday (I want ed to know...) 4. Has she bought the dictionary? (He did not ask her…) 5. Does she know the name of the man? (I doubted...) 6. Did Boris see the man this morning? (I asked...) 7. Have they sold the picture? (I did not know...) 8. Do they know any thing about it? (I wondered…) 9. Has Jack given you his telephone number? (She asked me...) 10. Where is he going? (He didn't tell anybody...) 11. Where has he gone? (I wondered...) 12. Where is he? (The woman asked...) 13. When is he leaving school? (I wanted to know...) 14. Where does he live? (Nobody knew...) 15. Where can I buy an English-Russian dictionary? (He asked me...)
Exercise 5
Change the questions into direct speech.
1. I asked if they had taken the sick man to hospital. 2. I asked my friend if he had a head ache. 3. I wanted to know when he had fallen ill. 4. I wondered if he had taken his temperature. 5. I asked him if the doctor had given him some medi cine. I asked him if he was feeling better now. 6. I asked the man how long he had been in St. Peters burg. 7. I asked him if he was going to a health-resort. 8. We asked the girl if her father was still in Moscow. 9. I asked the girl what sort of work her father did.
Exercise 6
Translate into English
1.Я спроси Мэри, сходит ли она в магазин. 2 . Я его спросил, ходит ли он на прогулку каждый вечер. 3. Джон меня спросил, иду ли я в кафе. 4. Смит спросил, отправил ли я его письмо. 5. Я спросил отца, вернул ли сосед книгу. 6. Он меня спросил, поеду ли я на следующей неделе в Бостон. 7. Линда меня спросила, кто руководит этим учреждением. 8. Он спросил продавца, сколько стоит эта пишущая машинка. 9. Боб меня спросил, где живет Джейн. 10. Я спросил учителя, что значит это слово. 11. Джимми спросил ее, кто ей звонил час назад. 12. Боб спросил Линду, почему она ему ничего не сказала про этот замечательный концерт. 13. Том меня спросил, когда вернется Джонсон. 14. Ева спросила меня, где я проведу свои каникулы. 15. Мэри спросила, почему я так много курю.
Повелительное предложение
Косвенные приказания и просьбы вводятся глаголами, выражающими просьбу: to ask просить, to beg просить, умолять, to implore умолять или команду, приказание: to tell сказать, велеть, приказать, to order приказывать, to allow разрешать, to warn предупреждать и др.
После этих глаголов следует инфинитивная конструкция "Объектный падеж с инфинитивом": местоимение в объектном падеже или существительное в общем падеже обозначают лицо, к которому обращена просьба или команда + инфинитив. Таким образом получается, что действие, выраженное в прямой речи повелительным наклонением (инфинитивом без to), заменяется в косвенной речи инфинитивом с частицей to.
Так как мы говорим об инфинитиве, то ни о каком согласовании времен речи нет. Личные, притяжательные и указательные местоимения, а также обозначения времени и места заменяются по смыслу.
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
He said, "Stop the car." – Он сказал: «Останови машину».
He told me to stop the car. – Он велел мне остановить машину.
She said to him, "Come at five o'clock." - Она сказала ему: «Приходите в пять часов».
She told him to come at five o'clock. - Она велела ему придти в пять часов.
She said to me, "Open the window, please." - Она сказала мне: «Откройте, пожалуйста, окно».
She asked me to open window. - Она попросила меня открыть окно.
I said to her, "Please bring me a glass of water." - Я сказал ей: «Пожалуйста, принесите мне стакан воды».
I asked her to bring me a glass of water. - Я попросил ее принести мне стакан воды.
She said to the boy, "Wait for me here." - Она сказала мальчику: “Жди меня здесь”.
She told the boy to wait for her there. - Она велела мальчику ждать ее там.
The commander said to the sentry, "Take the prisoner away." - Командир сказал часовому: “Уведите пленного”.
The commander ordered sentry to take the prisoner away. - Командир велел часовому увести пленного.
Отрицательная форма глагола в повелительном наклонении заменяется инфинитивом с предшествующей частицей not.
He said to me, "Don't go there." - Он сказал мне: «Не ходите туда».
He told me not to go there. - Он велел мне не ходить туда. = Он не велел мне ходить туда.
She said to me, "Don't open the window, please." -Она сказала мне: “Не открывайте, пожалуйста, окно”.
She asked me not to open the window. - Она попросила меня не открывать окно.
