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Введение
Цель данного пособия – активизация и совершенствование речевых компетенций профессиональной направленности. Курс обучения опирается на коммуникативную лингвистику, психологию деятельности и отражает единую концепцию кафедры – формирование профессионального качества врача – речевую компетентность средствами иностранного языка.
В представленном учебно-методическом пособии находят отражение такие этапы обучения, как постановка задачи, практическая работа, самостоятельная работа, содержащая указания по выполнению творческих заданий, которые могут также являться проверкой качества знаний.
Данное учебно-методическое пособие является результатом обобщения педагогического и методического опыта преподавателей английского языка кафедры иностранных языков ОмГМА, а также может представлять интерес для преподавателей других гуманитарных дисциплин. В пособии достаточно широко представлены современные научные взгляды на темы, представленные для обсуждения.
Поскольку язык является проявлением речевой деятельности человека, то фиксирование в языке значение слов, отражающий социальный опыт, приобретают в связи индивидуальным опытом индивидуальность значение или смысл, отражающие личную позицию говорящего. Для осуществления результативной речевой деятельности будущему специалисту необходимо обладать такими профессиональным качествам как речевая компетенция. Речевая компетентность регулирует профессиональную речь, определяет её направленность, адекватность употребления речевых средств и индивидуальное своеобразие.
Целевое назначение учебного пособия состоит в том, чтобы опираясь на цели обучения иностранному языку в соответствии с Федеральным государственным образовательным стандартом высшего профессионального образования третьего поколения, Программой по иностранному языку для медицинских и фармацевтических вузов, и, учитывая потребности, интересы и ценности будущих врачей, их представление о себе как о формирующимся профессионале, содействовать формированию базового профессионального качества – речевой компетенции.
В соответствии с ФГОС ВПО дисциплина «Иностранный язык» формирует следующие компетенции, в рамках которых осуществляется изучение предмета
для специальностей 060101 ЛЕЧЕБНОЕ ДЕЛО, 060103 ПЕДИАТРИЯ:
ОК-1 (способность и готовность анализировать социально-значимые проблемы процессы, использовать в практике методы гуманитарных, естественнонаучных, медико-биологических и клинических наук в различных видах профессиональной и социальной деятельности);
ОК-5 (способность и готовность к логическому и аргументированному анализу, к публичной речи, ведению дискуссий и полемике, к редактированию текстов профессионального содержания, к осуществлению воспитательной и педагогической деятельности, к сотрудничеству и разрешению конфликтов, к толерантности);
ОК-6 (способностью и готовностью овладеть одним из иностранных языков на уровне бытового общения, к письменной и устной коммуникации на государственном языке);
ПК-31 (способностью и готовностью изучать научно-медицинскую информацию, отечественный и зарубежный опыт по тематике исследования),
ПК-32 (способностью и готовностью к участию в освоении современных теоретических и экспериментальных методов исследования с целью создания новых перспективных средств, в организации работ по практическому использованию и внедрению результатов исследований);
для специальности 060201 СТОМАТОЛОГИЯ:
все общекультурные компетенции указанные выше (ОК-1, ОК-5, ОК-6), а также
ПК-3 (способностью и готовностью к формированию системного подхода к анализу медицинской информации, опираясь на всеобъемлющие принципы доказательной медицины, основанной на поиске решений с использованием теоретических знаний и практических умений в целях совершенствования профессиональной деятельности)
для специальности 060301 ФАРМАЦИЯ:
все общекультурные компетенции указанные выше (ОК-1, ОК-5, ОК-6), а также
ПК-47 (способностью и готовностью к проведению информационно-просветительской работы по пропаганде здорового образа жизни и безопасности жизнедеятельности);
ПК-48 (способность и готовность работать с научной литературой, анализировать информацию, вести поиск, превращать прочитанное в средство для решения профессиональных задач (выделять основные положения, следствия из них и предложения).
для специальностей 060105 МЕДИКО-ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ДЕЛО:
ОК-1 (способность и готовность анализировать социально-значимые проблемы процессы, использовать в практике методы гуманитарных, естественнонаучных, медико-биологических и клинических наук в различных видах профессиональной и социальной деятельности);
ОК-2 (владение письменной и устной речью на государственном языке Российской Федерации, знание одного иностранного языка как средства делового общения, умение вести дискуссии и полемики, способность и готовность к подготовке и редактированию текстов профессионального и социально значимого содержания)
ПК -5 (готовностью к работе с информацией, полученной из различных источников, к применению современных информационных технологий для решения профессиональных задач)
По завершении данного курса студенты должны:
Учебное пособие представляет собой целостную систему, образованную структурными компонентами, подразделяемые на две взаимосвязанные сферы: содержащие материал подъязыка медицины и языковый материал общеупотребительного уровня. Профессионально-ориентированное содержание учебника имеет объективные возможности: симулирование речемыслительной деятельности студента, формирование мотивационной, эмоциональной, ценностной сферы будущего врача.
Theme 1
About myself and my future profession
This year is the crucial one in my life because I have left school. Before people leave school, they should understand that the time to choose their future profession has already come. It's not an easy task to make the right choice.
Someone goes further in his education and enter an institute, university or college. Others can start their working career or go into business. Usually there are a lot of universities and institutes in every big city. Our city is not an exception.
There are a huge number of professions to choose. But we should take our time while choosing our future career. Some teenagers make their choice according to their parents will, others do it in their own way and there are some boys and girls, who want nothing. Anyway it is a dilemma for all the family.
Fathers usually want their children to follow their footsteps. Mothers don't want their sons and daughters to leave the native town or city. So, sometimes they persuade their kids to enter local colleges. But only hard work and personal life experience can help us to find out the best from the best that is to separate the wheat from the chaff.
To make the right choice, we should consider our possibilities, character traits and routine aspects of the future job. To become a good doctor, you must be patient, easygoing and smart. A graduate from the Medical Academy may choose his place of work and occupation from a number of possible ones. He can be either a therapeutist or a surgeon; he can also be a dentist, a paediatrician, an emergency doctor, etc. As for me, I always wanted to become a doctor. I think it is a very prestigious and noble occupation. I was good at biology and zoology at school. I want to help people, who have health problems. I know that a doctor should be kind and attentive to people, honest and prudent. A doctor who is selfish and dishonest can't be successful in his profession. So I’ll try to do my best to develop my personality this way.
More and more people realize now that every educated person should know a foreign language. That is why all students of our academy study one foreign language and Latin. For instance, I study English. I liked it from the first lesson we started learning it at school and it is still my favourite subject. English is to help us communicate with our foreign colleagues and comprehend English and American professional literature. Latin is considered to be the basis of international medical terminology so its importance for future doctors can scarcely be overestimated.
As a rule, young people should study five years at universities or institutes to become specialists. If you want a bachelor’s degree, you have to study four years. But medical student study six years. As your final exams have been passed, you get a diploma of a qualified specialist. Some students keep studying and enter post-graduate courses to follow an academic career. Some university graduates take up teaching and return to their Alma Mater as tutors.
So, choosing a career and then getting a job are two things any person does in his lifetime. If we don't think about the future, we won't have the one.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
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to leave school |
[li:v][sku:l] |
заканчивать школу |
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crucial |
решающий |
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career |
карьера |
|
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to go into business |
[gəu]['ɪntə]['bɪznɪs] |
заняться бизнесом |
|
a huge number of |
[hju:ʤ]['nʌmbə] |
огромное число (количество) чего-л. |
|
to take one’s time |
[teɪk][wʌnz][taɪm] |
не спешить |
|
dilemma |
[dɪ'lemə] |
дилемма, затруднительное положение |
|
to follow smb.’s footsteps |
['fɔləu]['futsteps] |
следовать по чьим-л. стопам |
|
to persuade |
[pə'sweɪd] |
убеждать, уговаривать |
|
to consider |
[kən'sɪdə] |
считать, полагать |
|
patient (n, adj.) |
['peɪʃ(ə)nt] |
пациент, больной; терпеливый |
|
easygoing |
['i:zɪˌgəuɪŋ] |
легко ладящий с людьми |
|
smart |
[smɑːt] |
разумный, умный |
|
prestigious |
[pres'tɪʤəs] |
престижный |
|
noble |
['nəubl] |
благородный, замечательный, выдающийся |
|
attentive |
[ə'tentɪv] |
внимательный |
|
honest |
['ɔnɪst] |
честный |
|
prudent |
['pru:d(ə)nt] |
благоразумный, предусмотрительный |
|
selfish |
['selfɪʃ] |
эгоистичный |
|
dishonest |
[dɪs'ɔnɪst] |
нечестный |
|
to develop |
[dɪ'veləp] |
развивать, совершенствовать |
|
tocomprehend |
[kɔmprɪ'hend] |
понимать, постигать, осмысливать |
|
bachelor’s degree |
['bæʧ(ə)lə] |
степень бакалавра |
|
post-graduate courses |
[pəust'græʤuət][kɔːsəs] |
зд. аспирантура |
|
to graduate from |
['græʤueɪt][frɔm] |
заканчивать вуз |
|
Alma Mater |
[ælmə'meɪtə] |
альма-матер, университет, в котором обучался говорящий или тот, о ком идёт речь (букв.лат. «кормящая мать») |
|
tutor (n) |
['tju:tə] |
преподаватель, руководитель группы (в университете) |
Task 2.Find the following words and word-combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.
