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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION - 3
PART 1 SOCIALIZING - 4
Part 2 JOBS AND RESPONSIBILITIES -8
Part 3 SPEECH PRACTICE -12
Part 4 BUSINESS STRUCTURE - 13
Part 5 DEVELOPING SKILLS - 20
Part 6 GRAMMAR SECTION - 23
SUPPLEMENTARY
I N T R O D U C T I O N
The edition promotes you with the possibility to master your Business English skills independently. The Vocabulary, Grammar, Functions, Reading and Writing exercises and VIDEO are presented here in the corresponding sections and in the electronics version.
You will find it easier to do the Developing Skills section after you have done the Grammar and Speech Practice ones.
You should decide which of the exercises to do and which will be the most useful and interesting for you, bearing in mind what you have done in class for each unit.
If necessary, ask your teacher for advice.
GOOD LUCK !
Part 1. Socializing
G R E E T I N G S
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- used from early morning till 12.00p.m |
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- used from 12.00p.m. till 06.00 p.m. |
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- used after 06.00. p.m. |
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Hal \lo! [Hello, hullo]! |
- rather informal, can be used any time of the day and often followed by a person's name and such |
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e |
expressions as "Haven't seen you for ages! " or "It's good to see you again/" and "How are you?" ! |
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\Hi! (coll.) |
used in outwork situations. |
Commentary
* 'How do you \ do?' is usually used while getting acquainted with other business people but not customary among people meeting every day. It's a general way of greeting people and requires the same phrase in reply corresponding to the Russian forms «Здравствуйте!» - «Здравствуйте!».
But it is also often understood as "How are you getting \ on?" («Как дела?»). And there comes the reply: " \ Fine! \ Thanks! / And you?"
ILLUSTRATIVE DIALOGUES:
1.
- "How do you do, Mr. Smith? I am Frank Newman of Green Star LTD."
-"How do you do, Mr. Newman?"
2.
- "Morning, David! This is Edward Scott, our new sales representative."
-"Oh, yes, Edward! Welcome to JCK Advertising! How do you do?"
-"How do you do? Pleased to meet you."
3.
-"Oh, hullo, Pete! How are you?"
-"Hi, Bob! I am OK. Haven't seen you for ages!"
SMALL TALK
Small Talk - is a traditional beginning of any business contact. Before moving to the subject of the meeting, you should arrange a short conversation to build a bridge to mutual understanding. It's also called "socializing". It presents an exchange of some polite questions and answers, such as asking of one's affairs, flight or trip, if any, weather, hotel and replies to them. Usually, both the speaker and his companion is aware of the perspective reply to the question asked. Don't give detailed information! It's just Etiquette common in business communication. Phrases of "Welcoming" are preferable to compose a friendly atmosphere that promotes fruitful negotiating.
NOTE: But not any questions are possible to ask. Keep in mind that it's better not to ask too personal questions at a first meeting. And never ask about money!
ILLUSTRATIVE SMALL TALK
N.: - Good morning, Mr. Smith! How are you?
S.: - I'm fine, thank you. And how are you getting on with your business?
N: - It's OK, thanks. Did you have a good trip?
S: - Excellent! The weather is pleasant today, isn't it?
N: - Yes. Good weather, good business.
S: - Absolutely!
N: - Would you like a cup of coffee?
S: - Thanks. Let's get down to business now, if you don't mind?
N: - All right. Business before pleasure.
S: - The British say: "Time and tide wait for no man."
N: - I see.
I N T R O D U C I N G P E O P L E
Who are you? - the question is "What's your name?" and requires some information about the partner's fist name and family name. But you can initiate the procedure of introducing by yourself saying:
"We haven't met before, have we?" or "Excuse me, have we met before? or "I don't think we've met, have we?" and get the answer: 'No, we haven't".
In reply : - Let me intro\ duce myself, my name's Edward \ Green.
May I intro \ duce myself ?"
Allow me to intro \ duce myself, I am Dr. Henry\Bendrix.
These forms are rather forma and, used in business situations.
Sometimes you need to introduce a stranger to other people. So you may say:
Have you met / Mr.Harvey?
or
I'd like you to meet Doctor \ Stanley.
\Ms. Leeds, this is \Mr. Snow. - Unpretentious and yet formal enough for any occasion.
NOTE: When introducing oneself the one addressed to is expected to say his name. Then follows the exchange of the phrases: - "How do you do?"
- "How do you do?" from both being acquainted.
In reply : - My \ pleasure.
It's nice \ meeting you
Pleased to \ meet you.
Glad to \ meet you.
Only to the previous two phrases your counterpart can react saying:
- "Me \ too."
The other possible replies may be:
- "The pleasure is \ mine /actually."
- "Nice to meet you \ too."
The replies mentioned above are rather formal. But in less official situations it's possible to say:
-"Hal /lo!"
or to give a usual answer
- "How d'you do?"
Examples
Good morning! Excuse me, have we met before?
Oh, I'm afraid, not! My name's John Brown. Pleased to meet you.
The pleasure is mine. And I am Robert Bean.
What are you? - the question is "What do you do?" or "What's your job?" The speaker is
interested in a
person's job and responsibilities. Usually the answer provides some information about the legal name of the company, its activity and the position of the person in the group. It's customary accompanied by another question: "Where are you from?" and followed by an answer: "I'm from Bybery Systems." or "I'm from Orenburg", or "I'm from Russia."
In reply:
NOTES: * the verb "to work" can be followed by different prepositions as it is shown in
the above sentences.
