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Lecture 5
Kazakh Khandom formation.Ethno- genesis of Kazakh nationality.
Kazakh Khandom in XVI-XVIII cc. Zhety-Zhargy”
The territory of Kazakh Khandom. Kazakh Khandom occupied the territory lesser, than the territory of settling of Kazakhs in the different periods of existence (XV-XVII c.). For example, Zain ad-Din Vasiphi in his work “Badai al-vakai” wrote, that the Kazakhstan occupied the territory between Chu and Talas (period of khans Zhanibek and Kirey)
Author of “Nikhman name –I -Bukhara” wrote, that the Kazakhs settled from Edil to Syrdaria. According Russian sources “Kniga (book)Bolshomu Chertezhu” (XVII c.) Kazakhs settled along the middle flow of Syrdaria and in Sarysu, near the Ulytau (Sary-Arka). Foundation of Ak-Horde, Khanate of Abulkhair, Mogulistan, Nogai Horde had the great meaning in the forming of Kazakh statehood. These statehoods had many commons: organization of Ulysses system, structure of khans power, organization of military forces, taxation and so on. Ak-Horde, Khanate of Abulkhair, Mogulistan and Nogai Horde prepared conditions for genesis of Kazakh people, for consolidated Kazakh, Nogai, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Uigur peoples.
Khans Zhanibek and Kirey. The concrete course of Kazakh Khanate forming was connected with an inside, political situation of two states – Abulkhair khanate and Mogulistan. The Chingizides dissension weakened Abulkhair’s Khanate and his fought with his enemies couldn’t consolidate the khan’s power. Sultans Zhanibek and Kirey quarreled with Abulkhair and struggled against the Shaibanides for restoration of power of Ak-Horde khans dynasty. According historical chronicles Zhanibek and Kirey were closed relatives. Both of them had a right on power. Zhanibek was a son of last ruler of Ak-Horde Barak-Khan. Kirey was elder, than Zhanibek.
Zhanibek and Kirey, having united tribal groups of nomad and semi-nomad population of Desht-i-Kipchak, which were depending on them, moved to the territory of Western Zhetysu in Mogulistan in the form of protest in 1459-1460. Esen-Buka, the ruler of Mogulistan united with the Kazakh leaders, hoping with their help to guarantee security of Mogulistan’s frontiers against Abulkhair, the Timurides, Kalmyks territorial claims.
In 40-50-s of XV c. Zhanibek and Kirey occupied the territories of southern Kazakhstan, lower Syrdarya, and northern Turkestan. Suzak, Signac, Sauran and other fortress belonged to Zhanibek and Kirey. Tribes, which supported Zhanibek and Kirey couldn’t to move in steppe regions, and Abulkhair tribes couldn’t to move in lower Syrdarya and Karatau.
In 20-s years of XV c. Oirats invaded to Semirechie. In 1457 Abulkhair was defeated by oirats and Abulkhair conclude shameful treaty.
In 1462 after Esen-Buka’s death in Mogulistan the total anarchy came in fact. Attempts of the Mogul rulers to seize the important economic and strategic Syrdaria towns in the south of Kazakhstan didn’t change the general political situation; their power in Zhetysu was growing weaker. In these conditions foundation of the Kazakh Khanate in the valleys of the Chu and Talas rivers was quite natural act.
East Turkestan historian Mukhammed Khaidar in his work “Tarih-i-Rashidi” dated the time of forming of Kazakh Khanate in 1466. Abulkhair’s aspiration to prevent forming of the Kazakh Khanate and strengthening of Zhanibek - Kirey were vain. The number of tribes, which were dependent on Zhanibek and Kirey had been increasing, particularly after Abulkhair’s death in 1468, so that the number of the people, which gathered near them reached 200000 men.
Sources tell us about active foreign policy of the first Kazakh Khans, directed to widening of the khanates territory and becoming firmly established their power over the Syrdaria towns and the steppe regions of the Eastern Desht-i-Kipchak.
Kazakh Khandom in the end of XV and in beginning of XVI c.