Task 3.Answer the questions:
Task 4.Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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Task 5.Translate the given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate them back into English.
Task 6.Retell the text.
Theme 2
Omsk State Medical Academy.
Russian Federation has always been a leader in world medical education. Nowadays a number of Russian Medical Universities are in top fifty Universities according to the UNESCO ratings. The ratings are based on three criteria: quality of teaching staff, quality of education and international recognition. For example Moscow Medical Academy has the 2nd place in this rating. Thus, the quality of Russian medical education goes without saying.
There are more than 40 medical academies, universities and institutions spread all over our vast country.
Omsk State Medical Academy (OSMA) was founded as the Medical Faculty of Siberian Institute of Veterinary and Zoology in 1920; the faculty was reorganized into the West-Siberian State Medical Institute in 1921. It was renamed into Omsk State Medical Institute in 1925 and into Omsk State Medical Academy in 1994. Now more than 40.000 graduates of OSMA are working as doctors in our country and abroad. At the moment over 4500 students are studying at 5 faculties: •Medical, • Pediatric, • Stomatological, • Pharmaceutical and • the Faculty of Preventive Medicine.
Our Academy takes an active part in cooperation with educational institutions and research community of West European countries, the United States and some Asian countries. It is engaged in TEMPUS IV Project. Tempus is the European Union programme which supports the modernisation of higher education, mainly through university cooperation projects. In addition to promoting cooperation between institutions, Tempus also encourage a people-to-people approach. Tempus provides support to consortia of institutions composed mainly of universities or university associations. The Tempus programme is implemented in close coordination with the Erasmus Mundus programme which provides scholarships to students allowing them to participate in top-level Master courses and Doctorate programmes outside the EU.
67 Chairs provide the teaching process in the Academy. 73% of the staff has an academic degree. Their innovative work has shaped many of the Academy’s most successful courses and programs. Continuing education is essential for professionals in a rapidly changing field of medicine that is linked so closely to the well-being of society. The Academy offers an expanding slate of programs that enable health professionals to study also ethical issues as they are involved in the medical profession and in modern society.
Omsk State Medical Academy occupies six buildings and has three hostels providing accommodation for all out-of-town students. Clinical Departments and Chairs of the Academy are based in the largest municipal hospitals equipped with modern diagnostic facilities. Clinics are headed by the leading scholars of the Academy. Teaching process is being constantly improved exploiting up-to-date information technologies. Students Scientific Society is the pride of the Academy. The Academy's library is the largest one among the medical institutions of Russia. It has over 600 000 volumes in its collection and many unique publications are among them. The library has a fully equipped computer hall with the Internet access. Physical training is an integral part of the curriculum. Well-equipped gyms, ski-centre, a sport and recreation centres are available for the students.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
|
medical education |
['medɪk(ə)l] [edju'keɪʃ(ə)n] |
медицинское образование |
|
international recognition |
[ɪntə'næʃ(ə)n(ə)l] [rekəg'nɪʃ(ə)n] |
международное признание |
|
Preventive Medicine faculty |
[prɪ'ventɪv] ['meds(ə)n] ['fæk(ə)ltɪ] |
медико-профилактический факультет |
|
to provide support |
[prə'vaɪd][sə'pɔːt] |
оказывать поддержку |
|
to be implemented |
[bi :]['ɪmplɪmənt(ə)d] |
применяться, осуществляться |
|
to be founded |
[bi :][faund(ə)d] |
быть основанным |
|
continuing education |
[kən'tɪnju:ɪŋ] [edju-'keɪʃ(ə)n] |
продолжающееся образование |
|
to provide the teaching process |
[prə'vaɪd] ['ti:ʧɪŋ] ['prəuses] |
обеспечивать учебный процесс |
|
academic degree |
[ækə'demɪk] [dɪ'gri:] |
ученая степень |
|
hostel |
['hɔst(ə)l] |
общежитие |
|
Internet access |
['ɪntənet]['ækses] |
доступ в Интернет |
|
research community |
[rɪ'sɜːʧ] [kə'mju:nətɪ] |
научное сообщество |
|
well-being of society |
['welbi:ɪŋ][sə'saɪətɪ] |
благосостояние общества |
|
scholarship |
['skɔləʃɪp] |
стипендия |
|
diagnostic facilities |
[daɪəg'nɔstɪk] [fə'sɪlətɪz] |
диагностическое оборудование |
|
out-of-town students |
[autəv'taun] ['st(j)u:d(ə)nts] |
иногородние студенты |
|
to be the pride of |
[bi:] [ðə] [praɪd] |
быть гордостью чего-либо |
|
curriculum |
[kə'rɪkjələm] |
учебный план |
|
ethical issues |
['eθɪk(ə)l] ['ɪʃu:z] |
этические проблемы |
|
consortia of institutions |
[kən'sɔːʃɪə] [ɪnstɪ'tju:ʃ(ə)nz] |
консорциум учебных заведений |
Task 2. Find the following words and word combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate them into Russian.
Task 3. Answer the questions.
Task 4. Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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1. Russian Federation has always been a leader in world medical education. |
a. Библиотека Академии является крупнейшей среди медицинских институтов России. |
|
2. Clinics are headed by the leading scholars of the Academy. |
b. Городские больницы оснащены современным диагностическим оборудованием. |
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3. The Academy is located in six buildings. |
c. В настоящее время на пяти факультетах ОмГМА обучается более 4500 студентов. |
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4. Clinical chairs of the Academy are based in the largest municipal hospitals. |
d. В Академии есть три общежития, обеспечивающих проживание иногородних студентов. |
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5. At the moment there are more than 4500 students studying in 5 faculties of OmSMA. |
e. Российская Федерация всегда была лидером в области медицинского образования в мире. |
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6. The Academy's library is the largest one among the medical institutions of Russia. |
f. Академия расположена в шести корпусах. |
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7. Municipal hospitals are equipped with modern diagnostic facilities. |
g. Клиники возглавляются ведущими учеными Академии. |
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8. The Academy has three hostels providing accommodation for all out-of-town students. |
h. Клинические кафедры Академии базируются в крупнейших городских больницах. |
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9. The library has a computer hall with the Internet access. |
i. В распоряжении студентов имеются хорошо оборудованные спортзалы, лыжная база, спортивно-оздоровительный центр. |
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10. Well-equipped gyms, a ski-centre, sport and recreation centres are available for the students. |
j. При библиотеке имеется компьютерный зал с доступом в Интернет. |
Task 5. Translate the given sentences into English.
Task 6. Retell the text.
Theme 3
Health Service in Russia and in Great Britain
Health Service in Russia is controlled by the state. The public health service in Russia is free of charge as well as in many countries.
There is a wide network of medical institutions: hospitals, polyclinics, maternity homes, emergency aid stations and so on. In addition to those, there are many medical institutions which provide medical assistance for money.
30% of the population receive primary care through their work related clinics and hospitals. For certain employment groups such as police and railroad workers special health services exist.
In 2006, the Russian government launched a national project plan that aims to improve four sectors of Russian life, including healthcare. It approved additional $3.2 billion for healthcare to cover salary increases for doctors and nurses, the purchase of new equipment for clinics and the construction of eight high-tech medical centres in Russia’s outlying regions.
Prophylaxis is one of the basic principles of the Russian public health system. Annual medical check-ups are carried out with the aim of detecting diseases at the earliest stages of their development.
There are a number of different types of hospitals and healthcare clinics in use. They include:
The British National Health Service came into existence in 1948 to provide free medical treatment of every kind. If a person is sick he goes first to see his general practitioner (GP), who treats minor illnesses. Family doctors work alone or in partnerships with surgeons and bigger urban medical centres, and when necessary go to see patients at their homes. Everyone is normally on the list of a general practitioner (or family doctor), who keeps full records of all treatments and over the years gets to know 2,000 or more people on his or her list.
General practitioners refer people to hospital, if necessary, for more specialized treatment, also free of charge both for outpatients and for those who have to stay in hospital.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
|
Health Service |
[helθ] ['sɜːvɪs] |
служба здравоохранения |
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free of charge |
[fri:] [ʧɑːʤ] |
бесплатный |
|
wide network |
[waɪd] ['netwɜːk] |
широкая сеть |
|
maternity home |
[mə'tɜːnətɪ] [həum] |
родильный дом |
|
Rural Health Posts |
['ruər(ə)l] [helθ] [pəusts] |
сельские пункты здравоохранения |
|
Health Centres |
[helθ] ['sentəz] |
медицинские центры |
|
Urban Polyclinics |
['ɜːb(ə)n] [pɔlɪ'klɪnɪks] |
городские поликлиники |
|
Special Focus Polyclinics |
['speʃ(ə)l] ['fəukəs] [pɔlɪ'klɪnɪks] |
специализированные поликлиники |
|
provide medical assistance |
[prə'vaɪd] ['medɪk(ə)l] [ə'sɪst(ə)n(t)s] |
оказывать медицинскую помощь |
|
primary |
['praɪm(ə)rɪ] |
первичный |
|
medical check-up |
['medɪk(ə)l] ['ʧekʌp] |
медосмотр |
|
treatment |
['tri:tmənt] |
лечение |
|
obstetrics |
[əb'stetrɪks] |
акушерство |
|
GP ( general practitioner) |
['ʤen(ə)r(ə)l] [præk'tɪʃ(ə)nə] |
врач общей практики |
|
outpatient |
['aut,peɪʃ(ə)nt] |
амбулаторный больной |
|
emergency aid station |
[ɪ'mɜːʤ(ə)n(t)sɪ] [eɪd] ['steɪʃ(ə)n] |
станция скорой (неотложной) помощи |
|
detect disease |
[dɪ'tekt] [dɪ'zi:z] |
диагностировать заболевание |
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screening |
['skri:nɪŋ] |
скрининг (массовое обследование населения для выявления больных или лиц с высоким риском того или иного заболевания). |
Task 2. Find the following words and word combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate them into Russian.
Task 3. Answer the questions.
Task 4. Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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1. Health Service in Russia is controlled by the state. |
a. Британская Национальная служба здравоохранения появилась с целью обеспечения бесплатного медицинского лечения. |
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2. Prophylaxis is one of the basic principles of the Russian public health system. |
b. Центры здоровья могут выполнять несложные операции. |
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3. Health Centres offer a range of primary care services. |
c. Семейные врачи посещают своих пациентов на дому. |
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4. Rural Health Posts cover a population of about 4,000 people. |
d. Cлужба здравоохранения в России контролируется государством. |
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5. Annual medical check-ups are carried out in Russia. |
e. Здравоохранение в России бесплатно. |
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6. General practitioners refer people to hospital, if necessary, for more specialized treatment. |
f. Профилактика является одним из основных принципов российской системы здравоохранения. |
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7. Family doctors see patients in their homes. |
g. Сельские пункты здравоохранения охватывают население около 4000 человек. |
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8. The public health service in Russia is free of charge. |
h. В России проводятся ежегодные медосмотры. |
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9. The British National Health Service came into existence to provide free medical treatment. |
i. Центры здоровья предлагают широкий спектр первичной медицинской помощи. |
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10. Health Centres are able to perform minor surgeries. |
j. При необходимости врачи общей практики направляют людей в стационар для более специализированного лечения. |
Task 5. Translate the given sentences into English.
Task 6. Retell the text.
Theme 4
At the Polyclinic
Health services in Russia are represented by state, municipal and private medical units. Medical preventive units representing state and municipal health services include a wide range of medical institutions: hospitals, specialized hospitals, clinics, outpatient clinic, medical institutions of maternity and child protection, medical institutions of urgent and emergency aid, sanatorium and health resorts.
Outpatient medical units are divided into five groups according to the number of patients they can provide with medical care in one shift: local, district, municipal, regional hospitals and polyclinics. To receive medical care free of charge a person is to obtain the certificate of obligatory medical insurance. This certificate is given to each Russian citizen regardless of gender and age.
Polyclinic is a medical preventive institution aimed to provide population with diseases’ preventive measures, medical aid at home, diagnostic services and examinations of temporary disability. In general, responsibilities of any policlinic are centered on prevention, prophylaxis and treatment of diseases among local people. People are assigned to the polyclinic according to the place they live, work or study and have their personal ‘patient’s card’ containing information about their visits to doctors, results of laboratory tests and other relevant information.
According to the age criteria there are polyclinics for children (up to fourteen years old) and for adults. Polyclinics have their own laboratories, X-ray rooms; physiotherapy, surgery and dental departments. Each polyclinic has a number of general practitioners (therapeutists), doctors specialized in some particular medical field (e.g. allergists, oculists, neuropathologists, surgeons etc.) and attached nurses.
To receive medical care at polyclinic one should be registered there. This can be done by phone, personally or through the Internet. To register means to provide information about yourself and to book the date and time of visiting the doctor according to the polyclinic’s timetable.
A therapeutist working day consists of consultation hours and home visits. While consulting a therapeutist asks patients about any complaints they may have and makes notes in the patients’ card. Then he takes patients’ blood pressure, feels his pulse and listens to his lungs and heart. He may also check patients’ temperature. If it is necessary for making a diagnosis the therapeutist recommends his patient to undergo some special tests: urinalysis, X-ray examination, blood test, etc. Only after the diagnosis is proved, proper treatment is prescribed and recommendations are given.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
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polyclinic |
['pɔlɪ'klɪnɪk] |
поликлиника |
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private |
частный |
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municipal hospital |
[mju:'nɪsɪp(ə)l] ['hɔspɪt(ə)l] |
городская больница |
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district polyclinic |
['dɪstrɪkt] ['pɔlɪ'klɪnɪk] |
районная поликлиника |
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shift |
[ʃɪft] |
смена |
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therapeutist |
[θerə'pju:tɪst] |
терапевт |
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general practitioner (GP) |
['ʤen(ə)r(ə)l][præk'tɪʃ(ə)nə] |
врач общей практики |
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registry |
['reʤɪstrɪ] |
регистратура (в поликлинике |
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patients’ card |
['peɪʃ(ə)nts][kɑːd] |
карта амбулаторного больного |
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X-ray room |
['eksreɪ][ru:m] |
рентгеновский кабинет |
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dental department |
['dent(ə)l] [dɪ'pɑːtmənt] |
стоматологическое отделение |
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regardless |
[rɪ'gɑːdləs] |
вне зависимости от чего-либо |
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to complain of |
[kəm'pleɪn] |
жаловаться на |
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to take blood pressure |
[teɪk][blʌd] ['preʃə] |
измерять кровяное давление |
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blood test |
[blʌd] [test] |
анализ крови |
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to undergo medical tests |
[ʌndə'gəu]['medɪk(ə)l] [tests] |
сдавать анализы |
Task 2.Find the following words and word-combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.
Task 3.Answer the questions.
Task 4.Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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Task 5.Translate the given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate them back to English.
Task 6.Retell the text.
Theme 5
The Human Body
All medical students must know the structure of the human body perfectly well. Human body is a very complex system consisting of three chief parts: the head, the trunk and the limbs or extremities.
The frame of the body is the skeleton which is composed of more than 200 bones of various sizes and shapes. They give firm but flexible support to soft tissues, muscles and organs.
The skull is composed of 26 cranial and facial bones. The cranial part contains the brain. The facial bones form the face which consists of the forehead, the eyes the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and the chin. The ear includes 3 main parts: the external, the middle and the internal ear. The mouth has the upper and the lower lips. There are 2 jaws with teeth, the tongue and the palate in the mouth. The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.
The skeleton of the trunk consists of the spinal column (the spine) and the chest (the ribs and the breastbone). The trunk is divided into two cavities. The upper cavity (the chest) contains the heart, the lungs and the gullet (esophagus). The principal organs of the lower (abdominal) cavity are the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the gall-bladder, the kidneys, the bladder and the intestines.
The spine of an adult consists of 32 or 34vertebrae.They are divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.
The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12pairs of ribs.
The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder and is divided into the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. Each hand has 4 fingers and 1 thumb. The parts of the lower extremity are: the thigh (hip), the leg and the foot.
The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments.
The skeleton is covered with more than 400 muscles. Each has an arterial, venous, lymphatic and nervous supply as well as a connective tissue framework.
The skin is the upper layer of the skeleton (body).
There are several main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine, the excretory and the reproductive.
The vital activities of the cells, tissues, organs and the whole organism are based on metabolism.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
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trunk |
[trʌŋk] |
туловище |
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limb (extremity) |
[ lim][ik΄streməti] |
конечность |
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to be composed of |
[kəm΄pəuzd] |
состоять из |
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skull |
[skʌl] |
череп |
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cranial |
[΄kreiniəl] |
черепной |
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facial |
[fei∫l] |
лицевой |
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spinal column |
[΄spainəl ΄kɔləm] |
позвоночный столб |
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chest (thorax) |
[ʧest] [θɔ:ræks)] |
грудь |
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breastbone |
[΄brestbəun] |
грудина |
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thoracic |
[θɔ: ΄ræsik] |
грудной |
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vertebra (vertebrae) |
[΄və:təbrə] [΄və:təbrei] |
позвонок (позвонки) |
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coccyx |
[΄kɔksiks] |
копчик |
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supply |
[sə΄plai] |
питание |
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framework |
[΄freimwə:k] |
основа |
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to contain |
[kən΄tein] |
содержать |
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abdomen |
[΄ æbdəmən] |
живот |
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gullet (esophagus) |
[gʌ΄lit] [i΄sɔfəgəs] |
пищевод |
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spleen |
[spli:n] |
селезенка |
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gallbladder |
[΄gɔ:lblædə] |
желчный пузырь |
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bladder |
[blædə] |
мочевой пузырь |
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thumb |
[θʌm] |
большой палец руки |
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hip (thigh) |
[hip] [θai ] |
бедро |
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joint |
сустав |
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cartilage |
связка |
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ligament |
сухожилие |
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forehead |
[΄fɔ: rid] |
лоб |
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chin |
[ t∫in] |
подбородок |
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external |
[iks΄tə:nə] |
внешний |
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tongue |
[tʌŋ] |
язык |
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palate |
[΄pæ lit] |
небо |
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to connect |
[kə΄nekt] |
соединять |
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neck |
[nek] |
шея |
Task 2. Find the following words and word- combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.
Task 3.Answer the questions.
Task 4. Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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Task 5.Translate the given sentences into Russian, close you books and translate them back into English.
Task 6. Retell the text.
