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Psychologically viewed,the translating process must need to include to mental processes-understanding and verbalization.
The problem is that these mental processes are not directly observable and we don’t know much of what that program is and how the reduction and development operations are performed.
A model may describe the translating process either in a general form or by listing a number of specific operations(or transformations) through which the process can,in part,be realized.
Translation models can be oriented either toward the situation reflected in the ST contents or toward the meaningful components of the ST contents.
The existing models of the translating process are,in fact, based on the situational(or referential) model and the semantic-transformational model.
In the situational model this intermediate level is extralinguistic.
Extralinguistic: In the situational model this intermediate level
It is the described reality,the facts of life that are represented by the verbal description.
Irrespective of weather of this operations are actually performed by translater.
1st understands. What the original is about and then says the same thongs in TL.purport of comm
2nd what the original text is about? +identific.of the situation.
3rd what is said in it? +method of description.
4th how it is said? +invariant meaning of the sentactic structure and lexical units.
5th high degree of parallelism in st.
A Translation event is pragmatically oriented in 2 directions. On the one hand,it is translation which means that its primary purpose is to give the closest possible approximation to the original text.
This involves two important implications.First,a translation event may be pragmatically oriented toward a concrete TR,and,second,it is the result of the activities of a concrete translator,who may have some additional pragmatic motivation,may pursue some aims beside and beyond the true reproduction of the original text.
Situational(referentional)model is based on the identity of situations described in original text and in the translation.
Semantic transformational model-postulats the similarity of basic notions and newclear structures in different languages.
Trans.model: the stage of the analysis,synthesis,translation proper.
Types of transformation(imitation of the form of the world):Translational transcription;blue print;loal translation.
Lexical transformation: Generalization;Specialization;Modulation.
Grammatical transformation:Zero;Partitioning;Integration;Changing the gramm.form of word;Antonymous translations;compensation technique.
Translational transcription is rendering the phonetic form of the word.
Transliteration is rendering the graphical form(letters)of the word.
Transcription- Sounds
Blue-print is rendering each part of the word
Loan translations are borrowed words
Generalization is a translation device when the meaning of the word is generalic.
Specification is narrowing of the meaning of the word.
Modulation involves the creaction of an equivalent by replacing an unit
Zero transformation is a type of translation divices when gramm phenomenan is not rended into target language
Parti is used when one senth of the source text is translated with the help of two or more sentences
Integration is an opposite device when two or more sentences in the source text are integrated(rended) into one,then changing gramm form of the word
Antonym trans. Is rendering positive construction by negative and by positive.
Explicatory trans. Is a replacement of SL unit by target lang.what combination deseribing or defining it’s meaning
Compensat.techn. is defined as a delivered introduction of some editional elevent to make up for the loss of similar,element at the same time or an earliest stage.
These relationship are called: semantic and syntactic,respectively.Words are also related to the people who use them.To the users of the language its words are not just indifferent unemotional labels of objects or ideas.
The people developed a certain attitude to the words they use.
Some of the words acquire definite implications,they evoke a positive or negative response, they are associated with certain theories, beliefs,likes or dislikes.
Types of words: Positive and negative
Such relationship between the word and its users are called pragmatic
Pragmatic : relationship between the word and its users
Pragmatic relations the user of the words
The pragmatic aspect of translation involves a number of difficult problems. 1 problems:The pragmatics of the original text cannot be as a rule directly reproduced in translation but often require important changes in the transmitted message. 2problem: when we consider not just separate words but a phrase or number of phrases in a text,the problem becomes more complicated.
Idealism may be translated not as idealism but сужение идеала бескорыстна.
When the English original refers to the first amendment,the translation should make it more explicit by speaking about the F.A.to the U.S. constitution.
A translation event is pragmatically oriented into directions on the one hand it is translation which means that it’s primary propers is to give the clothest possible to the original text.
First trans.event may be oriented pragmatically toward a concrete target receptor.
Second it is the result of the activites of a concrete translator who may have some additional pragmatic motivation may purse you some aims beside and beyond the
Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary texts.
Literary works are known to fall into a number of genres.
Literary translations may be subdivided in the same way,as each genre calls for a specific arrangement.
The conditions of oral translation impose a number of important restrictions on the translator’s performance.
According psycho-ling classification translation written and oral
Written: detail,unatational,referential
There are two main kinds of Oral translation: consecutive and simultaneous
Detail of full written trans is translation of the whole text while the refefrential translation is trans of some certain parts of original text
Unatational type compraises only one or two pharagraph and contains the main information about text and for whom it