В русском языке повелительное наклонение заменяется в косвенной речи либо инфинитивом, либо придаточным предложением с союзом чтобы. В английском языке повелительное наклонение заменяется в косвенной речи только инфинитивом:
She said to him, "Close the door." - Она сказала ему: "Закройте дверь".
She told him to close the door. - Она велела ему закрыть дверь. = Она сказала, чтобы он закрыл дверь.
Примечание: Следует иметь в виду, что после глаголов to ask просить, to tell сказать, велеть, to order, to command приказывать в английском языке всегда следует косвенное дополнение, обозначающее лицо, к которому обращена просьба или приказание:
I asked him to send off the letter.
Я попросил его отослать письмо.
The captain ordered the sailors to discharge the steamer.
Капитан приказал матросам разгрузить пароход.
В русском языке после соответствующих глаголов такое дополнение может отсутствовать: Я попросил отослать письмо. Капитан приказал разгрузить пароход.
Если после глагола, вводящего повелительное предложение в косвенной речи (т. е. после глаголов to ask, to order и т. д.), нет существительного или местоимения, обозначающего лицо, к которому обращено приказание или просьба, то повелительное предложение может передаваться “объектным инфинитивным оборотом”. В этом случае инфинитив употребляется в страдательном залоге.
The commander said, "Take the prisoner away." -Командир сказал: “Уведите пленного”.
The commander ordered the prisoner to be taken away. - Командир приказал увести пленного (или: ... чтобы пленного увели).
Exercises
Exercise 1
Read the following orders or requests and the questions; then answer the questions in indirect speech.
A) 1. “Turn back.” What did the guard order us to do? 2. “Learn the principal forms of the irregular verbs.” What did the teacher advise them to do? 3. “Turn off the light in the kitchen.” What did Mother tell Kate to do? 4. “Stay here for fifteen minutes, please.” What did Helen ask you to do? 5. “Make a cup of coffee for me, please.” What did your uncle ask you to do? 6. “Buy an ice-cream for me, please.” What did little Alice beg Mother to do?” 7. “Get up at once.” What did Father tell his son to do? 8. “Put on your raincoat.” What did Mother tell you to do?
B) 1. “Don't swim in this lake.” What did the man tell you not to do? 2. “Don't go out today.” What did Mother implore her son not to do? 3. “Please, don't forget to buy a toy for little Tom.” What did Mary beg us to do? 4. “Don't give the camera to anybody but Martin.” What did Charles ask us to do? 5. “Don't ask me any questions.” What did Helen tell us not to do? 6. “Don't cross the bridge.” What did the guard forbid us to do? 7. “Don't be noisy.” What didn't the teacher permit the pupils to do? 8. “Don't be angry, please.” What did Peter ask us?
Exercise 2
Change commands, requests, recommenda tions into indirect speech.
Example: "Close the door," she asked me. — She asked me to close the door.
1. "Open the safe!" the raiders ordered the bank clerk. 2. "Please do as I say," he begged me. 3. "Help your mother, Peter," Mr. Pitt said. 4. "Don't make too much noise, children," he said. 5. "Do whatever you like," she said to us. 6. "Don't miss your train," she warned them. 7. "Read the document before you sign it," the lawyer said to his client. 8. "Fill in the blank again," he said. 9. "Buy a new car," I advised him. 10. "Don't drive too fast," she begged him. 11. "Don't put your bicycle near my window," said the shopkeeper to me. 12. "Come to the cinema with me," he asked her. 13. "Cook it in butter," I advised her. 14. "Send for the fire brigade," the manager said to the porter. 15. "Please pay at the desk," said the shop assistant to her. 16. "Don't argue with me," said the teacher to the boy. 17. "Pull as hard as you can," he said to her. 18. "Don't lend anything to her," he advised us. 19. "Stand clear off the door," a voice warned the people. 20. "Put down that gun. It's loaded," she warned him.
Exercise 3
Convert the sentences into direct speech
1. Mother asked me to stay at home as the weather was bad. 2. His father asked him to put the papers on the table. 3. The teacher told the boy to leave the room immediately. 4. She asked me not to open the window. 5. His mother told him not to go to school because he was ill. 6. His father told him not to cross the street where he wanted to. 7. The teacher told him to keep the books clean.