Theme 6
Outstanding Foreign and Russian Doctors
From ancient time people studied human body and tried to treat various diseases. To begin with, it is worth mentioning an ancient outstanding physician and scientist Hippocrates. He was born in Greece in 460 or 459 B.C. and his name is still surrounded by an aureole of glory. Galen regarded him as “the wonderful inventor of all that is beautiful”. Hippocrates freed medicine from superstition. He established the fact that disease was a natural process and its symptoms were the reactions of the body to the disease. The chief function of the physician was to aid the natural forces of the body. Although we know very little of Hippocrates personality we have a complete exposition of his methods in the Hippocratic Collection or “Corpus Hippocraticum”. He created medicine on the basis of experience.
Our country is proud of its prominent doctors: N.I.Pirogov, I.P.Pavlov, S.P.Botkin, Bechterev, N.I.Burdenko. For centuries Russian medical science has accumulated knowledge in different brunches of medicine. The surgery is not an exception. The brightest representative of Russian surgery school is N.I.Pirogov. He was born in Moscow on November, 25, 1810. In1836 he became a professor of surgery. “There is no medicine without surgery and no surgery without anatomy” was his motto. The greatness of his work is in generalization of isolated ideas in surgery which he placed on a solid scientific basis. Pirogov created the “Topographic Anatomy” atlas which is still helping to train generations of surgeons. N.I.Pirogov was the first performed osteoplastic operation, operation on the intestines in cases of bullet wounds. The great surgeon was also the initiator of the extensive use of anesthesia during operations.
In the field of medicine and health protection, S.P. Botkin was an outstanding public figure. He was born on September 17, 1832. He graduated from the Medical faculty of the Moscow University in 1853. At the age of 28 he began working at the Medico-Surgical Academy in Petersburg. He worked during the epoch of the most rapid progress in natural science and physiology. He made every effort to turn clinical medicine into an exact science. S.P. Botkin is known as an exceptional therapeutist and a brilliant diagnostician. He was the first to advance the idea of an infectious origin of hepatitis. The term “Botkin’s disease” was introduced into medicine in 1940. One of his greatest scientific achievements was the theory of nervism – the most progressive theory in clinical medicine.
An outstanding English physician Alexander Fleming was born in 1881.He performed his research work at one of the hospitals in London and became interested in bacterial action and antibacterial drugs. Accidentally he discovered a substance which was not toxic to the tissues and stopped the growth of the most common pathogenic bacteria. Fleming called it “penicillin”. He was in the middle of his career when World War I began. He served in the Royal Army Medical Corp. In 1942 Fleming tried his own experiment. His friend was very ill, even dying. After several injections of penicillin the man was cured. It marked the beginning of penicillin treatment. Fleming received the Nobel Prize for his great discovery.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
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aureole |
[΄ɔ:riəul] |
ореол, сияние |
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regard |
[ri΄g a:d] |
считать |
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inventor |
[in΄ventə] |
изобретатель |
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profound |
[prə΄faund] |
мудрый |
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superstition |
[sju:pə΄stiʃn] |
суеверие |
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to aid |
[eid] |
помогать |
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experience |
[iks΄piəriəns] |
опыт |
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foundation |
[faun΄deiʃn] |
основа |
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generation |
[ʤenə΄reiʃn] |
поколение |
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anesthesia |
[ænəs΄θi:ziə] |
наркоз |
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epoch |
[΄i:pɔk] |
эпоха |
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diagnostician |
[daiəgnəs΄tiʃn] |
диагност |
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suppuration |
[sʌpju΄reiʃn] |
нагноение |
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carbonic acid |
[ka:΄bɔnik] |
угольная кислота |
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germ |
[ʤə:m] |
микроб |
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soak |
[səuk] |
всасывание |
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putrefaction |
[pju:tri΄fækʃn] |
гниение |
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eminence |
[΄eminəns] |
превосходство |
Task 2. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.
Task 3.Answer the questions:
Task 4.Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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Task 5. Translate the given sentences into Russian, close you books and translate them back into English.
Task6. Retell the text.
Theme 7
Childhood diseases
From the medical point of view a child is a person who has not reached puberty. And from the legal point of view a child is a person who has not attained majority. In Russia, for example, a child attains majority at eighteen years old.
In the period between the time of birth and adolescence children may experience some diseases. The term “childhood disease” is sometimes subjective, and does not refer to an accepted, categorical list. Nearly all the diseases in this list can also be contracted by adults, and, of course, all children can contract diseases not categorized as "childhood diseases". Classification of all childhood diseases is extensive and includes several groups:
Some of childhood diseases are vaccine-preventable. Childhood vaccination schedule contains information about vaccine-preventable diseases. In Russia such schedule is officially named as National Vaccination Calendar and issued by the Ministry of Health. This calendar lists diseases and recommended ages they should be done at. Against some diseases a child must be vaccinated two or three times at the definite age. According to this schedule, children in RF should be vaccinated against: Haemophilus influenzae type B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus (lockjaw), poliomyelitis (polio), measles, rubella (German measles), mumps and acute viral hepatitis B.
Any person must be prepared to recognize if a child is ill and care of him. This is just an everyday part of providing quality child care. Symptoms of illness can appear very rapidly. Care of an ill child who begins with making the child comfortable. Every child care facility needs a quiet place where an ill child can have a rest and can be closely supervised by an adult. Notify the parent or alternate as soon as you have determined that their child is ill. The parent can then begin to make alternate work arrangements or call for a doctor’s appointment as soon as she/he learns of the illness. If a child is seriously ill, ask the parent or alternate to come immediately. It is important to be knowledgeable in first aid and CPR (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation) in the event of a true emergency.
WHO and UNICEF have drawn up a list of essential drugs to treat the most common childhood diseases. They include: oral antibiotics, an antimalarial drug, oral rehydration salts, vitamin A, treatment for intestinal worms, and treatments for eye and skin infections and mouth ulcers. Meanwhile improved training of health workers would help ensure rapid diagnosis of life-threatening diseases - especially where children are suffering from more than one condition.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
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puberty |
['pju:bətɪ] |
половая зрелость |
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adolescence |
[æd(ə)'les(ə)ns] |
период полового созревания |
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to attain majority |
[ə'teɪn][mə'ʤɔrətɪ] |
достигнуть совершеннолетия |
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chickenpox |
['ʧɪkɪnpɔks] |
ветряная оспа |
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whooping cough (pertussis) |
[wu:pɪŋ][kɔf][pə'tʌsɪs] |
коклюш |
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measles |
['mi:zlz] |
корь |
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rubella |
[ru:'belə] |
краснуха |
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mumps |
[mʌmps] |
эпидемический паротит, свинка |
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herpes simplex |
['hɜːpi:z]['simpleks] |
простой герпес |
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to vaccinate against a disease |
['væksɪneɪt][ə'genst][dɪ'zi:z] |
делать прививку против какой-либо болезни |
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care |
[kɛə] |
уход, медицинское наблюдение |
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first aid |
[fɜːst][eɪd] |
первая медицинская помощь |
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emergency |
[ɪ'mɜːʤ(ə)nsɪ] |
экстренный случай, критическое положение |
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CPR – cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
['kɑːdɪəu'pʌlmən(ə)rɪ] [risʌsəteɪən] |
реанимация, включающая искусственное дыхание и непрямой массаж сердца |
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WHO – World Health Organization |
[wɜːld][helθ] [ɔːg(ə)naɪ'zeɪʃ(ə)n] |
Всемирная Организация Здравоохранения (ВОЗ) |
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UNICEF - The United Nations Children's Fund |
[ju:'naɪtɪd] ['neɪʃ(ə)nz] ['ʧɪldr(ə)nz][fʌnd] |
Фонд ООН помощи детям (ЮНИСЕФ) |
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tetanus (lockjaw) |
['tet(ə)nəs]['lɔkʤɔː] |
столбняк (тризм, спазм жевательных мышц) |
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to suffer |
['sʌfə] |
страдать, испытывать |
Task 2. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.
Task 3. Answer the questions.
Task 4. Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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12. This calendar lists diseases and recommended ages they should be done at. |
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Task 5. Translate the given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate them back to English.
Task 6. Retell the text.
Theme 8
Influenza and Other Infectious Diseases
Infectious disease is understood in medicine as a process caused by microorganisms impairing a person’s health. An infection is the invasion of and replication in the body various microbial agents.
Influenza, more commonly known as flu, is a viral infection that's most common during the winter months and can cause fever, headache, cough, sore throat and muscle aches - as well as more dangerous complications. It occurs when people breathe in liquid droplets containing the influenza virus that has been sneezed or coughed into the air, or when people touch objects contaminated with the virus. Influenza viruses cause the flu and are divided into three types, designated A, B, and C. Most people who get the flu recover completely in one or two weeks, but some people develop serious and potentially life-threatening medical complications which can occur at any age.
Influenza is different from the common cold, in which the symptoms tend to come on gradually, usually affecting only the nose. Cold is characterized by a “running nose”, coughing, and sneezing. The illness may be accompanied by laryngitis or bronchitis, and may predispose to bacterial infections of the ear, particularly in children (“otitis media”). Cold weather does not “cause” colds but infected people do.
An influenza vaccine is not 100% effective and it must be re-administered every year to maximize protection. The best way to avoid flu or cold is to keep your immune system strong by eating a healthy diet, taking regular exercise, getting enough rest and relaxation and avoid smoking. If it is possible, you should stay away from people who are coughing and sneezing. Antibiotics are of no use in treating the flu. Anti-viral medication is usually prescribed by a GP for some people of risk groups. It is to be taken early to stop the virus multiplying, and may only reduce the symptoms rather than treating the infection.