** the construction "to be based in..."varies in meaning depending on the subject 1. "We are based in..." means that the head office of the firm is located in some city or town and may have some branches or subsidiaries. 2. "I am based in Paris" means that the person is on the staff of a branch office or the head office but travels a lot.
ILLUSTRATIVE DIALOGUES
1. - Excuse me, are you Mr. Briggs?
Yeah!
Hello! I am Mark Whites from JCK Co.
Hi! Nice to meet you!
And you. I am here to take you to the hotel.
Thank you.
2. - Hello! I am Robert Carlson. I don't think we've met, have we?
No. Glad to meet you. My name's Percy Alexander.
What are you, Mr. Alexander?
I represent Prodata Ltd. We are based in Geneva.
So you are not from Brighton then?
No. I am here temporarily.
I see.
3. - Good afternoon! Let me introduce myself. I am Carol Streep.
How do you do, Ms. Streep.
I am fine. But call me just Carol.
OK , Carol. And I'm Bob, Bob Russel.
Where are you from, Bob?
I work for the Agrico Denmark. And what about you? What's your job?
I am a Sales Manager with Pepsico.
Really? That's interesting!
Part 2. JOBS and RESPONSIBILITIES
Job Titles:
President (Am.)
Chief Executive (Am.) - the top level of management
Managing Director Chairman of the Board
Directors of the departments: Sales Director
Marketing Director
Finance Director - the middle level management
Personnel Director
R and D (Research and Development) Director
Production Director
Managers of the departments: Production Manager - the low level management
Sales Manager etc.
Other personnel: Marketing Executive
Finance Assistant
R @ D Engineer
Personal Assistant (PA)
Receptionist
Sales Representatives or reps
Customer Services Assistant etc. Job Responsibilities:
-to be responsible for the overall performance of the group
-to be the head of the organization
-to manage the company - the top level of management
-to be on the top
-to run the corporation
-to control all aspects of finance
-to run a division
-to head a department
-to be responsible for strategic planning and making decisions - the middle level management
-to be in charge of a department
-to report directly to the Managing Director
-to make presentations
-to be accountable for directing, administering and co-ordinating
company operations and financial growth
-to have various personnel working under
-to have a team of some people - the low level management
. -to be in charge of day-to-day running of the department -to attend meetings -to negotiate deals
-to do most of administration
-to answer the phone calls
-to look after the office - other personnel
-to meet the visitors
-to settle the problems of the shareholders/customers
-to show visitors around
EXAMPLES
1.
- Welcome to Paris. I'm Michel Truedo, the Managing Director of the Ceutique Corporation, so I'm on the top and responsible for the overall performance of the group.
2.
-Good afternoon! Let me introduce myself. I'm Lisa Brandt. I work in the Customer Services Section of Atlanta Power in the USA. It's my job to answer questions from our customers and settle any problems they have.
3. -How do you do? My name's Anke Platz and I'm in charge of the Marketing Department here in Cooper Spain. Let me introduce you to two of my staff- this is Bob White, and this is Ronald Cazals, they are our Marketing Executives.
ILLUSTRATIVE DIALOGUES
1. - Hello, Pete! Have you met Mr.Carter? Let me introduce you. Mr.Carter, this is Peter Harper, the Personnel Director of our company.
How do you do, Mr.Carter? What's your job?
How do you do, Mr.Harper. I represent Virgin Company. I'm responsible for our
subsidiaries. I am based in Norfolk but I am in permanent contact with our regional
offices and have to travel a lot.
- I understand.
Oh, yes! One moment, please.
Are you Martin Drew?
Yes.
I am Frank Coppel. Welcome to Three Stars Company!
Thank you!
- I am the Head of Sales here. I am in charge of the Sales Department.
Pleased to meet you.
The pleasure is mine actually.
3. - Good morning!
Hello!
Have we met before?
-I don't think we've met. Who are you?
-I am Peter Brown from Consultancy Agency. And you? What's your job?
- Nice to meet you. And my name is Edna Snow. I am the head of Mitzuri PLC. I am
responsible for the overall performance of the group and control all aspects of Finance and Sales. And what exactly do you do?
- I am the Customers Services Executive with the Peters&Blake Company. It's my job to meet our customers and settle any problems they have.
EXERCISES
1. Put the questions into the correct spaces to complete the conversation.
a) - What's your job?
Mr.F.: - Hello! ______________________________? My name's John Ferry.
Ms.B.: - ___________________? Pleased to meet you. I'm Julia Bell._____________?
Mr.F.: -I represent PowersProup. I'm the Marketing Assistant __________________?
Ms.B.: - I work in the office. Г т a P.
Mr.F.: - ?
Ms.B.: -Yes, I do.
Mr.F.: ___________________________- ?
Ms.B.: - Three years ago, after graduating from college.
2. Match the phrases in the column A with those in the column В
A
1. Linda Dann. How do you do?
2. It was fine, thanks. No delays.
В
3. Is the hotel far?
4. Thank you for coming to meet me.
3. Complete this conversation. Invent your own questions and answers this time.
Mr. Farrow: - ___________________________. My name is David Farrow.
Mr. Schultz: - ________________________? I am Heinrich Schultz.
Mr. Farrow: - How do you do, Mr. Schultz. ________________________.
Mr. Schultz: - Me too. ___________________, Mr. Farrow?
Mr. Farrow: - I represent Samanta Company. _______________________?
Mr. Schultz: - I am from Mercedes Benz. I work in sales. I have a team of twelve people. ___________________________________?
Mr. Farrow: - I am a Sales Manager too.