After Abulkhair’s death, Kazakh Khans began struggle for power. Their main rivals were – son of Abulkhair – Shaikh-Khaidar and grandsons – Mukhamed Shaibani and Makhmud-sultan.
After death of Shaikh-Khaidar, grandsons of Abulkhair escaped to Turkestan- just here the main historical events begun.
The main reason – economic and strategic position. Syrdaria towns were important economic-commercial centre for population of steppe regions. These towns were a solid fortresses and administrative-political centers. The middle and lower parts of Syrdaria were the rich pastures for Kazakh tribes.
The same reasons we can see on the territory of Desht-i-Kipchak. There was struggle between Shaibanides, Timurides and Moghul khanes. During 30 years they fought between each others. In 70-s of XV c. were a few battles near the Sauran, Suzak and other places. For example, Yassy and Turkestan were captured now Kazakh Khans, now Muhamed Shaibani. The leader of Kazakh army was a khan Burunduk (son of Kirey) at that time. According one sources he was declared as a Khan in 1470, according others in 1480.
In 80-90-s of XV c. the struggle for Syrdaria towns was continued. As a result, in the end of XV c. Suzak, Signac, Sauran were submitted by Kazakh Khans. Mukhamed Shaibani conquered Otrar, Yassy, Uzkent, Arkuk. He hadn’t forces for conquering power in steppe. So, in the end of XV c. the borders of Kazakh Khandom were extended and included the territories of Western Semirechie, towns of Southern Kazakhstan, region of Karatau, lower Syrdarya and the main part of Central Kazakhstan.
Djuchides moved from Kazakhstan to Astrakhan, Siberian and Kazan Khandoms. To the beginning of XVI c. Kazakh Khandom occupied the territory of Ak-Horde and part of Mogulistan.
Kasym-khan (1512-1521). The most strengthening of Kazakh Khandom begun in the first quarter of XVI c. in the ruling of Kasym-khan – son of Zhanybek (was born in 1455). He was a famous general and participated in many battles. In 1510 Mukhamed Shaibani attempted to capture Signac again, but was defeated by Kasym-khan. Kasym-khan was in friendly terms with khan of Mogulistan – Sultan Said. Kasym-khan extended his power to all territory of Kazakhstan. In 1514 Sultan Said left Kazakhstan and moved to Eastern Turkestan, that’s why Kasym-khan usurped power in Semirechie. Borders of Kazakh state extended from Jaik to Syrdarya, from Caspian Sea to Balkhash. The population of Kazakh Khandom reached 1 million men. Kazakhstan was well-known by western countries at that time and were established diplomatic relations with Moscow state.
Kazakh Khandom in the ruling of Khak-Nazar and Tauekel (XVI c.)
After death of Kasym-khan the new wave of feuds begun between djuchides, which weakened of Kazakh Khandom. The alliance was founded against Kazakhs: Uzbeks and Moguls. Kazakh khans lost Syrdaria towns. Kazakh khan Takhir (1523-1533) was defeated by khan of Nogai Horde. He tried to return Syrdaria towns. Syrdaria towns – Signac, Otrar, Turkestan (Yassy) (from XVI c.) and others were under the power of Shaibanids of Maverannakhr. The main directions of external policy of Kazakh khans were:
Famous Kazakh khan Khak-Nazar (1538-1580), son of Kasym-khan, tried to restore borders of Kazakh Khandom in the time of his father. But it was impossible:
Khan Khak-Nazar extended borders of Kazakhstan in the West and South, but in 1580 he was killed in one of the battles. After death of Khak-Nazar, Shigai (descendant of Zhanibek) was declared a khan of Kazakh Khandom. But he ruled only two years. He participated in campaign of Uzbek Khan Abdallakh and received some towns of Turkestan for participating.
Tauekel – son of Shigai ruled from 1586 till 1598. He seized number towns in Turkestan region, he fought with numerous rivals – Kazakh sultans, sons of Khak-Nazar. After establishing diplomatic relations with Moscow state he undertook new campaign to Middle Asia and submitted all Syrdaria towns. He was wounded in one of the battles and died.