Germs called viruses and bacteria can cause different diseases e.g. meningitis, scarlet fever and others. Inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, is known as meningitis. While viral infection causes a relatively mild illness, bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening condition that demands immediate antibiotics treatment.
Scarlet fever, also called scarlatina, is an acute infectious disease caused by streptococcal bacteria. It is called so because of the red skin rash that accompanies it. A sore throat is the main characteristic of this disease. Scarlet fever can affect people of all ages, but it is most often seen in children. Before the antibiotics were invented, scarlet fever was an extremely serious, long lasting disease with many dangerous complications, and even death. Children with scarlet fever used to be immediately isolated and quarantined. Recovery is rapid and complete when antibiotics are administered promptly.
Rubella (German measles) is not usually considered as a serious illness in children or adults, but it can cause birth defects or the loss of a fetus if a mother becomes infected in the early stage of pregnancy. Rubella was distinguished from more serious infectious diseases in the early 19th century. The rubella virus was first isolated in 1962, and a vaccine became available in 1969.
Only in certain individuals natural immunity to infectious diseases may exist. An artificial immunity is known to result from prophylactic vaccination, which is carried out against a number of infectious diseases in our country.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
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various microbial agents |
['vɛərɪəs][maɪ'krəubɪəl] 'eɪʤ(ə)nts] |
различные |
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liquid droplets |
['lɪkwɪd]['drɔpləts] |
жидкие капельки |
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common cold |
['kɔmən][kəuld] |
обычная простуда |
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vaccine must be readministered |
['væksi:n][mʌst][bi:] [ֽrɪəd'mɪnɪstəd] |
вакцина должна назначаться неоднократно |
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meninges |
[mə'ninʤəz] |
мягкие мозговые оболочки |
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meningitis |
[ֽmenɪn'ʤaɪtɪs] |
менингит |
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complication |
[ֽkɔmplɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] |
осложнение |
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to cough and sneeze |
[kɔf][sni:z] |
кашлять и чихать |
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invasion |
[ɪn'veɪʒ(ə)n] |
проникновение |
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measles |
['mi:zlz] |
корь |
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predispose |
[ֽpri:dɪ'spəuz] |
предрасполагать |
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to be resistant |
[bi:][rɪ'zɪst(ə)nt] |
быть устойчивым |
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scarlet fever |
['skɑːlət]['fi:və] |
скарлатина |
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rubella |
[ru:'belə] |
краснуха |
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to be isolated |
[bi:]['aɪsəleɪtɪd] |
быть выделенным (хим.) |
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fetus |
['fi:təs] |
плод (гинеколог.) |
Task 2.Find the following words and word- combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian:
Task 3.Answer the questions:
Task 4.Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents:
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Task 5. Translate he given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate them back into English:
Task6. Retell the text.
Theme 9
Oral Health and Hygiene
Good oral health is important not only for our appearance but also for our overall health. Cavities and gum diseases may influence many serious conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, etc. Untreated cavities can also be painful and lead to serious infections. Proper oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean in order to prevent dental problems and bad breath. Good oral health should be a priority at all life stages, in order to keep the teeth till old age. Smoking is a major risk factor for oral and dental disease; it may cause oral cavity cancer.
There are 5 steps to keep oral health:
Dental caries is another name for tooth decay where bacterial infection affects the hard outer layer lining of the teeth which consists of enamel, cementum and dentin. The bacteria live in plaque and break down sugars from diet to produce acid. Diagnosis for tooth caries is quite simple. Less obvious decays can only be detected by an X-ray test. The decayed part of the tooth is removed using a dentist’s drill and is filled in with paste. If the decay is beyond repair, the tooth will be extracted.
Periodontal disease also called Periodontitis or Gum Disease is a bacterial infection that destroys the supporting structures holding the teeth in their place. The main etiologic agent is bacterial plaque. Left untreated, this disease can lead to bone grafts, gum grafts, and ultimately tooth loss. Some of the early warning signs are slight bleeding when you brush, gums are getting softer and are changing their colour from pink to red.
Thrush of mouth is a yeast infection that may appear in an individual’s mouth that is caused by uncontrollable growth of an organism known as Candida albicans. One of the leading and primary reasons of oral thrush is gorge of antibiotics. Candidiasis is not generally a critical condition. The exception is that it enters the blood and then multiplies in organs particularly in people with weakened immune systems. For this reason an antifungal prescription can be administered.
The best way to prevent dental diseases is to practice good oral and to make your check up regularly.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
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acid |
['æsɪd] |
кислота |
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appearance |
[ə'pɪər(ə)ns] |
внешность |
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caries=tooth decay |
['kɛəri:z][tu:θ][dɪ'keɪ] |
кариес |
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untreated |
[ʌn'tri:tɪd] |
не вылеченный |
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resistant to |
[rɪ'zɪst(ə)nt] |
резистентный; устойчивый; невосприимчивый |
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cavity |
['kævətɪ] |
полость, пазуха |
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plaque |
[plɑːk] |
зубной камень, налёт |
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dental floss |
['dent(ə)l][flɔs] |
зубная нить |
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enamel |
[ɪ'næm(ə)l] |
эмаль |
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fluoride |
[flʊərʌɪd] |
фторид |
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filling |
['fɪlɪŋ] |
пломба (в зубе) |
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hygiene |
['haɪʤi:n] |
гигиена |
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inflammation |
[ֽɪnflə'meɪʃ(ə)n] |
воспаление |
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thrush of mouth |
[θrʌʃ][əv] [mauθ] |
кандидозный стоматит |
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oral diseases |
['ɔːr(ə)l][dɪ'zi:zəz] |
заболевания полости рта |
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periodontal disease |
[pɛrɪədɒntəl] [dɪ'zi:z] |
заболевание парадонта |
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periodontitis |
[pɛrɪədɒntʌɪtɪs] |
периодонтит |
Task 2. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.
Task 3. Answer the questions:
Task 4. Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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Task 5. Translate the given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate them back into English.
Task 6. Retell the text.
Healthy lifestyle is defined as the state giving a person the optimal level of physical or mental health. It implies the absence of disease. Health status can be assessed by measuring life expectancy, mortality rates, illnesses and disabilities.
Nowadays our life is getting tougher. People live under the press of different problems, such as social, ecological, economic ones. They constantly suffer from stress, noise and pollution in big cities, diseases and instability. A person should be strong and healthy in order to overcome all difficulties. To achieve this aim people should take care of their physical and mental health. There are several ways to do it. The state of the human organism depends on time people spend doing sports. At least everybody should do morning exercises every day. The healthiest kinds of sports are swimming, jogging and cycling.
Healthy food is also a very important factor. Obesity is the main health hazard nowadays and it causes many dangerous diseases. The daily menu should include meat, fruit and vegetables, milk product, which are rich in vitamins, fat, proteins and etc. There is no universal food product containing all nutrients in optimum quantity and in proper ratio. Healthy nutrition is possible only having a variety of different food to maintain the required balance of nutrients. On the other hand, modern diets are very popular especially among women. But some diets may be harmful for health.
Physical inactivity also arise substantial public health problems. It has been estimated that between 9 and 16% of deaths can be attributed to a sedentary lifestyle. People who are physically active tend to be healthier than their lazy peers: they experience fewer chronic degenerative diseases, especially coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke and osteoporosis. It is estimated that exercise is associated with improved immune function and decreased risk of cancer.
To be healthy, people should get rid of bad habits. Everyone should consider that cigarettes, alcohol and drugs destroy both body and brain. Cigarette smoking in combination with alcohol intake significantly increases the risk of oral cancer. Alcohol abuse is one of causative factors for liver cirrhosis. And it may result in consequential social and mental problems. Besides according to statistics most of crimes are committed by people under the influence of drugs and alcohol.
In addition it is recommended to watch TV less, avoid stress and observe proper daily routine. Unfortunately it's hard to follow all these recommendations, but every person should make his choice.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
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to imply |
[ɪm'plaɪ] |
означать, подразумевать |
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life expectancy |
[laɪf][ɪk'spekt(ə)nsɪ] |
ожидаемая продолжительность жизни |
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to suffer |
['sʌfə] |
испытывать, страдать |
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to depend on |
[dɪ'pend][ɔn] |
зависеть от чего-либо |
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to overcome |
[ֽəuvə'kʌm] |
преодолевать |
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to take care of |
[teɪk][kɛə][əv] |
заботиться, ухаживать |
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jogging |
['ʤɔgɪŋ] |
бег трусцой |
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health hazard |
[helθ]['hæzəd] |
угроза здоровью |
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obesity |
[əu'bi:sɪtɪ ] |
переедание, тучность; ожирение |
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nutrients |
['nju:trɪənts] |
питательные вещества |
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ratio |
['reɪʃɪəu] |
соотношение, пропорция |
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healthy nutrition |
['helθɪ][nju:'trɪʃ(ə)n] |
здоровое питание |
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to get rid of |
[get][rɪd] [əv] |
избавиться |
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habit |
['hæbɪt] |
привычка |
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to destroy |
[dɪ'strɔɪ] |
разрушать |
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intake |
['ɪnteɪk] |
прием, потребление |
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alcohol abuse |
['ælkəhɔl][ə'bju:s] |
чрезмерное употребление алкоголя |
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sedentary lifestyle |
['sed(ə)nt(ə)rɪ]['laɪfstaɪl] |
сидячий (малоподвижный) образ жизни |
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stroke |
[strəuk] |
инсульт |
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proper daily routine |
['prɔpə]['deɪlɪ][ru:'ti:n] |
правильный распорядок дня |
Task 2. Find the following words and word-combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.
