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The scheme of the philological analysis of a story
I. Introduce the story
The extract (fragment, the passage) under study (consideration, discussion, analysis) is selected (is taken) from the comedy (the drama, the tragedy, the novel, the short story) (give the title).
It is written by (it is created by, it is yielded by) an extremely (a popular, an important, a famous, a well-known, one of the most, significant, an outstanding, a prominent, a prolific, an exuberant, an internationally, renewed, a distinguished) writer (novelist, short story writer) (name, surname of the author)
II. Introduce the author of the story
In general we know but less about the author. A few words can be said about the author in this connection. Mind that even you don’t know much about the author, you may infer some information about him, his skills and artistic creed from the passage.
It’s my first reading experience with this author, but it’s happy/lucky one.
In this part you may answer the questions:
- Is it easy/difficult to understand the author’s language?
- Does he/she use simple/difficult/complicated constructions to describe smth or someone?
- What can you say about the author/author’s writing skill after reading that story/text?
- Did you like/dislike it? Why?
III. The form: in which it is written: (first, third person narration, dialogue, description usually blended, intermingled with another, on form prevalent over the others; genre (fiction, belles-letters, novel, short story, essay, poetry, publicist, fairy tale, science fiction, etc.))
IV. The mood: the impression the text produced on you.
It is a humorous exciting, sad, funny, sentimental, pathetic, satirical, tragic, detective, entertaining story/novel etc.
V. The intention is the writer’s attitude to the subject matter and to the reader.
In this part you may answer the questions:
- Why did the author write such story?
- What is his/her purpose writing the story/text?
- What does he/she want to convey to the readers?
VI. The theme is the subject, that is, what the text under analysis depicts, e.g. an episode/period from somebody’s life story, an incident which has taken place …., and the like.
VII. The problem: to deal with; to raise/pose the problem of (family relations, race discrimination, upbringing etc.)
VIII. The structure is the presentation and organization of such elements as exposition (introduction of the local events, time, main characters); plot (unfolding of elements); climax (the culmination point); denouement (the end).
Summarize the plot of the piece under analysis, dividing it into logically complete parts each of which may be referred to as its exposition, plot, climax and denouement.
The story/novel etc. falls into 3 (4,5) logically complete parts which can be entitled in the following way. The story opens with the description of (the conversation) ….
IX. Define the idea of the story.
In this part you may answer the questions:
- What does he/she want to show/to describe/to inform to readers? Why?
- Why is it important for readers?
- What is the author’s purpose in writing this text/story?
X. Give the interpretation of the title.
In this part you may answer the questions:
- What is the connection of the title with the text/story content?
- Explain the links between the title and problems/idea/theme of the text/story.
- What was the author’s purpose giving such title? Why?
XI. Show your attitude to the story (events, characters, your approval of, disapproval of …)
The story reads well.
We must give the author’s credit for his skill of creating the unforgettable images.
The story/novel leaves a sense of gloom upon the reader.
The story/novel leaves the reader, sb indifferent to the events described.
I couldn’t tear myself from the story.
In this part you may:
- Show your attitude to the whole story/text
- Express your attitude on the writer’s writing style
- Give your points of view to the main characters
- Give your points of view on the problems, idea, and content of the story/text
- Give suggestions, recommendations to the writing/author/readers about the story/text
The scheme of a newspaper article analysis
I. Introduce the article under comment (headline, newspaper/magazine, date, author, topic):
The paper published (headlined …) on (date) … features an item
The (month) issue of … carries (presents, releases) an article (a publication) going under the headline
Characterize the newspaper from which the article has been taken as a: quality/popular/tabloid, the kind of materials it usually published, its socio-political orientation, its un/popularity rate, account for such a rate.
II. Introduce the author of the article:
The article (item, publication) under (in question) review (comment, examination) has been written (is authored, has been contributed) by …
Say if the name of the author sounds familiar to you and why; if not try to guess who and what she/he can be.
III. Present the theme of the article:
The article (item, publication, clipping) under review (comment, consideration) centers on (gives coverage to, highlights, reports on, covers, focuses on, gives full attention to, informs of, deals with).
IV. Identify the keynote/message/purpose/idea of the article under review (present the major points of the article in as much details as possible):
The main idea of the author is ….
The keynote of the article is …
The author’s message is to make readers understand ….
The author tries to bring it home to readers that ….
The author’s stance (position) on the problem may be formulated as follows …
V. Characterize the logical composition of the article:
It seems logical to distinguish … parts in the article.
Structurally the item falls into … parts.
As for the logical composition, the item may be divided into …
Viewed structurally, the clipping consists of ….
Compositionally the article contains ….
The article allows of differentiating between/singling out … logical parts.
VI. Summarize the content of each part of the article (with as little details as possible):
In the opening/introductory/closing/first/second/third part the author …
The author goes on (proceeds by, continues emphasizing, argues further that)
While summarizing each part, make sure you avoid repeating the word “say” or “tell” and use the following instead:
Emphasize, stress, point out, expose, state, maintain, reason out, claim, appraise, evaluate, assess, examine, show, describe, note, observe, quote, cite, refer to, raise the problem of, take a critical view, admit, dis/agree, argue, warn, come out against, support, welcome, oppose, regret, insist on, accuse of, charge with, blame smb for, place the responsibility for smth upon sb, voice one’s concern, fear, alarm, hope of, believe in, opinion about, proceed from an assumption that, express one’s alarm/indignation/hope/disappointment/view/belief/convinction/opinion, denounce, condemn, reject, protest, challenge, take a firm stand against …
Structural analysis of a text
1) a sender (an author, a writer, a person who sends it to the readers, an addressant)
2) a message (information, )
3) a receiver (an addressee, a teenager, children, adults, youngsters, public, etc. )
4) a world (connection of the problem with modern world)
5) channel or code (where a text of that type might appear). Discussion of the channel where a text of that type might appear (novels, newspapers, magazines, etc.); when applicable any connection with some films may be mentioned, for example, plots of the films based on novels, where the text type is present though
maybe slightly transformed because of the different channel used to present it.
6) a specific linguistic function (structure, lexico-grammatical elements (1) Cohesion (relationship between text and syntax, conjunction, ellipsis, anaphora, cataphora, recurrence); 2) Coherence (the meaning of the text); 3) Intentionality (the attitude and purpose of the speaker or writer); 4) Acceptability (the preparation of the hearer and or reader to assess the relevance or usefulness of a given text); 5) Informativity (the quantity and quality of new or expected information); 6) Situationality (the fact that the situation in which the text is produced plays a crusial role in the production or reception of the message); 7) Intertexuality (a text is always related to some preceding or simultaneous discourse; texts are always linked and grouped in particular text varieties or genres (narrative, argumentative, descriptive) by normal criteria), context, extra-textual elements, the writer’s text skills, stylistic)
7) a text type (fiction, non-fiction, oral or written, formal or informal, etc.)
8) information type (general, scholarly-popular, primary or secondary, free-fee6 factual, analytical, objective, subjective, methodological, instructive, assessive, emotional, etc. )
9) a form of a text
10) a theme, intention, problems of a text.