Part 3. Jobs and Responsibilities
Speech Practice
Making contact
A. Here are two conversations where people are meeting one. Put them in the correct order.
a. Good. I've come to take you to your hotel. You'll be staying at the Hilton.
b. Just a couple of days. I have to get back as soon as the conference is over.
с. Karl Striebl. How do you do? Thank you for coming to meet me.
d. Thank you very much. Is it far?
e. Fine thanks. How long are you here for?
f. It's a pleasure. Did you have a good fligt?
g. She's the new head of European Sales, isn't she?
h. Hello Josef. How are you?
i. No. It only takes about half an hour.
j. Hello. I'm Mark Jensen from Ciba Geigy. How do you do?
k That's a shame. By the way, there's someone I'd like you to meet. Caroline Eustace.
l. Hi there. Sarah. Nice to see you again,
m. Yes, it was fine thanks. No delays.
n. That's right. Come on over and I'll introduce you.
|
Conversation 1 Mark J Karl Mark Karl Mark____________ Karl Mark____________ |
Conversation 2 Josef _____l______ Sarah___________ Josef___________ Sarah___________ Josef___________ Sarah___________ Josef___________ |
В. Which conversation is more formal?
A first meeting
A. Peter Berger is a consultant with Prodata, a computer consultancy firm. He is normally based in Geneva but he's working in Bradford at the moment, setting up a new quality control system. On his first day there, he meets Jenny Carlson over lunch.
Put these questions into the correct spaces to complete their conversation.
A. And what exactly are you doing?
В. What's your job?
С. Anyway, how long do you think you'll stay in Bradford?
D. I don't think we've met, have we?
E. When did you start?
F. So you're not from Bradford then?
G. And how long have you worked here?
Jenny Hello. I'm Jenny Carlson. (1) / don't think we've met, have we?
Peter No. Pleased to meet you. I'm Peter Berger from Prodata.
Jenny (2) _____________________________
Peter No, I'm from Geneva. I'm just working here temporarily.
Jenny Really? (3) _________________________________
Peter This morning. Today is my first day.
Jenny (4) _______________________________
Peter I'm setting up a new quality control programme.
Jenny That's interesting.
Peter What about you?(5) _____________________________
Jenny I work in Sales.
Peter (6) ___________________________________________
Jenny For eight years. I started as a sales representative and now I'm a regional manager. (7) _____________________________
Peter Just 3 or 4 months .It depends how long the new system takes to set up.
Jenny I see. Well. I'm sure you'll enjoy it. It's a very friendly place.
В. Now imagine Peter is visiting your company. What will you say when you meet Him? Complete this conversation. Invent your own questions & answers this time.
Peter Hello. I'm Peter Berger from Prodata.
You ____________________________
Peter It's nice to meet you. Do you work here full time?
You ____________________________
Peter I'm just here temporarily.
You ____________________________
Peter Just a couple of weeks. I'm installing a new computer system. What about you? What exactly do you do?
You ____________________________
Peter That's interesting. And how long have you had this job?
You _____________________________
Peter And what did you do before?
You _____________________________
Peter I see. Well. I must dash. I've got a lot to do. It's been nice meeting you.
You ____________________________
PART 4. Business structure
Complete the organization chart from the information provided. Two
examples have been done for you. (Note that there are various ways of
constructing an organization chart. This is one of the most usual.)
The Managing Director (sometimes called the Chief Executive, or President
in the USA) is the head of the company.
The company is run by a Board of Directors; each Director is in charge of a
department. However, the Chairman of the Board is in overall control and may
not be the head of any one department.
Most companies have Finance, Sales, Marketing (sometimes part of Sales),
Production, Research and Development (R & D) and Personnel Departments.
These are the most common departments, but some companies have others as
well.
Most departments have a Manager, who is in charge of its day-to-day
running, and who reports to the Director; the Director is responsible for
strategic planning and for making decisions.
Various personnel in each department report to the Manager. One example,
present in almost all companies, is the Sales Representative, who reports to
the Sales Manager.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The Organizational Structure of the company depends on different matters, suchas: size of the company, type of ownership, availability of regional divisions,etc. But most of the companies have certain usual functions shown on the Organizational Chart. Job Descriptions are attached below.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS is the highest level in the organizational structure
of any corporation. In other types of ownership there won't be one (for
example, partnership). Usually from five to ten owners with the largest
number of shares get elected to the Board of Directors.
MANAGING DIRECTOR is appointed by the Board of Directors for a certain period of time. He is responsible for managing the company, fulfilling the main strategy and developing business. He reports to the Board of Directors and shareholders.
FINANCIAL CONTROLLER is responsible for Finance and Accounting
Function. This function is dealing with all aspects of reporting to authorities, shareholders and management of the company. They have to provide them with accurate and transparent financial and management reports in a timely manner. Managers use financial data for decision making purposes. Budget group develops plans and budgets.
PERSONNEL MANAGER is the Head of the Personnel Department. The Personnel Department is dealing with issues of personnel training, hiring policies, defining reward systems for people from different departments and divisions.
MANUFACTURING MANAGER is responsible for managing production, quality control and research and development. Heads of workshops usually report to him. Information regarding new market trends comes from the Marketing Department to the Research and Development Division where they improve existing products or develop new ones.
Quality Control Division is dealing not only with quality of products but
also with quality of business processes. So they check both quality of products
and business processes.
• SALES AND MARKETING MANAGER is always a very hard and artistic job to do but I think that it gives you more satisfaction that any other works within the company. Sales and Marketing Department is responsible for sales of products, promotion and advertising, market research, developing product
and market strategies, concluding contracts with clients and many other things (from the way packaging should look to organization of presentations and shows).
• PURCHASING MANAGER is working closely with Manufacturing Function because the Purchasing Department is responsible for purchasing materials, low value items and all the assets for Production. They have to find the best quality materials at the lowest price.
Company
Structures
READING Look at the organization chart for Cooper France. Where should the following labels appear?
general manager sales manager sales representative
sales secretary agent
Now read the passage and complete the chart to show the positions that Jean Lamadon and his
colleagues occupy.
My name's Jean Lamadon, and I'm one of the two sales manager here at Cooper France.
Cooper is an international group based in America which, among other things, produces tools
and equipment for the professional and consumer markets. The group has subsidiaries in several
European countries.
suppose that if I'm going to describe how things are organised here in France I'd better start
at the top! That's where you'll find Alain Madrange who is everybody's boss here! He controls
all aspects of finance and is in permanent contact with our head office. Both myself and Michel
Carnelez, who is the other sales manager, report directly to him.
As I said, there are two sales managers, because we sell two very different categories of product in
France. The first is electrical equipment which is used for assembling components for printed circuit
boards. That's my area. The other is what we call 'tools and hardware' which includes a lot of quite
different products, mostly sold in Do-It-Yourself shops all over the country. Michel Carnelez is in
charge of that, and he doesn't have any Cooper employees working under him apart from Sylvie
Cieutat, his sales secretary. That means he relies entirely on a national network of ten sales agents
including his Paris agent Daniel Royatte. Michel spends much more time, than I do, marketing and
promoting his products.
The way my department is organized is really quite simple. About 80% of our business is done
through distributors and the rest is direct to major account holders, who are our really big cus-
tomers. As we sell all over the country this means I need a team of sales people. At the moment
there are four, each responsible for one territory: Cyril Jehanne for the north, Jean-Noel Echave for
the south, Daniel Lorand for the west and Patrick Amat for the east. I also have a customer
services assistant, Jocylene Cuisy, and a sales secretary, Marie-Christine Chaussadas.
Together they run the sales office and look after most of the administration.
VOCABULARY Ex.1 Circle the word that does not belong in each horizontal group.
Ex.2 Which of the groups of three words that you identified above refer to the following definitions?
a people who buy goods or services
b types of commercial organizations
с different departments or functions
d people who work inside a company
e activities that involve meeting customers
f products that can be sold
Ex.3 Match each of the words that you circled with the following:
PART 5. Developing Skills
VIDEO Laboratory Work "COMPANY STRUCTURES AND BUSINESS PROFILE"
NAMES OF THE STAFF :
Jenny Ross
Derek Jones
Don Bradley
Clive Harris
Edward Green
Geraldine Scott
Kate Mckenna
Bob and Pete
Sally
Task 1. Show how many different job titles you can name
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task 2. Write down responsibilities of the following staff:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. The Sales Representative
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Task 3. Watch the VIDEO and give the answers to the questions
a) Who arrives first?
second? _____________________________________
third? ______________________________________
f) Where is she showing him to? _________________________
g) Name what you have seen there _________________________
Task 4. Give as full information about the company as possible
Task 5. Watch the VIDEO once again and fill in the gaps
GREET A COLLEAGUE
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Clive: |
Jenny: |
|
Greets Jenny. |
|
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Makes small talk: |
1. ____________ ____________ ___________________ |
|
Makes small talk:
|
2. __________ _______________ ____________________________ |
|
Jenny: Greets Kate: |
Kate: Greets Jenny: 3. ______ _______, Jenny. |
|
Responds: 5. _______ ______ _________ _________________ |
Asks a polite question: 4. ____________ ________ ________ |
INTRODUCE YOURSELF
|
Edward: |
Geraldine: |
|
Greets Geraldine and introduces himself: Good Morning. 1. ____________ ___________Edward Green. |
|
|
Gives Don's Name: 2. to see Don Bradley |
Asks him to wait: Ah yes. One moment, please. |
|
Jenny: |
Edward: |
|
Checks: Are you Edward Green? |
Responds: Yes. |
|
Introduces herself: 3.________ __________Jenny Ross. |
|
|
Asks a polite question: 4. ______ _________ _______ ___________. |
Responds: Hello. |
|
Welсотes Edward: 5. _________ ________ __________ 6. ________ __ __________Bibury Systems. |
Responds: Thank you. |
|
Gives fob title: 7. ___________ ________ _________ ________ ___________ in the marketing department. |
INTRODUCE A NEW COLLEAGUE
|
Jenny gives Edward's name:
Edward Green. |
Greets Edward: Ah yes. Edward. Hello. |
|
Gives Edward job title: 2. ______________ our new ____________ _________________. |
Welcomes Edward: 3. _________ _________ Bibury Systems marketing department. |
Task 6. Match the names of the Bibury Systems staff with the jobs in the chart:
|
THE BOARD Managing Director or Chief Executive Sales and Marketing Director Financial Director Personnel Director |
Part 6. Grammar Section
UNIT 1 Present continuous (I am doing)
a) Study this example situation:
We use the present continuous when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking:
Please don't make so much noise. I'm studying (not 'I study')
'Where is Margaret?' 'She's having a bath.' (not 'she has')
Let's go out now. It isn't raining any more.
(at a party) Hello, Ann. Are you enjoying the party? (not 'do you enjoy')
b) We also use the present continuous when we talk about something which is happening around, the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking.. Study this example situation:
-Tom and Ann are talking and drinking in a cafe. Tom says: 'I'm reading an interesting book at the moment. I'll lend it to you when I've finished it.'
Tom is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has begun the book and hasn't finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading it. Here are some more examples:
- Silvia is learning English at the moment. (not 'learns')
- Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house. (not 'builds')
But perhaps Silvia and Tom are not doing these things exactly at the time of speaking.
c) We often use the present continuous when we talk about a period around the present. For example: today, this season etc.:
- 'You're working hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do.'
- Tom isn't playing football this season. He wants to concentrate on his studies.
d) We use the present continuous when we talk about changing situations:
- The population of the world is rising very fast. (not 'rises')
- Is your English getting better? (not 'does ... get')
Exercises
1.1 In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form.
Examples: Please don't make so much noise. I am studying (study).
Let's go out now. It isn’t raining (not/rain) any more.
Listen to those people. What language are they speaking. (they/speak)?
7. Listen! Can you hear those people next door? They ……………………. (shout) at each other again.
10. I want to lose weight. I ……………………... (not/eat) anything today.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.2 Complete these sentences using one of these verbs:
get become change rise improve fall increase
You don't have to use all the verbs and you can use some of them more than once.
Example: The population of the world is rising very fast.
3. These days food ………………………… more and more expensive.
6. George has gone to work in Spain. When he arrived, his Spanish wasn't very good but now it ………………………… .
7. The economic situation is already very bad and it …………………….. worse.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Read this conversation between Brian and Steve. Put each verb into the correct form.
The first one has already been done for you.
Brian and Steve meet in a restaurant:
Brian: Hello, Steve. I haven't seen you for ages. What (1) are you doing (you/do)
these days?
Steve: I (2) ……………………. (train) to be a shop manager.
Brian: Really? (3) ………………… (you/enjoy) it?
Steve: Yes, it's quite interesting. How about you?
Brian: Well, I (4) …………………… (not/work) at the moment, but I'm very busy.
I (5) ………………….. (build) a house.
Steve: Really? (6) …………………………………….. (you/do) it alone)?
Brian: No, some friends of mine (7) ……………………………... (help) me.
UNIT 2 Present simple (I do)
a) Study this example situation.
|
Alex is a bus driver. But now he is asleep in bed. So: He is not driving a bus (he is asleep) But: He drives a bus. This is the present simple tense: I / we / you / they drive he / she / (it) drives |
We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about the present. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking:
The earth goes round the sun.
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
- In Britain most of the shops close at 5.30 p.m.
Remember that we say he / she / it -s. Don't forget the s:
I work in a bank. Barry works in a shop.
|
do I / we / you / they does he / she / it |
I / we / you / they don't he / she / it doesn't |
- Excuse me, do you speak English?
'Would you like a cigarette?' 'No, thanks. I don't smoke.'
What does this word mean? (not 'What means this word?')
Rice doesn't grow in Britain.
c) We use the present simple when we say how often we do things:
-I get up at 8 o'clock every morning. (not 'am getting')
How often do you go to the dentist?
Ann doesn't often drink tea.
In summer Tom usually plays tennis twice a week.
d) Note that we say 'Where do you come from?' (= Where are you from?):
- Where do you come from? (not 'Where are you coming from?')
- He comes from Japan (not 'He is coming from Japan.')
e) When you make a suggestion, you can say Why don't you ... ?:
- 'I'm tired.’ 'Why don't you go to bed early?'
Exercises
2.1 In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form.
Examples: Water boils (boil) at 100 degrees centigrade.
George doesn’t go (not/go) to the cinema very often.
How many languages do you speak (you/speak)?
1. The swimming bath …………………. (open) at 9.00 and ………………… (close)
at 18.30 every day.
2. What time ………………………… (the banks/close) in Britain?
3. I have a car but I ……………………… (not/use) it very often.
(come) from Scotland.'
7. If you need money, why ……………………………... (you / not / get) a job?
8. I ……………………… (play) the piano, but I …………………. (not/play) very well.
9. I don't understand the word 'deceive'. What …………………… ('deceive' / mean)?
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2.2 This time you have to read some sentences and correct them. The English is correct but the information is wrong. Write two correct sentences each time.
Example: The sun goes round the earth. The sun doesn’t go round the earth.
The earth goes round the sun.
1. The sun rises in the west. …………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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2.3 Now you have to use these sentences to make questions. Begin your question with the word(s) in brackets.
Examples: Tom plays tennis. (How often?) How often does Tom play tennis?
I get up in the morning. (What time/usually?) What time do you usually get up?
1. Ann watches television. (How often?) How often ………………………….…………………………
2. I write to my parents. (How often?) ……………………………………………………………………...….
3. I have dinner in the evening? (What time /usually?) …………………………………………………
4. Tom works. (Where?) …………………………………………………………………………………………..…
5. I go to the cinema. (How often?) ……………………………………………………………………………..
UNIT 3 Present continuous (I am doing) or present simple (I do)?
a) Study this explanation and compare the examples:
|
Present continuous (I am doing) Use the present continuous to talk about something which is happening at or around the time of speaking: |
Present simple (I do) Use the present simple to talk about things in general or things which happen repeatedly: |
|
past now future |
past now future |
|
The kettle is boiling. Can you turn it off, please? |
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. |
|
Listen to those people. What language are they speaking? |
Excuse me, do you speak English? |
|
'Where's Tom? ' 'He's playing tennis.' (you find a stranger in your room) What are you doing here? |
Tom plays tennis every Saturday. What do you usually do at weekends? What do you do? (= What's your job?) |
|
Silvia is in Britain for three months. She's learning English. |
Most people learn to swim when they are children. |
|
Use the present continuous for a temporary situation: |
Use the present simple for a |
|
I'm living with some friends until I can find a flat. |
My parents live in London. They have been there for 20 years. |
|
That machine isn't working. It broke down this morning. |
That machine doesn't work. It hasn't worked for years. |
b) Some verbs are used only in simple tenses. For example, you cannot say 'I am knowing'.
