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Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study
The "Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness"
Research Program was conceived in 1991 by Robert J. House of the Wharton
School of Business, University of Pennsylvania.
In 2004, its first comprehensive volume on "Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies" was published, based on results from about 17,300 middle managers from 951 organizations in the food processing, financial services, and telecommunications services industries.
A second major volume, "Culture and Leadership across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies" became available in early 2007.
Cultural Dimensions and Culture Clusters
• Power Distance: The degree to which members of a collective expect power to be distributed equally.
• Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which a society, organization, or group relies on social norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate unpredictability of future events.
• Humane Orientation: The degree to which a collective encourages and rewards individuals for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others.
• Collectivism I: (Institutional) The degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action.
• Collectivism II: (In-Group) The degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families.
• Assertiveness: The degree to which individuals are assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in their relationships with others.
• Gender Egalitarianism: The degree to which a collective minimizes gender inequality.
• Future Orientation: The extent to which individuals engage in future-oriented behaviors such as delaying gratification, planning, and investing in the future.
• Performance Orientation: The degree to which a collective encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence.
This first step allowed GLOBE to place 60 of the 62 countries into country
Clusters:
Country Clusters and Leader Styles:
GLOBE next analyzed the responses of the 17,300 middle managers from 61 of the 62 countries to 112 leader characteristics, such as modest, decisive, autonomous, and trustworthy, based on the following definition of leadership: an outstanding leader is a person in an organization or industry who is
"exceptionally skilled at motivating, influencing, or enabling you, others, or groups to contribute to the success of the organization or task."
21 leadership scales were statistically and conceptually reduced to six scales, resulting in the following six leader styles: