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In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. Phoneme – meaningless unit.
Lexical units
· morphemes
· words
· set expressions
1. The semantic classification
Root is the lexical nucleus of a word. It remains after the removal of all functional and derivational affixes and does not admit any further analysis: needless, precook, fire-eater. It is recurrent in word of the family (повторяется) and has an individual lexical meaning.
2. Non-root-morphemes are morphemes which added to the root morpheme to make new forms of the same word of new words.
2. The functional classification of non-root morphemes
Prefix – is a derivational affix standing before the stem and modifying its meaning: insensitive, ex-minister, reread.
Suffix is a derivational affix following the stem and forming a new derivative in a different part of speech (actor, washable, sharpen) or in a different word class within the same part of speech (kingdom, booklet, gangster).
Inflection (inflexion, ending grammatical suffix, inflectional suffix) is a functional affix. Inflections carry only the grammatical meaning and the relevant only for the formation of word-forms, whereas derivational affixes are relevant for building various types of words. Thus suffixes perform the word-building function (play, player, playful, playfully, playfulness), while the function of inflections is form-changing (play, plays, played, playing).
Lexicalized grammatical affix is a grammatical suffix (inflection) which developed into a derivational suffix. In words like customs “import duties”, colours “a flag/flags of a ship or regiment”, -s does not express plurality. It has the features of a derivational suffix. Another example of a grammatical suffix which became lexicalized is –s in cases like at the dentist’s, at my aunt’s. Here it no longer indicates the possessive case, but functions as a derivational suffix denoting the place of activity (as in at the dentist’s) or a place of habitation (as in at my aunt’s).
3. Structural classification
Free morpheme is a morpheme which coincides with a word-form of an independently functioning word. Free morphemes can be found only among roots: hero- in the word heroism; event- in the word eventful.
Bound morpheme is a morpheme which does not coincide with a separate word-form. Bound morphemes include:
Semi-bound is a morpheme which stands midway between a root and an affix. A semi-bound morpheme can function as an independent full-meaning word and at the same time as an affix (a prefix/a suffix). Compare: to speak ill of somebody – ill-fed, ill-dressed, ill-bred, to be proof against water – waterproof, kiss-poof, fool-proof.
Semi-prefixes: half- (half-eaten, half-broken), mini- (mini-skirt, mini-budget), midi- (midi-coat, mimi-bus), maxi- (maxi-skirt, maxi-problem).