You can only say I know. Here is a list of verbs which are not normally used in continuous tenses (but there are exceptions):
want like belong know suppose remember
need love see realise mean forget
prefer hate hear believe understand seem
have (when the meaning is 'possess')
think (when the meaning is 'believe')
- Do you like London? (no t 'are you liking')
- He doesn't understand. (not 'he isn't understanding')
- These shoes belong to me. (not ‘are belonging')
- What do you think Tom will do? (=What do you believe he will do?)
but: What are you thinking about? (= What is going on in your mind?)
Exercises
3.1 Answer the questions about the pictures.
1. Does he take photographs ? - Yes, he does. Is he taking a photograph?
No, he doesn’t
What is he doing? He is having a shower.
2. Does she drive a bus? Is she driving a bus?
What is she doing?
3. Does he clean windows? Is he cleaning a window?
What is he doing?
4. Do they teach? Are they teaching?
What are they doing?
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3.2 Put in am/is/are/do/don’t/does/doesn't.
1. Excuse me, do ... you speak English?
2. 'Have a cigarette.' 'No, thank you, I smoke.'
3. Why you laughing at me?
4. 'What she do?' 'She's a dentist.'
5. I want to go out. It ……….. raining.
6. 'Where you come from?' 'From Canada.'
7. How much it cost to send a letter to Canada?
8. I can't talk to you at the moment. I .. working.
9. George is a good tennis player but heplay very often.
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3.3 Put the verb in the present continuous (I am doing) or present simple (I do).
1. Excuse me, Do you speak (you/speak) English?
2. Tom (have) a shower at the moment.
3. They (not/watch) television very often,
4. Listen! Somebody (sing).
5. She's tired. She (want) to go home now.
6. How often (you/read) a newspaper?
7. 'Excuse me, but you (sit) in my place.' 'Oh, I'm sorry.'
8. I'm sorry, I (not/understand). Please speak more slowly.
9. 'Where are you, Roy?' 'I'm in the sitting-room. I …………. (read).'
10. What time …..; ……………. (she/finish) work every day?
11. You can turn off the radio. I ……………….. (not/listen) to it.
12. He ……………………………………………… (not/usually/drive) to work.
He usually (walk).
B. Expressing Past and Present
UNIT 4 Past simple (I did)
a) Study this example:
|
Tom: Look! It's raining again. Ann: Oh no, not again. It rained all day yesterday too. Rained is the past simple tense. We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past. |
- I very much enjoyed the party.
- Mr. Edwards died ten years ago.
- When I lived in Manchester, I worked in a bank.
b) Very often the past simple ends in - ed:
- We invited them to our party but they decided not to come.
- The police stopped me on my way home last night.
- She passed her examination because she studied very hard.
But many important verbs are irregular. This means that the past simple does not end in -ed.
For example:
leave —> left We all left the party at 11 o'clock.
go —> went Yesterday I went to London to see a friend of mine.
cost —> cost This house cost £35,000 in 1980.
The past of the verb be (am/is/are) is was/were:
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I / he / she / it was we/you/they were I was angry because Tom and Ann were late. |
c) In past simple questions and negatives we use did/didn't + the infinitive
(do/open/rain etc.):
|
it rained did it rain? it didn't rain |
- Ann: Did you go out last night, Tom?
Tom: Yes, I went to the cinema. But I didn't enjoy the film.
- When did Mr Edwards die?
- What did you do at the week-end?
- We didn't invite her to the party, so she didn't come.
- Why didn't you phone me on Tuesday?
Note that we normally use did/didn't with have:
- Did you have time to write the letter?
- I didn't have enough money to buy anything to eat.
But we do not use did with the verb be (was/were):
- Why were you so angry?
- They weren't able to come because they were very busy.
- Was Tom at work yesterday?
Exercises
4.1 In this exercise you have to read a sentence about the present and then write a sentence about the past.
Example: Tom usually gets up at 7.30. Yesterday he got up at 7.30.
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4.2 This time you have to put one of these verbs in each sentence:
hurt teach spend sell throw fall catch buy cost
Example: I was hungry, so I bought something to eat in the shop.
Tom's father ……………... him how to drive when he was 17.
Don ………...……. down the stairs this morning and ……………… his leg.
We needed some money so we ……….… our car.
Ann …………….….. a lot of money yesterday. She …………………. a dress which …………………………..……. £50.
Jim …………….…… the ball to Sue who ……………………..…. it.
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4.3 In this exercise you have to write questions. A friend has just come back from holiday and you are asking him about it.
Examples: where /go? Where did you go? .
food / good? Was the food good? .
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4.4 This time you have to put the verb into the correct form. All the sentences are past.
Example: I didn’t go (not/go) to work yesterday because I wasn’t (not/be) very well.
UNIT 5 Past continuous (I was doing)
a) Study this example situation:
|
Yesterday Tom and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11 o'clock. What were they doing at 10.30? They were playing tennis (at 10.30). 'They were playing' means that they were in the middle of playing tennis. They had started playing but they hadn't finished. This is the past continuous tense: I / he / she was we / they / you were |
We use the past continuous to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but hadn't finished:
- This time last year I was living in Brazil.
- What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
b) The past continuous does not tell us whether an action was finished or not. Perhaps it was finished, perhaps not. Compare:
Tom was cooking the dinner. (past continuous ) = He was in the middle of cooking the dinner and we don't know whether he finished cooking it.