Exercise 4
Translate into English
1. Мама попросила меня купить хлеб. 2. Мой брат сказал мне помыть машину. 3. Она попросила свою дочку не шуметь. 4. Родители сказали ему не выходить из дома. 5. Сестра попросила меня помочь ей. 6. Милиционер приказал им остановиться. 7. Они попросили ее не рассказывать правду об этом случае. 8. Я сказал своему другу прийти в семь вечера. 9. Учитель попросил ученика подойти к доске.10. Она попросила не звонить ей.
Revision exercises
Exercise 1
Report the dialogue.
A.: Have you seen the new film at the Odeon?
B.: It's terrible.
A.: What's so bad about it?
B.: My five-year-old daughter can write better dialogue.
A.: Is there anything else on that you're interested in?
B.: There's a new Jarman film at the Regent.
A.: What time is it on?
B.: Seven-fifteen; do you want to go?
A.: How long does it last?
B.: It's over at half past nine. We'll make it if we hurry.
A.: Have we got to take a bus?
B.: No, we can walk.
A.: OK, I've heard it's good. I can't stay out too late though.
B.: You're walking a bit fast for me.
A.: Sorry. It's my job that makes me do that.
B.: Are you going to get that promotion you put in for?
A.: I don't know yet.
Exercise 2
Report the dialogue.
A: I put my foot on it today.
B: What happened?
A: I had words with my aunt. I felt terrible about it later. But I’d been on edge all morning.
B: Come to the point. Why did you argue?
A: My son Billy misbehaved/ I punished him. Aunt Rose defended Billy. That was the last straw! I told her not to interfere.
B: Is everything all right?
A: Yes, everything is fine. I’m glad I took a stand with Aunt Rose, though. We understand each other better now.
Exercise 3
Report the dialogue.
A: Have you heard that Jane cancelled her party next Friday?
B: Yes, but I didn’t hear why. What happened?
A: She’s going to New York. She has to see about something for her boss.
B: Why did Jane plan the party? She knew all along about New York, didn’t she?
A: Yes, but she really isn’t to blame. She thought the trip would be next week. Yesterday she was told to go this week.
B: Too bad about the party, to say the least. The trip will do Jane good, though.
A: And she can have the party when she returns.
B: Frankly, I’m glad about the party. I’m lip on my ears in work right now.
Exercise 4
Put the following into direct speech, using a dialogue form.
Tom: Would you like to come for a drive tomorrow, Ann?
Ann: I'd love to, etc.
TRIP TO STRATFORD
1. Tom invited Ann to come for a drive the following day.
2. Ann accepted with pleasure and asked where he was thinking of going.
3. He said he'd leave it to her.
4. She suggested Stratford... adding that she hadn't been there for ages.
5. Tom agreed and said that they might go on the river if it was a fine day.
6. Ann wondered what was on at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre.
7. Tom said they'd find out when they got there... adding that it was usually possible to get seats on the day of the play.
8. He asked Ann if she could be ready by ten.
9. Ann said with regret that she couldn't as she had to type a report first.
10. Tom expressed horror at the idea of working on Saturday…and advised her to change her job.
11. She told him not to be ridiculous and explained that ... she had volunteered to type the report in return for a free afternoon the following week.
12. She pointed out that she hadn't known that he was going to ask her out.
13. Tom said he supposed it was all right but ... warned her not to make a habit of volunteering for weekend work.
14. Ann promised not to.
15. Tom said gloomily that he supposed she'd be busy all morning.
16. Ann assured him that she'd be finished by 11.00 and...offered to meet him at the bus stop at Hyde Park Corner.
17. Tom said that it wasn't a very good meeting place and that he'd call for her.
Exercise 5
Translate into English.
1.Он сказал, что должен позвонить своему научному руководителю и спросить совета.
2. Он сказал, что его матери приходилось работать день и ночь, чтобы свести концы с концами.
3. Ужасная погода. Но доктор сказал, что мне надо гулять каждый день, чтобы избежать обострения старой болезни.
4. Я сказала, что моей сестре должно быть стыдно за то, что она разговаривала со мной таким тоном в присутствии постороннего человека.
5. Он объяснил, что его машина в ремонте и ему пришлось добираться пешком.
6. Он сказал, что был расстроен, так как должен был встретиться с Филом в девять, а тот не явился.
7. Врач сказал, что ей не следовало вставать: она еще не оправилась после болезни и должна оставаться в постели.
8. Руководитель сказал, что я плохо выгляжу и мне не надо было приходить на работу.
TESTS
Test 1
Choose the right variant.