Task 3. Answer the questions:
Task 4. Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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Task 5. Translate the given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate them back into English.
Task 6. Retell the text.
Theme 11
Outstanding Dentists
With the demise of the Western Roman Empire about the year 475 AD (Christian Era), medicine in Europe declined into a torpor. Monasteries became the only places where medicine or surgery was still practiced. The only people who had any rudimentary knowledge of surgery were the barbers. They helped monks in their surgical ministrations. They stepped into the breach, calling themselves barber-surgeons. They practiced simple dentistry, including tooth extractions and cleaning of teeth. In the 1600s a number of barber-surgeons restricted their activity and dropped the word “barber,” simply calling themselves surgeons. By the early 1700s, dentistry was considered a lesser part of medicine. By the end of the 18th century, it began to emerge as an independent discipline. In the late 1750s the term “dentist”, borrowed from the French, started to be used in Britain to describe tooth operators. The 20th century saw an explosion of new materials, techniques and technology in dentistry thanks to great scientists.
Implantology did not start yesterday. We can trace the origin of mini implants in Europe with the work of Dr. Chercheve in 1963. Chercheve, in his efforts to improve on earlier spiral designs, proposed several theories on the relationship of the metallic endosteal implant to its osseous environment. After that, it seemed that the use of mini- implants was limited to temporary situations as a stabilizer and support for prosthesis. Due to their short-term success, some dentists decided to test their limits by manufacturing implants with the same material as the standard implant and start using them for longer-term anchorage. However, their use spread slowly to stabilization of partials and in some cases, fixed teeth.
Dr. Leonard I. Linkow graduated from NewYork College of Dentistry in 1952 and soon after began pioneering the modern field of implant dentistry. He developed and introduced to the profession many different implant systems and transformed them into elegant and practical realities. Dr. Linkow placed his first complete unilateral subperiosteal implant to support a posterior unilateral fixed restoration, soon after his graduation from dental school. He published his first article about implantology in Dental Digest Magazine in 1953. Since that time, Linkow dedicated his life to the dental implantology furthering. Dr. Linkow is the author of multiple textbooks on oral implantology. Each of these books is prefaced with words of admiration from other respected leaders in the field. Dr. Linkow is considered as the father of modern implantology by his colleagues throughout the world.
Morrison (Dec. 5, 1829 -Dec. 22, 1917) began his study of dentistry as a 19-year- old apprentice in Steubenville. Morrison invented the first adjustable dental chair and acquired both British and United States patents for it. He also marketed the chair throughout Europe and continued to make improvements to its design which he also patented. In 1870 he made his first major contribution to restorative dentistry with the invention of power-driven dental tools. His dental engine consisted of a moveable arm and hand piece onto which a drill was attached and was powered by a foot treadle. He acquired a patent for this invention, continually making improvements to it. At the same time he was also inventing a variety of dental accessories and instruments.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations
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decline into a torpor |
[dɪ'klaɪn] ['tɔːpə] |
остановиться в развитии |
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rudimentary |
[ru:dɪ'ment(ə)rɪ] |
элементарный, зачаточный |
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ministration |
[mɪnɪ'streɪʃ(ə)n] |
оказание помощи |
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barber -surgeon |
['bɑːbə] ['sɜːʤ(ə)n] |
парикмахер (брадобрей, отворяющий кровь) |
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demise |
[dɪ'maɪz] |
закат (цивилизации) |
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restorative dentistry |
[rɪ'stɔrətɪv] ['dentɪstrɪ] |
терапевтическая стоматология |
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prosthesis |
['prɔsθɪsɪs] |
протез |
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endosteal implant |
\en-ˈdäs-tē-əl\ [ɪm'plɑːnt] |
эндостальный имплант |
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longer-term anchorage |
[lɔŋə'tɜːm] ['æŋk(ə)rɪʤ] |
долгосрочная опора |
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unilateral subperiosteal implant |
[ju:nɪ'læt(ə)r(ə)l] \sʌb-ˌper-ē-ˈäs-tē-əl\ [ɪm'plɑːnt] |
односторонний поднадкостничный имплант |
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posterior unilateral fixed restoration |
[pɔs'tɪərɪə] [ju:nɪ'læt(ə)r(ə)l] [fɪkst] [restə'reɪʃn] |
задний односторонний несъемный протез |
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adjustable dental chair |
[ə'ʤʌstəbl] ['dent(ə)l] [ʧɛə] |
регулируемое стоматологическое кресло |
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power-driven dental tools |
['pauə] ['drɪv(ə)n] ['dent(ə)l] [tu:lz] |
стоматологические инструменты с приводом |
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handpiece |
['hændpi:s] |
наконечник для бормашины |
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foot treadle |
[fut] ['tredl] |
педаль с ножным приводом |
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accessories |
[ək'sesərɪz] |
принадлежности |
Task 2. Find the following words and word combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate them into Russian.
Task 3. Answer the questions
Task 4. Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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Task 5. Translate the given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate them back into English.
Task 6. Retell the text.
Theme 12
A Future Pharmacist
Pharmacy (from the Greek word φάρμακυ = drug) is a transitional field between health sciences and chemical sciences. Pharmacist is a professional charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. Traditionally, pharmacists (chemists) have compounded and dispensed medications by practical physicians’ orders. Recently, pharmacy became involved in patient care including clinical practice, medication review and information about new drugs launch. So, pharmacists are experts in medicines who can help their customers to make the right choice and provide them with necessary information.
Pharmacists must know the use, clinical effects, and compositions of drugs, including their chemical, biological, and physical properties. Compounding - the actual mixing of ingredients to make powders, tablets, capsules, ointments, and solutions – is a small part of pharmacist’s practice, because most medicines are produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and mass production form. Pharmacists are responsible for the accurate fulfillment of every prescription given.
Moreover, pharmacists are engaged not only in their traditional work but gradually some of them are being involved in research work for pharmaceutical manufacturers. They help develop new drugs and therapies, and test their effects on people. Other may work in marketing or sales, providing expertise of drugs use effectiveness and possible side effects. They may also cooperate with health insurance companies. Moreover, some pharmacists are employed as full time or part time college tutors teaching classes and performing research in a wide range of areas.
Pharmacists work in clean, well-lighted, and well-ventilated premises. Many of them spend most of the workday standing on their feet. While working with sterile or dangerous pharmaceutical products, chemists wear gloves and masks and use other special protective equipment. Many municipal and hospital pharmacies are open day and night. Consultant pharmacists may visit hospitals, nursing homes and other medical institutions to monitor drug therapy and its effects.
The personnel of an average pharmacy consists of a manager, a dispensing chemist who takes prescriptions and delivers drugs; a chemist who controls the prescriptions, (i.e. physical, physico-chemical and pharmacological compatibility of the ingredients of the compound prescribed by a physician); a chemist-analyst, who controls effectiveness of the drug.
There are pharmacists which are in charge of supplying customers with medicines. All of them are highly trained in all aspects of medicines and their professional code ensures that any information the customers share remains confidential. Any pharmacist can supply medicines for a range of problems and can advise the buyers about the best way of treating minor problems such as coughs and colds, sprains and bruises, skin problems and others. If you have questions about your medicine after you leave the doctor’s office, the pharmacist can answer many of them. For example, a pharmacist can tell you how and when to take your medicine, whether this drug may affect another medicine you are taking, and any side effects you might have. Also, the pharmacist can answer questions about over-the-counter medications.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations
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charged with ensuring |
['ʧɑːʤd][wɪð] [ɪn'ʃuərɪŋ] |
ответственный за обеспечение |
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side-effects of medications |
[saɪd] [ɪ'fekts] [əv] [ֽmedɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] |
побочные эффекты лекарственных препаратов |
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compositions of drugs |
[ֽkɔmpə'zɪʃ(ə)n] [əv] [drʌgz] |
состав лекарств |
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properties |
['prɔpətɪz] |
свойства |
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new drugs launch |
[nju:] [drʌgz] [lɔːnʧ] |
выпуск новых лекарств |
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drug delivery form |
[drʌg] [dɪ'lɪv(ə)rɪ] [fɔːm] |
форма доставки лекарственного вещества |
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pharmacy technicians |
['fɑːməsɪ] [tek'nɪʃ(ə)nz] |
сотрудник аптеки |
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accurate fulfillment of every prescription |
['ækjərət] [ful'fɪlmənt] [əv] ['evrɪ] [prɪs'krɪpʃ(ə)n] |
точное исполнение рецепта |
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to be involved in research |
[bi:] [ɪn'vɔlvd] [ɪn] [rɪ'sɜːʧ] |
быть вовлеченным в научные исследования |
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health insurance companies |
[helθ] [ɪn'ʃuər(ə)n(t)s] ['kʌmpənɪz] |
медицинские страховые компании |
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nursing homes |
['nɜːsɪŋ] [həum] |
дома престарелых |
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compatibility of the ingredients |
[kəmֽpætə'bɪlətɪ] [əv] [ɪn'gri:dɪənts] |
сочетаемость компонентов |
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sprains and bruises |
[spreɪnz] [ænd] [bru:zəz] |
растяжения и синяки |
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over-the-counter medications |
[ֽəuvəðə'kauntə] [ֽmedɪ'keɪʃ(ə)nz] |
лекарства, которые продаются без рецепта |
Task 2.Find the following words and words combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.