Tom cooked the dinner, (past simple) = He began and finished it.
c) We often use the past continuous (I was doing) and the past simple (I did) together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:
- Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner.
I saw Jim in the park. He was sitting on the grass and reading a book.
It was raining when I got up.
While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back..
But to say that one thing happened after another, use the past simple:
- Yesterday evening Tom was having a bath when the phone rang. He got out of the bath and answered the phone.
Compare:
When Tom arrived, we were having dinner. (past continuous) = We had already started dinner before Tom arrived.
When Tom arrived, we had dinner. (past simple) = Tom arrived and then we had dinner.
Note: There are some verbs (for example know) which are not normally used in continuous tenses.
Exercises
5.1 Here is a list of some things that Ann did yesterday (and the times at which she did them):
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1. 8.45-9.15 had breakfast |
4. 12.45-1.30 had lunch |
|
2. 9.15-10.00 read the newspaper |
5. 2.30-3.30 washed some clothes |
|
3. 10.00-12.00 cleaned her flat |
6. 4.00-6.00 watched television |
Now write sentences saying what she was doing at these times:
|
1. At 9 o'clock she was having breakfast.. |
4. At 1 o'clock ……………………… |
|
2. At 9.30 she ………………………... |
5. At 3 o'clock ……………………… |
|
3. At 11 o'clock …………………….... |
6. At 5 o'clock ……………………… |
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5.2 A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm rang. Use the words in brackets to make sentences saying what each person was doing at the time. Example: (Don / have / a bath). Don was having a bath
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5.3 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Put the verbs into the correct form, past simple (I did) or past continuous (I was doing).
Example: (I/fall/asleep when I/watch /television) I fell asleep when I was watching television.
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5.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
Example: While Tom was cooking (cook) the dinner, the phone rang (ring).
UNIT 6 Present perfect (I have done)
a) Study this example situation:
|
Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. 'He has lost his key' means that he lost it a short time ago and he still hasn't got it. This is the present perfect (simple) tense: I/we/they/you have (= I've etc.) he/she has (= he's etc.) I (etc.) haven't have you (etc.) he/she hasn't has he/she |
We form the present perfect with have/has + the past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (opened, decided) but many important verbs are irregular (lost, written, done etc.).
b) When we use the present perfect there is a connection with the present:
I've lost my key. (= I haven't got it now.)
Jim has gone to Canada. (= He is in Canada or on his way there now.)
Oh dear, I've forgotten her name. (= I can't remember it now.)
Have you washed your hair? (= is it clean now?)
c) We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening:
I've lost my key. Can you help me look for it?
Do you know about Jim? He's gone to Canada.
Ow! I've burnt myself.
You can use the present perfect with just (= a short time ago):
'Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. I've just had lunch.'
Hello, have you just arrived?
You can use the present perfect with already to say that something has happened sooner than expected:
'Don't forget to post the letter, will you?' 'I've already posted it.'
'When is Tom going to start his new job?' 'He has already started.'
d) Study the difference between gone to and been to :
Ann is on holiday. She has gone to Italy. (= She is there now or she is on her way there.)
Tom is back in England now. He has been to Italy. (= He was there but now he has come back.)
Exercises
6.1 You are writing a letter to a friend and giving news about people you both know. Use the words given to make sentences and put the verb into the correct form.
Example: Phil / find a new job Phil has found a new job. .
Dear Chris,
Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.
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6.2 In this exercise you have to read the situation and then write a suitable sentence. Use the verb given.
Example: Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. (lose) He has lost his key. .
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6.3 This time you have to use just. Answer the questions using the words given.
Example: Would you like something to eat. (no thank you / I / just / have / dinner)
No thank you. I’ve just had dinner. .
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6.4 In this exercise you have to write sentences with already.
Example: Don't forget to post that letter. 'I’ve already posted it. .
1. Don't forget to phone Tom. I …………………….…………………….…
2. Why don't you read the paper? ………………...…………………………….
3. Shall I pay the waiter? No, I ……………..………………………….
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6.5 This time you have to put in been or gone.
Example: 'Where's Ann?' 'She's on holiday. She has gone to Italy. '
1. Hello! I've just ……………………. to the shops. Look! I've bought lots of things.
2. Jim isn't here at the moment. He's …………………………...... to the shops.
3. 'Are you going to the bank?' - 'No, I've already ………………………… to the bank.'
UNIT 7 Present perfect with how long and past
simple with when
Since and for
a) Use the past simple (I did) to ask or say when something happened:
- A: When did it start raining?
B: It started raining at one o'clock / an hour ago.
- A: When did Tom and Ann first meet?
B: They first met when they were at school / a long time ago.
Use the present perfect (I have done / I have been doing) to ask or say how long something has been happening (up to the present):
- A: How long has it been raining?
B: It's been raining since one o'clock / for an hour.
- A: How long have Tom and Ann known each other?
B: They've known each other since they were at school / for a long time.
b) Since and for
We use both since and for to say how long something has been happening:
I've been waiting for you since 8 o'clock.
I've been waiting for you for two hours.
We use since when we say the beginning of the period (8 o'clock).
We use for when we say the period of time (two hours).
|
since 8 o'clock 1977 Monday Christmas 12 May lunchtime April we arrived |
for two hours a week ten minutes five years three days a long time six months ages |
She's been working here since April. (= from April until now)
She's been working here for six months. (not 'since six months')
I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= from Monday until now)
I haven't seen Tom for three days. (not 'since three days')
We do not use for in expressions with all (all day / all morning / all week / all my life etc.):
- I've lived here all my life. (not 'for all my life')
Exercises
7.1 In this exercise you have to write questions with how long and when.
Example: It is raining. (how long /it / rain?) How long has it been raining? .