Kazakh Khandom in XVII-XVIII cc.
Khan Esim – son of Shigai ruled in 1598-1628. He was a youngest khan and occupied throne, when he was 20 years old. Turkestan with its towns and also Tashkent entered into the structure of Kazakh Khanate. Thus, the long struggle of the Kazakh khans for the settled-agricultural regions of the South Kazakhstan and towns in the Middle Syrdaria was completed. From that time this region and Tashkent (for 200 years) finally entered into the structure of Kazakh state. Esim was named Kazakh bahadur («статный богатырь») for his bravery.
After Esim’s death, his son Zhangir became a khan of Kazakh Khandom (1628-1680) and for his struggle against Zhungars he was named “non-kept” («неудержимый»).
Strengthening of the Kazak state begun in ruling of khan Tauke (1680-1718), the Kazakh union with Kirgiz and Kara-kalpaks weakened the oirat’s invasions to Kazakh lands for long time.
However, soon hard economic and political situation in Kazakhstan was stipulated by:
Khan Tauke managed:
He looked for ways for union and peaceful relations with neighboring states. In his time the Code of the regulations of customary law “Zhety-Zhargy”, determined the main principles of law and order and state structure was made up.
With completion of Tauke-khan’s ruling the history of united Kazakh state was completed and history of three Kazakh states, established on the territory of three Kazakh Zhuz, begun.
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Древние родственные признаки |
Этнические изменения в середине века |
Формирование политической общности в Казахстане |
Образование казахской народности |
Происхождения термина «казах» |
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ИТОГ
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Сформировалась тюркоязычная общность. Образ жизни, хозяйственная деятельность, социально – экономические и культурные аспекты жизни были однотипными |
В связи с монгольскими завоеваниями замедлился процесс формирования казахской народности. Национальное объединение было отброшено на 150 – 200 лет назад |
С конца XI٧ и начала X٧ вв. уже существует этнополитическая общность под названием «казахи» |
Две этнические группы объединились в единое государство, что привело к завершению формирования казахской народности |
Когда султаны Жанибек и Керей отделились от ханства Абулхаира, они носили название «узбек – казахи», а затем термин «казах» стал этнонимом народа |
Социальный состав казахского ханства в XVI - XVII вв.
Казахская государственность базировалась на двух социально–экономических укладах, что придавало ей большую устойчивость и стабильность
Класс крестьян и ремесленников
Класс феодалов
Толенгуты или караша
Скотоводы
Черная кость (Кара суйек)
Патриархально–феодальная знать
Белая кость (Ак суйек)
Эмиры
Потомки Чингисхана
Высшая иерархия мусульманских религиозных служителей
Бии
Ханы
Хаджи
Имамы
Ишаны
Беки
Султаны
Земледельцы
Баи
Принадлежали к господствующему классу. Пользовались привилегиями
Зергеры
Батыры
Господствовали над народными массами, жили за счет труда шаруа
Являлись мелкими производителями в своих хозяйствах, основанных на собственном труде. Ежегодно были обязаны отдавать ханам и султанам 1/20 часть своего имущества в виде скота, продуктов питания и т. д., обеспечивать войска военным снаряжением и продовольствием. Бедняки пасли скот богатых, являлись их домашними слугами. Они вспахивали землю феодалов, сеяли, занимались уборкой урожая, заготавливали сено.
Частыми были проявления классовых противоречий между феодалами и скотоводами, землевладельцами. Одной из форм классовой борьбы народных масс были перекочевки или побеги. Так они выражали протест против своих господ
Система правления в казахском ханстве в XV - XVI вв.