Task 3.Answer the questions.
Task 4. Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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1. Pharmacist is a professional charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. |
a. Составление – это, собственно, процесс смешивания ингредиентов для производства порошков, таблеток, капсул, мазей и растворов. |
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2. Pharmacists are experts in medicines who can help their customers to make the right choice and provide them with necessary information. |
b. Фармацевты-консультанты могут приходить в больницы, дома престарелых и другие медицинские учреждения, чтобы осуществлять мониторинг воздействия лекарственного препарата. |
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3. Pharmacists must know the use, clinical effects, and compositions of drugs, including their chemical, biological, and physical properties. |
c. Фармацевты работают в чистых, хорошо освещенных и хорошо проветриваемых помещениях. |
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4. Compounding is the actual mixing of ingredients to form powders, tablets, capsules, ointments and solutions. |
d. Фармацевт– это специалист, отвечающий за обеспечение безопасного использования лекарственных препаратов. |
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5 Pharmacists are responsible for the accurate fulfillment of every prescription given. |
e. Фармацевты должны знать применение, лечебный эффект и состав лекарственных препаратов, включая их химические, биологические и физические свойства. |
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6. Consultant pharmacists may visit hospitals, nursing homes and other medical institutions to monitor drug therapy and its effects. |
e. Фармацевты должны знать применение, лечебный эффект и состав лекарственных препаратов, включая их химические, биологические и физические свойства. |
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6. Consultant pharmacists may visit hospitals, nursing homes and other medical institutions to monitor drug therapy and its effects. |
f. Людой фармацевт может посоветовать покупателю наилучший способ лечения таких простых заболеваний как кашель и простуда, растяжения и синяки и т.д. |
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7. Many municipal and hospital pharmacies are open day and night, so pharmacists have to work at nights, weekends, and holidays. |
g. Фармацевты – это специалисты, которые могут помочь клиентам сделать правильный выбор и предоставить необходимую информацию. |
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8. A chemist controls the prescriptions, i.e. physical, physicochemical and pharmacological compatibility of the ingredients of the compound prescribed by a physician. |
h. Многие городские и больничные аптеки открыты круглосуточно, так что фармацевтам приходиться работать по ночам, в выходные и праздничные дни. |
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9. Any pharmacist can advise the buyers about the best way of treating minor problems such as coughs and colds, sprains and bruises and others. |
i. Химик контролирует предписания, т.е. физическую, физико-химическую и фармакологическую совместимость ингредиентов состава, прописанного врачом. |
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10. Pharmacists work in clean, well-lighted, and well-ventilated areas. |
j. Фармацевты несут ответственность за точность исполнение каждого рецепта. |
Task 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
Task 6. Retell the text.
Theme 13
Medicinal Plants
Plants have always been of interest to man. The collection and the use of medicinal plants began many thousands years ago. At an early period men distinguished and named some kinds of plants they found.
Hippocrates, the father of medicine who described drugs made of such medicinal plants as hemlock, gentian and many others.
The word drug itself comes from the Dutch word “droog” (via the French word “drogue”), which means “dried plant”. Some examples are quinine (from the cinchona [siηkounə]), morphine and codeine (from the poppy) and digoxin (from the foxglove).
Many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies e.g. opium, aspirin, digitalis (foxglove) and quinine. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the world’s population presently uses herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care.
In addition to the use in the developing world, herbal medicine is used in industrialized countries by alternative medicine practitioners such as homeopaths.
All plants produce chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic activities. These are divided into primary metabolites, such as sugars and fats, found in all plants, and secondary metabolites, compounds not essential for basic function found in a smaller range of plants, some useful ones found only in a particular genus or species.
Many plants synthesize substances that are useful to the maintenance of health in humans and animals. These include aromatic substances, most of which are phenols or their oxygen-substituted derivatives such as tannins. In many cases, substances such as alkaloids serve as defense mechanisms against microorganisms, insects. Many herbs and spices used by humans yield useful medicinal compounds.
The functions of secondary metabolites are varied. For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation, and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination. Today many drug plants are cultivated and many are collected from fields and woods. Some drugs are made from fruits, leaves, flowers, roots and seeds of the plants.
Here are some medicines made of plants and their use:
Rhubarb [ru:ba:b]: The rhizomes [raizəmz] of the rhubarb are collected from six to seven year old plants just before the flowering season. The rhizomes are dried either in the sun or in ovens. After the drying operation the rhizomes are peeled. Rhubarb was used in China more than 4000 years ago. It was used by the Greek and Roman physicians and was used in Europe in the Middle Ages. Rhubarb was used for its purgative action.
Althaea[ǽlθiə]: The generic name, Althaea, is derived from the Greek altho (to cure), from its healing properties. The name of the family, Malvaceae, is derived from the Greek malake (soft), from the special qualities of the Mallows in softening and healing. Biennial roots of this plant are collected, dried and peeled. After peeling it is cut into small pieces. Althaea is used as a sedative in the form of mucilage or in the form of syrup. Famous Marshmallow is a confection that has been softened in hot water and whipped to a spongy consistency. This is the modern version of a medicinal confection made from Althaea, the marshmallow plant.
Interesting facts.
The 16th-century French diplomat Jean Nicot being in Portugal saw a miraculous plant imported from America and brought tobacco leaves to France to treat Catherine de Medici for her migraines. Nicot believed that the plant could cure cancer, headaches and many other diseases. But time showed that he was absolutely wrong. We owe Nicot the word “nicotine”.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations
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medicinal plants |
[mə'dɪs(ə)n(ə)l][plɑːnts] |
лекарственные растения |
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herbal remedies |
['hɜːb(ə)l]['remədɪz] |
лекарство растительного происхождения |
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primary health care |
['praɪm(ə)rɪ][helθ][kɛə] |
первичный уход (помощь) за здоровьем |
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to distinguish and name the kinds of plants |
[dɪ'stɪŋgwɪʃ][neɪm][kaɪndz] [plɑːnts] |
различать и называть виды растений |
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chemical compounds |
['kemɪk(ə)l]['kɔmpaundz] |
химические соединения |
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essential |
[ɪ'sen(t)ʃ(ə)l] |
существенный, важный |
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maintenance |
['meɪnt(ə)nəns] |
поддержка |
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secondary metabolites |
['sek(ə)nd(ə)rɪ][mə'tæbəlaɪts] |
вторичные метаболиты |
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estimate |
['estɪmeɪt] |
определять, устанавливать, оценивать |
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defence mechanism |
[dɪ'fens]['mekənɪz(ə)m] |
механизм защиты |
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to deter predation |
[dɪ'tɜː][pri'deɪʃən] |
зд. отпугивать вредителей |
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pollination |
[pɔlə'neɪʃ(ə)n] |
опыление |
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to yield medicinal compound s |
[ji:ld] [mə'dɪs(ə)n(ə)l] ['kɔmpaundz] |
давать (производить) лекарственные соединения |
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herbs and spices |
[hɜːbz][spaɪsəz] |
травы и специи |
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species |
['spi:ʃi:z] |
1.вид, 2.род (ед. и мн.число без изменений) |
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purgative action |
['pɜːgətɪv]['ækʃ(ə)n] |
слабительное действие |
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mucilage |
['mju:sɪlɪʤ] |
растительная слизь |
Task 2. Find the words and word-combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate into Russian:
Task 3. Answer the questions:
Task 4. Mach English sentences to their Russian equivalents:
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Task 5. Translate the given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate then back into English:
Task 6. Retell the text.
Theme 14
At the Pharmacy
Pharmacy is a specialized shop, where medicines and items for medical care are sold. There are usually two departments there: prescription department and chemist’s department and also there are some working rooms for the stuff. At the prescription department medicines are made up according to the doctor’s administration. At the chemist’s department medicines and medicinal plants may be bought without any prescriptions. The working areas of a pharmacy include rooms for glassware washing, drying and sterilization; an analytical laboratory, special rooms for medicines storing and dispensing.
At the pharmacy medicines are kept either in special drug cabinets or on the open shelves or in refrigerators. For instance, strong medicines and toxic agents must be kept separately and locked. The drugs prepared at the pharmacy for the immediate use should be stored in a refrigerator. Powders, galenical preparations, and medicines made of medicinal plants are usually held at a constant room temperature on the shelves protected from light. Medical care items (hot-water bottles, medicine droppers, thermometers, bandages etc), and some goods which are not connected directly to medicine (cosmetics, shampoos, tooth pastes and others) are kept and displayed separately from drugs.
Every bottle or box with a medicine should be labeled indicating its name, dosage, intake directions, indications or contraindications information about the manufacturer and the expiry date. It’s very important for sick people as well as for those who take care of them to know all necessary information before using a particular medicine.