(when / it / start / raining?) When did it start raining? .
1. Ann is learning Italian.
(how long / she / learn / Italian?) ……………………………………………………
(when / she / begin / learning Italian?) ………………………………………………
2. I know Tom.
(how long / you / know / Tom?) …………………………………………………….
(when / you / first / meet / Tom?) …………………………………………………...
3. Bob and Alice are married.
(how long / they / be / married?) …………………………………………………….
(when / they / get / married?) ……………………………………….……………….
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7.2 In this exercise you have to put in since or for.
Example: Tom and I have known each other for six months.
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7.3 This time you have to make a new sentence beginning in the way shown.
Examples: I know Tom. I first met him six months ago. I have known him for six months.
It's been raining since 2 o'clock. It started. raining at two o’clock. .
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7.4 In this exercise you have to imagine that two people are talking. You have to make sentences with It's ... since ...
Example: A: Do you often go on holiday? (no / five years)
B: No, it’s five years since I went on holiday. .
B: No, it ……………………………………………………………………………
Exercises
Present and past
1 Put the verb into the correct form, present simple (I do), present continuous (I am doing), past simple (I did) or past continuous (I was doing).
1. We can go out now. It is not raining (not/rain) any more.
2. Ann was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive).
3. I ………………. (get) hungry. Let's go and have something to eat.
4. What …………… (you do) in your spare time? Have you got any hobbies? …………
5. What speed ……………. (the car/do) at the time of the accident?
6. Mary usually ………… (phone) me on Fridays but she … (not phone) last Friday.
7. A: - When I last saw you, you ……………………….. (think) of moving to a new flat
В: - That's right, but in the end I (decide) to stay where I was.
8. What's that noise? What ……….. (happen)?
9. It's usually dry here at this time of the year. It (not rain) much.
10. ………………………………. Yesterday evening the phone (ring) three times while we ……………………………………… (have) dinner.
11. ………………………………... Linda was busy when we (go) to see her yesterday. She ………………………………….. (study) for an exam. We ………….. (not want) to disturb her, so we ……………… (not stay) very long.
12. ……………………………….. When I first ………………………. (tell) Tom the news, he ……………………………………………………………… (not believe) me. He ………………… (think) that I …………………….. (joke).
2 Choose the right alternative.
1. Everything is going well. We didn't have / haven't had any problems so far. (haven't had is right)
2. Margaret didn’t go/hasn’t gone to work yesterday. She wasn't feeling well.
3. Look! That man over there wears / is wearing the same sweater as you.
4. Your son is much taller than when I last saw him. He-grew./ has grown a lot.
5. I still don't know what to do. I didn't decide / haven't decided yet.
6. I wonder why Jim is / is being so nice to me today. He isn't usually like that.
7. Jane had a book open in front of her but she didn't read / wasn't reading it.
8. I wasn't very busy. I didn't have / wasn't having much to do.
9. Mary wasn't happy in her new job at first but she begins / is beginning to enjoy it now.
3 Complete the questions using a suitable verb.
1. A: I'm looking for Paul. ...Have you seen …him?
B: Yes, he was here a moment ago.
2. A: Why ...did you go … to bed so early last night?
B: Because I was feeling very tired.
3. A: Where ?
B: Just to the post box. I want to post these letters. I'll be back in a few minutes.
4. A: ………………………. television every evening?
B: No, only if there's a good program on.
5. A: Your house is very beautiful. How long ………… here?
B: Nearly ten years.
6. A: How was your holiday? ……………… /time?
B: Yes, thanks. It was great.
7. A: …………………….… Julie recently?
B: Yes, I met her a few days ago.
8. A: Can you describe the woman you saw? What …?
B: A red sweater and black jeans.
9. A: I'm sorry to keep you waiting ………………. long?
B: No, only about ten minutes.
A: How long …….. you ……. to work this morning?
B: Usually about 45 minutes. It depends on the traffic.
10. A: …………………….. with that newspaper yet?
В: No, I'm still reading it. I won't be long.
11. A: …………………. to the United States?
В: No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.
LANGUAGE INTRODUCING PEOPLE : Present perfect and past simple
FOCUS
Read the short profile below of Dimmen Herwarden, a manager with a major American consumer Products company.
|
CURRICULUM VITAE |
|
|
Name |
Dimmen Herwarden |
|
Nationality |
Dutch |
|
Age |
39 |
|
Marital Status |
Married Kate Taylor in 1995 No children |
|
Civil Status |
Permanent resident from 1995 Working visa 1993 – 1995 Student visa 1990 – 1992 |
|
Qualifications |
MBA Columbia University 1992 Dutch high school leaving certificate 1989 |
|
Employment |
1997 to date: Tailor Corporation 1994-1996: ESPV Inc 1993-1994: Research Systems |
|
Positions held |
2007 to date : General Manager 2002 - 2006 Brand Manager 1999 - 2001 Assistant Brand Manager 1997 - 1998 Brand assistant |
Present perfect
With the present perfect we use How long …? for questions about duration and
for or since for the answer :
How long have you been a permanent resident?
I’ve been a permanent resident since 1995.
Past simple
With the past simple we use When …? and How long …? To ask questions about the timing and duration of events in the past:
When did you come to the States? (TIMING)
How long did you live in Holland? (DURATION)
We can answer the first question by giving the exact time in the past or by giving the total number of units of time that separate the event in from the present:
I came in 1990 / I came 18 years ago.