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Сту пен |
Общественная структура |
Социальный состав |
Глава общественной структуры |
Функциональные обязанности главы |
Основные требования к главе |
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1 |
Аул |
Объединение близких родственников, состоящее из нескольких семей |
Аулбасы |
Назначали время перекочевок, организовывали общественные работы, разрешали внутри ритуальные конфликты |
Житейский опыт, общественный авторитет, зажиточное хозяйство |
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2 |
Ата – аймак (отцовский край ) |
Объединение нескольких аулов, имеющих между собой родственные связи до седьмого колена |
Аксакал (старейшина) |
Следили за исполнением родовых традиций, обычаев, хранили память о прошлом своих родов |
Житейский опыт, природная мудрость, большой общественный авторитет, знание народных традиций и обычаев, истории своего рода |
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3 |
Род |
Объединение от 10 до 15 аймаков |
Рубасы (глава рода) |
Участвовали в распределении пастбищ между аулами, разбирали судебные тяжбы между представителями разных аулов, определяли размеры ежегодных налогов, отстаивали интересы рода |
Житейский и хозяйственный опыт, разносторонние знания, военная подготовка, умение защищать общественные интересы |
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4 |
Арыс (племя) |
Объединение нескольких родов |
Бий |
Осуществляли управление родом, во время военных действий командовали народным ополчением. Рассматривали судебные дела |
Знание обычного права, традиций и обычаев народа, справедливое решение судебных дел |
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5 |
Улус |
Объединение нескольких племен |
Султан |
Участвовали в управлении улусом, избирали хана, осуществляли с ним непосредственную связь |
Принадлежность к потомкам Чингисхана, знание военного дела |
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6 |
Жуз |
Объединение нескольких улусов |
Хан |
Осуществляли управление страной, командовали войсками. От имени хана с населения собирались налоги (дары, согым, байгазы, жылы, штрафы и др.). Имели право вести переговоры с иностранными государствами, публиковали указы, приказы |
Принадлежность к династийному роду чингизидов, влияние в султанской среде, опыт управления улусами |
Формы собственности, налоги и обязательства в XIV-XVII вв.
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Формы собственности |
Виды налогов и податей |
Обязательства |
Земля отдавалась во временное пользование за заслуги в военном деле или гражданской службе. Владелец этой земли имел право собирать налоги
и сбор налога с населения
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ее очищение, сооружение мостов, прокладка дорог, проведение ремонтных работ
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Казахское ханство состояло из трех жузов. Верховным правителем являлся Великий хан всех ханов. Избрание ханов из представителей знати – «белой кости» - было многовековой традицией казахского народа. В X٧ - X٧I вв. племенные объединения составляли основу казахских жузов. Жуз состоял из нескольких улусов
Старший
Средний
Младший
жуз
территория
От Сырьдарьи до Жетысу включительно
Низовья Сырьдарьи, берега Аральского моря, северная часть
Прикаспийской низменности
Центральный, Северный
и Северо – Восточный Казахстан
Общее количество казахов в конце XIX в.
Около 700 тыс.
Около 1 млн 500 тыс.
Около 1 млн 300 тыс.
Большая
Средняя
Малая
Орда
12 племен родового объединения байулы
7 племен родового объединения жетыру
6 племен родового объединения алимулы
темир
The Kazakh statehood was based
on two socially - economic ways, that
gave to it greater stability
A SOCIAL COMPOSITION KAZAKH KHANDOM IN XVI – XVII cc.
Were fine manufacturers in the facilities based on own work. Have annually been obliged to give khans and sultans 1/20 part of the property in the form of cattle, food stuffs, etc., to provide armies with military equipment and the foodstuffs. Poor men grazed cattle rich, were their house servants. They ploughed the ground of feudal lords, sowed, were engaged in harvesting, prepared hay. Displays of class contradictions between feudal lords and cattlemen, land owners were frequent. One of forms of class struggle of broad masses were the test against the misters.
White bone (Ak syek)
Descendants of
Chingiskhan
KHANI
SULTANS
The maximum hierarchy of Muslim religious attendants
Imams
Ishany
Hadji
Belonged to a ruling class. Used privileges
Class of feudal lords
Patriarchally - the feudal nobility
Emirs
Bii
Beki
Bai
Batiri
Dominated over broad masses, lived due to work (sharya)
Class of peasants and handicraftsmen
Black bone
( Kara syek)
Cattlemen
Tolengyti and karasha
Farmers
Zergeri