There are various kinds of packages and production forms of medicines: boxes and parcels of different powders, ampoules for intramuscular and intravenous injections; tubes of rubbing ointments , various pills, , tablets, etc. As a rule all medicines are classified and arranged in the pharmacy’s glass cases according to their therapeutic use: drugs for cough, cardiac medicines, pain or fever relievers and so on. For exampled:
To protect the public, all medicines must be tested and officially authorized to make sure that they are safe i.e. produced in accordance with quality standards. Pharmacists are regarded as experts in pharmacology and can help their customers to make the right choice.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations
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pharmacy / drugstore / chemist’s shop |
['fɑːməsɪ] ['drʌgstɔː]['keməsts] [ʃɔp] |
аптека |
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prescription department |
[prɪs'krɪpʃ(ə)n] [dɪ'pɑːtmənt] |
рецептурный отдел |
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chemist's department |
['keməsts][dɪ'pɑːtmənt] |
отдел готовых лекарств |
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working areas |
['wɜːkɪŋ]['ɛərɪəz] |
производственные помещения |
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galenical preparations |
[gə'lenɪkəl] [prep(ə)'reɪʃ(ə)nz] |
галеновы препараты (настойки, экстракты, сиропы, полученные обработкой растительного или животного сырья) |
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glassware |
['glɑːswɛə] |
стеклянная посуда; стеклянная тара |
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drug cabinet |
[drʌg] ['kæbɪnət] |
шкафчик для лекарств |
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expiry date |
[ɪk'spaɪərɪ] [deɪt] |
срок годности |
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manufacture |
[mænjə'fækʧə] |
производство |
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ointment |
['ɔɪntmənt] |
мазь |
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to be arranged |
[bi:] [ə'reɪnʤd] |
размещать, располагать |
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glass case |
[glɑːs] [keɪs] |
витрина |
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hot-water bottle |
[hɔt] 'wɔːtə] ['bɔtl] |
грелка |
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diuretics |
[daɪju(ə)'retɪk] |
диуретик, мочегонное средство |
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antiarrhythmics |
['æntɪə'rɪðmɪks] |
антиаритмические препараты |
Task 2. Find the following words and words combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.
Task 3. Answer the questions.
Task 4. Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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1. Pharmacy is a specialized shop, where medicines and items for medical care are sold. |
a. В настоящее время на рынке существует огромное количество лекарственных средств: анальгетики для избавления от боли, антибиотики для борьбы с бактериями, седативные препараты для снятия состояния тревожности и т.д. |
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2.The working premises of a pharmacy include rooms for washing, drying and sterilization of glassware. |
b. Фармацевты считаются специалистами по лекарственным средствам и могут помочь своим клиентам сделать правильный выбор. |
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3. Strong and poisonous drugs are kept in the special drug cabinets. |
c. Все лекарственные препараты размещают в аптечных витринах согласно их терапевтическому действию. |
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4. Every bottle or box with a medicine should be labeled indicating its name, dosage, directions for administration, as well as information about the manufacturer and the expiry date. |
d. Сильнодействующие и ядовитые препараты хранятся в специальных шкафчиках для лекарств. |
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5. All medicines are arranged in the pharmacy’s glass cases according to their therapeutic effects. |
e. Аптека – это специализированный магазин, в котором продаются лекарственные препараты и предметы ухода. |
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6. At present there is a huge number of medicines on the market: analgesics to kill pain; antibiotics to fight bacteria; sedatives to suppress anxiety etc. |
f. В целях безопасности населения все лекарственные препараты должны быть протестированы и официально зарегистрированы. |
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7. At the chemist’s department medicines may be bought without prescriptions. |
g. Производственные помещения аптеки включают специальную комнату для мытья, сушки и стерилизации стеклянной посуды. |
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8. Medicines produced from the pharmaceutical plants are usually held on the shelves protected from light. |
h. В отделе готовых препаратов лекарства можно купить без рецептов |
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9. To protect the public, all medicines must be tested and officially authorized. |
i. Лекарства, изготовленные из лекарственных растений, обычно хранятся на полках, защищенных от света. |
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10. Pharmacists are regarded as experts in pharmacology and can help their customers to make the right choice. |
j. Каждый флакон или коробочка с лекарством имеет специальную наклейку с указанием названия лекарства, дозировки, показаний по применению, производителя и срока годности. |
Task 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
Task 6. Retell the text.
Theme 15
Vitamins
Vitamin is an organic compound required by the organism as a nutrient in tiny amounts. In other words, an organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet. Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present.
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The discovery dates of the vitamins and their sources |
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Year of discovery |
Vitamin |
Food source |
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1913 |
Vitamin А (Retinol) |
Cod liver oil |
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1910 |
Vitamin В1 (Thiamine) |
Rice bran |
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1920 |
Vitamin С (Ascorbic acid) |
Citrus, most fresh foods |
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1920 |
Vitamin D (Calciferol) |
Cod liver oil |
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1920 |
Vitamin В2 (Riboflavin) |
Meat, eggs |
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1922 |
Vitamin Е (Tocopherol) |
Wheat germ oil, unrefined vegetable oils |
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1926 |
Vitamin В12 (Cobalamins) |
liver, eggs, animal products |
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1929 |
Vitamin К1 (Phylloquinone) |
Leafy green vegetables |
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1931 |
Vitamin В5 (Pantothenic) |
Meat, whole grains, in many foods |
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1931 |
Vitamin В7 (Biotin) |
Meat, dairy products, eggs |
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1934 |
Vitamin В6 (Pyridoxine) |
Meat, dairy products |
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1936 |
Vitamin В3 (Niacin) |
Meat, eggs, grains |
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1941 |
Vitamin В9 (Folic acid) |
Leafy green vegetables |
Vitamins are classified according to their biological and chemical activity, but not to their structure. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism (e.g., vitamin D), or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (e.g., some forms of vitamin A). Others function as antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins (e.g., B complex vitamins) function as precursors for enzyme cofactors, that help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism. Vitamins may also be less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as coenzymes, detachable molecules that function to carry chemical groups or electrons between molecules. For example, folic acid carries various forms of carbon group–methyl, formyl, and methylene– in the cell. Although these roles in assisting enzyme-substrate reactions are vitamins’ best-known function, the other vitamin functions are equally important.
The term vitamin was derived from “vitamine”, a combination word made up by Polish scientist Casimir Funk from vital and amine, meaning amine of life, because it was suggested in 1912 that the organic micronutrient food factors that prevent beriberi and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases might be chemical amines. This proved incorrect for the micronutrient class, and the word was shortened to vitamin.
Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. There are 13 vitamins in humans: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins are dissolved easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids (fats).
Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism. Humans must consume vitamins periodically but with differing schedules, to avoid deficiency. Being overdosed, some vitamins cause side-effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting.
Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations
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amount |
[ə'maunt] |
количество |
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catalyst |
['kæt(ə)lɪst] |
катализатор |
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cell |
[sel] |
клетка |
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compound |
['kɔmpaund] |
смесь, соединение, составной |
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consume |
[kən'sju:m] |
потреблять |
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deficiency |
[dɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nsɪ] |
недостаток, недостаточность, дефицит |
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development |
[dɪ'veləpmənt] |
развитие |
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diverse |
[daɪ'vɜːs] |
разнообразный |
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enzyme |
['enzaɪm] |
фермент |
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essential |
[ɪ'senʃ(ə)l] |
существенный, важный, необходимый, основной |
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growth |
[grəuθ] |
рост |
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intestinal tract |
[ɪn'testɪn(ə)l][trækt] |
желудочно-кишечный тракт |
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multicellular |
[mʌltɪsɛljʊlə] |
многоклеточный |
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nutrient |
['nju:trɪənt] |
питательное вещество |
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obtain |
[əb'teɪn] |
получать |
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precursor |
[prɪ'kɜːsə] |
клетка- предшественник |
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prevent |
[prɪ'vent] |
предотвращать |
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quantity |
['kwɔntətɪ] |
количество |
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require |
[rɪ'kwaɪə] |
требовать (ч.-л) |
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scientist |
['saɪəntɪst] |
ученый |
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side-effect |
[saɪd][ɪ'fekt] |
побочное действие |
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tissue |
['tɪʃu:] |
ткань |
Task 2.Find in the text the following words and word combinations, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.
Task 3.Answer the questions.
Task 4. Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
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а) Витамины, возможно, менее тесно связаны с катализаторами ферментов |
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2. Some vitamins have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism (e.g., vitamin D). |
б) Витамином называют такое органическое химическое соединение, которое не может быть синтезировано организмом в достаточных количествах, и поэтому должно быть получено из пищевых продуктов. |
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3.Others function as antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). |
с) Другие функции витаминов также нужны. |
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4. The largest number of vitamins (e.g., B complex vitamins) function as precursors for enzyme cofactors. |
d)Другие функционируют так антиоксиданты (витамин Е и иногда витамин С). |
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5. Vitamins may also be less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts. |
е) Жирорастворимые витамины абсорбируются в желудочно-кишечном тракте с помощью липидов. |
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6. Folic acid carries various forms of carbon group – methyl, formyl, and methylene–in the cell. |
f) Наибольшее число витаминов (например, витамины комплекса В) функционируют как клетки-предшественники для кофакторов ферментов. |
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7. The term vitamin was derived from vital and amine, meaning amine of life. |
g) Некоторые витамины функционируют подобно гормонам, регулируя минеральный обмен (витамин D). |
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8. This proved incorrect for the micronutrient class, and the word was shortened to vitamin. |
h)Термин витамин (vitamine) был образован отvital и amine, что означает амин жизни. |
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9. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids (fats). |
i) Фолиевая кислота переносит в клетке различные формы углеводородов–метил, формил и метилен. |
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10. The other vitamin functions are equally important. |
j) Это оказалось неверным в отношении класса микроскопических питательных элементов, и слово было сокращено до «витаминов». |
Task 5. Translate the given sentences into Russian, your book and translate them back into English.
Task 6. Retell the text.
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