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ТЕМА1
The USA is one of the world’s largest countries both in territory and population. It is the leading industrial power. Its total area is 3.554.000 square miles (9,4 mln sq. km). So it is the fourth largest country in the world. The population of the USA is about 223 mln people.
The USA is situated in the Central part of the North American continent. In the North the USA borders on Canada and in the South — on Mexico. In the West the USA is washed by the Pacific Ocean, in the east — by the Atlantic Ocean, and in the South — by the Gulf of Mexico. Thus situated between the two oceans the country has free access to the trade routes of the world. Alaska in the north-west of the continent and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean are also parts of the USA.
The continental part of the USA consists of two highland regions and two lowland regions. The Highlands are the Appalachian Mountains in the east and the Cordilleran Highland in the west. Between the Cordilleran and the Appalachian Mountains lie the central lowlands which are called the prairie, and the eastern lowlands, or the Mississippi Valley, which stretches westward to the edge of the Rocky Mountains. It is a chief agricultural section of the country. The Mississippi is one of the world’s greatest rivers. Sometimes it is called “Father of the Water”. Its length together with its tributary Missouri is almost 4.000 miles.
To the north of the country 5 famous lakes are situated: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario. Between the Erie and Ontario there are famous Niagara Falls, the waters of which fall from the height of 160 feet (50 metres).
The USA is very rich in natural resources. The country has rich deposits of coal and iron ore in and around the Appalachian range, oil and gas in Texas and California, and other basic minerals for modern industry.
The USA — apart from its two newest states, Alaska and Hawaii — lies (wholly) in the north temperate zone. But due to the size of the land and a great mountain barrier on the Pacific coast there is a great variety of climate from summer heat in Mississippi lowlands to the frosts and snow in the Rockies in the North of Great Plains.
America was originally a group of colonies. For a long time the inhabitants of America (immigrants from Europe and their descendants) led the war for the independence of their country. It ended in America’s victory and the people elected their first president G.Washington at the first Congress in 1789 in the city of New York. The Constitution of the USA was adopted on September 17, 1787. So the USA is a Federal Republic.
Завдання 1. Вимовте згідно з транскрипцією терміни і запам’ятайте їх значення.
The Atlantic Ocean [Et’læntik`ou∫n] — Атлантичний океан
The Pacific Ocean [pE’sifik] — Тихий океан
The Gulf of Mexico [gAlfEv’meksikou] — Мексиканська протока
Alaska [E`læskE] — Аляска
the Hawaii [hE’vaii] — Гавайські острови
Lake Superior [sju:’piEriE] — озеро С’юперіор
Lake Michigan [‘mit∫igEn] — озеро Мічиган
Lake Huron [‘hju:ErEn] — озеро Гурон
Lake Erie [‘iEriE] — озеро Ері
Lake Ontario [Cn’tεEriou] — озеро Онтаріо
Niagara Falls [nai’ægErE ‘fC:lz] — Ніагарський водоспад
The Mississippi River [misi’sipi] — ріка Міссісіпі
The Missouri [mi’zuEri] — Міссурі
The Appalachian Mountains [‘æpE’læt∫iEn] — гори Апалачі
The Rocky Mountains [`rCki] — Скелясті гори
The Cordilleran Highland [,kC:di`ljεErEn`hailændz] — гори Кордильєри
Washington [‘wC:∫iNgtEn] — Вашінгтон
New York [‘nju: jC:k] — Нью Йорк
Chicago [∫i’kBgEu] — Чикаго
San Francisco [sEnfrEn’siskEu] — Сан Франціско
Los Angeles [lCs’ændZElEs] — Лос Анджелес
Detroit [di’trCit] — Детройт
Boston [‘bCstEn] — Бостон
The Capitol [‘kæpi’tCl] — Капітолій
сontinent [`kCntinEnt] — континент
to have access [`æksEs] — мати доступ
trade routes [`treid`ru:ts] — торгівельні шляхи
highlands [`hailænds] — гори; гориста місцевість
lowlands [`loulænds] — рівнинна місцевість; низовина
valley [`væli] — долина
tributary[`tri:bju:tEri] — притока (ріки)
to border on [`bC:dE] — межувати (граничити) з
gulf [gAlf] — протока
to stretch westward / eastward [`i:stwC:d] — текти на захід /схід
natural resources [`næt∫ErElri`sCsiz] — природні ресурси
deposits of coal [koul] / iron [`aiEn] — запаси вугілля /заліза
coast [koust] — узбережжя
plain [plein] — долина; рівнина
population [,pCpju:`lei∫n] — населення
immigrants [`imigrænts] — емігранти
temperate [`tEmprit∫E] — температура
independence — незалежнвсть
boundary peninsula [`baundEripE`ninsjulE] — прикордонний півострів
amendment [E`mEndmEnt] — поправка (у документі)
violations of law [,vaiE`lei∫EnEv`lC:] — порушення закону
government officials — урядові особи
Bill of Rights [raits] — Білль про Права
to outline the policies [`autlainDE`pC:lisiz] — окреслювати (спрямовувати) політику
Завдання 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання.