1. She said that she ______ keen on drawing.
a) was c) has been
b) is d) were
2. I ______ her that I ______ time to play the piano.
a) told, have no c) told, did not have
b) tells, did not have d) told to, had not have
3. Jane answered that she ______ very early, so she______ the news.
a) went to bed, hadn't seen
b) had gone to bed, hadn't seen
c) has gone to bed, hasn't seen
d) had gone to bed, didn't see
4. Mary told me that she ______ to leave for London the next week.
a) is going c) were going
b) has gone d) was going
5. I replied that I _____ her when I ______ back.
a) will phone, got
b) would phone, got
c) will have phoned, will have come
d) is to phone, get
6. Mary said that Paris ______ beautiful in spring.
a) is c) was
b) has been d) were
7. The teacher ______ a report on the Civil War.
a) told Jane to make c) told Jane make
b) tell to Jane to make d) told to Jane to make
8. Jane ______ worry about her health.
a) ask to me not to c) asked me not to
b) asked to not d) asked not
9. I said that I ______ if I ______ time.
a) will go, have c) would go, have had
b) would go, had d) will go, had
10. Tom said that he ______ at five o'clock.
a) had been working c) worked
b) has been working d) was worked
11. Jane told me ______ calm.
a) to stay c) to have stayed
b) stay d) staying
12. I am surprised to see you. Your mother said you______ ill.
a) were c) has been
b) are d) had been
13. She said that Mary ______ into her flat because she ______ her key.
a) cannot get, lost c) couldn't get, had lost
b) couldn't get, has lost d) can't get, was losing
14. Jane told everybody that she ______ a meeting______.
a) had, tomorrow
b) was having, tomorrow
c) will have, the next day
d) was having, the next day
15. Mary told me that writing a test ______ her nervous.
a) is making c) will make
b) made d) make
16. He said that he ______ in America for two years.
a) lived c) had been living
b) had lived d) lives
17. They said that we ______ when Mary______.
a) would leave, came c) will leave, came
b) would leave, comes d) would leave, had come
18. Jane told me that Africa ______ than America.
a) was nicer c) is being nicer
b) has been nicer d) is nicer
19. I told everyone that I ________ to the party at ten, but ______as soon as possible.
a) couldn't come, would arrive
b) can't come, would arrive
c) couldn't come, arrive
d) can't come, will arrive
20. "How are your parents?" she asked. I answered that they ______ very well.
a) were c) have been
b) are d) were being
21. — The play is boring. — Is it? I thought you said it ______ exciting!
a) is c) was
b) were d) had been
22. Mary told me that she ______ Helen in the park and that she ______ fine.
a) saw, had seemed c) had seen, seemed
b) had seen, had seemed d) has seen, was seeming
23. He said that his car _____ a few days ago.
a) was stolen c) had been stolen
b) has been stolen d) is stolen
24. Jane told me that I ______ at her house if I ______ ever in Paris.
a) could stay, was c) can to stay, was
b) can stay, am d) could have stayed, was
25. Mary answered that she ______ the next month.
a) is married c) was marrying
b) was getting married d) is marrying
Test 2
Choose the right variant.
1. Ellie exclaimed that she ______ that car since her father gave it to her and that there had been no complaints.
a) had driven c) drove
b) had been driving d) was driving
2. Vie said that they knew only what was in the papers, that they ______ for a call or a telegram since they heard of the
accident.
a) waited c) had waited
b) were waiting d) had been waiting
3. Norma said that the old car had broken when they______ the bridge.
a) has crossed c) crossed
b) had been crossing d) were crossing
4. She said she couldn't go in the water because she______ her swimming suit.
a) had not brought c) hasn't brought
b) didn't bring d) will not bring
5. She said that my shoes were wet through and asked if I ______all the way from the station in that rain.
a) has walked c) walking
b) had walked d) was walking
6. The old teacher advised me to speak slowly if I ______ them to understand me.
a) had wanted c) wanted
b) want d) would want
7. It was announced that the international treaty against the new warfare ______ and had gone into effect.
a) would have been ratified
b) is ratified
c) had been ratified
d) was ratified
8. The Navy officials said that the dolphins ______ in salt water holding tanks.
a) will be kept c) are kept
b) would be kept d) will kept
9. Steve said that he ______ for me since five o'clock.
a) had wait c) has been waiting
b) had been waiting d) was waiting
10. It has recently been announced that further supplies ______soon be available.
a) will c) were
b) would d) are
11. She wondered if Stephen had found that the room was empty and if he ______ for her at the moment.
a) looked c) was looked
b) had been looking d) was looking
12. The receptionist told us that from our room we ______ a wonderful view over the sea.
a) will have c) would have
b) were going to have d) were having
13. Miss Marple replied that she ______ surprised at seeing the doctor depart.
a) is not c) has not been
b) won't be d) would not be
14. The receptionist explained that breakfast ______ served between 7.00 and 9.00.
a) is b) is being
с) was d) was being
15. The guide reminded us that after lunch we_________ sightseeing.
a) go c) went
b) were going d) would go
16. Lis assured me that the party ______ a great fun. But in fact, it wasn't.
a) will be c) have been
b) would be d) will have been
17. He inquired if I really ______ anything about the matter.
a) know c) had known
b) knew d) will know
18. The inspector wanted to know when each of us last______ Mr. Foster.
a) saw c) would see
b) had seen d) had been seeing
19. The Managing Director declared that during the previous year the company's profits______ steadily______.
a) have been increasing c) had increased
b) had been increasing d) increased
20. The hotel owner informed us that he ______ the police already.
a) is going to call c) was going to call
b) has called d) had called
Test 3
Choose the right variant.
1. She said that her friend's name ______ Mary.
a) is c) was
b) has been d) were
2. I saw what he______.
a) means c) is meaning
b) meant d) has meant
3. She thought it ______ curious.
a) '11 be c) is
b) was d) has been
4. He said he ______ hungry.
a) was c) '11 be
b) is d) has been
5. I heard she ______ good English.
a)speaks c)speak
b) is speaking d) spoke
6. John confessed he ________ like football.
a) doesn't c) will not
b) didn't d) do not
7. He asked me how many lessons I ______ last week.
a) had c) had had
b) was having d) have
8. He wondered what Dick ______ at that moment.
a) did c) is doing
b) does d) was doing
9. He told me Jack ______back in a few minutes.
a) would be c) is
b) was d) will be
10. He promised he ______ there in half an hour.
a) is c) will be
b) would be d) was
11. She complained that no one ______ ever ______ to her.
a) —, speaks c) had spoken
b) — ,spoke d) has spoken
12. The manager explained that the exhibition ______ last week.
a) finished c) is finished
b) finishes d) had finished
13. He explained he ______ there two years before.
a) had moved c) moves
b) moved d) was moving
14. The boy exclaimed that their team ______ the match at last.
a) had won с) won
b) win d) has won
15. He remarked he ______ already ______ the film.
a) —, saw c) had seen
b) —, sees d) has seen
16. I had no doubt that you ______ succeed.
a) will c) can
b) would d) may
17. He admitted he always ______ bad mistakes.
a) make c) made
b) makes d) had made
18. I wondered why she ______ without saying a word.
a) had left c) leaves
b) is leaving d) has left
19. He said he would telephone you when he______.
a) '11 return c) returned
b) would return d) returns
20. She said she usually ______ at five in the morning.
a) rises c) rose
b) rise d) was rising
21. I wonder why he ______ late.
a) was c) had been
b) is d) would be
22. He asked me if I ______ English difficult to learn.
a) find c) has found
b) have found d) found
23. He asked me if I ______ for a long time.
a) waited c) have been waiting
b) was waiting d) had been waiting
24. He asked me if I ______ to take an exam in English.
a) was going c) have
b) am going d) must
25. He asked me when my mother usually ______ back.
a) come c) came
b) comes d) was coming
Keys
Test 1
l. a) 2. c) 3. b) 4. d) 5. b) 6. a) 7. a) 8. c) 9. b) 10. a) 11. a) 12. a) 13. c) 14. d) 15. b) 16. b) 17. a) 18. d) 19. a) 20. a) 21. c) 22. b) 23. c) 24. a) 25. b)
Test 2
l. b) 2. d) 3. b) 4. a) 5. b) 6. c) 7. c) 8. b) 9. b) 10. a) 11. d) 12. c) 13. d) 14. c) 15. b) 16. b) 17. b) 18. b) 19. b) 20. d)
Test 3
1. c) 2. b) 3. b) 4. а) 5. d) 6. b) 7. с) 8. d) 9. а) 10. b) 11. с) 12. d) 13. а) 14. а) 15. с) 16. b) 17. с) 18. а) 19. с) 20. с) 21. b) 22. d) 23. d) 24. а) 25. с)