Завдання 3. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою, спираючись на зміст тексту.
Завдання 4. Складіть монологічне висловлювання за змістом тексту.
ТЕМА 2
The USA is a federal union of 50 states with the District of Columbia as the seat of the national government. The Constitution of the USA outlines the structure of the national government and specifies its powers and duties. Under the Constitution the powers of the government are divided into three branches — the legislative /the Congress/, the executive, headed by the President, and the judicial, which is led by the Supreme Court.
There are several basic principles of American government. One of them is “the President proposes, but Congress disposes”.
Congress is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are100 Senators, two from each state. The House has 435 members. They represent the population of “congressional districts”. The number of representatives from each state is based upon its population. Congress makes all laws. Each House of Congress has the power to introduce legislation. Legislation becomes law if both houses agree.
The President of the Unired States is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The President must be able to convince Congressmen of his point of view. He must bargain and compromise. This is a major difference between the American system and those in which the nation’s leader represents the majority party, that is, parliamentary system.
The Supreme Court watches over Congress and the President. It determines whether or not their laws and acts are in accordance with the Constitution. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and 8 associate justices. They are nominated by the President but must be approved by the Senate. Once approved, they hold office for life.
The two leading political parties are the Democrats and the Republicans. The Democrats are associated with labour and the Republicans — with business. The parties have not much power.
The division of government power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches is called separation of powers. As a result, no one branch of government can become too powerful. The system by which each branch of government can check-limit the power of the other two is called checks and balances. The President can check the lawmaking power of Congress by vetoing. Congress can check the President’s veto by overriding a veto with a two-thirds vote of both houses. The Supreme Court can check both the President and Congress by declaring their actions unconstitutional.
Because the Constitution has provided a flexible framework for controlling both the people who govern and the people who are being governed, it has served the American people long and well.
Завдання 1. Вимовте згідно з транскрипцією терміни і запам’ятайте їх значення.
ultimate [`Altimit] — максимальний; останній, кінцевий; обмежений
spirit [`spirit] — дух
peaceful assembly [`pi:sfulE`sEmbli] — миролюбні збори
petition [pi`ti∫En] — клопотання, петиція; прохання; заява
correct [kE`rEkt] — виправляти
wrongs [rCηz] — помилки
make up (made up) — складати
introduce [,intrE`dju:s] — виносити на розгляд (законопроект); представляти, знайомити
legislation [,ledZi`slei∫En] — законодавство; закон; законопроект
voter [`voutE] — виборець
convince [kEn`vins] — переконувати
point of view [`pCintE`vju:] — точка зору
bargain [ba:gin] — торгуватися
compromise [`kCmprEmaiz] — йти на компроміс; погоджуватися; компрометувати; ризикувати
watch [wCt∫] — спостерігати
chief justice [`t∫i:f`dZAstis] — головний суддя
associate [E`sou∫iit] — співучасник; спільник; допоміжний
approve [E`pru:v] — затверджувати (посанову), схвалювати; санкціювати
hold (held) office — займати посаду
veto [`vitou] — право вето; накладення заборони
check [t∫ek] — перевіряти
override (overrode, overridden) — відкидати; не брати до уваги
balance [`bælEns] — рівновага; противага; балансир
Завдання 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання.
Завдання 3. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою, спираючись на зміст тексту.
Завдання 4. Складіть монологічне висловлювання за змістом тексту.
МОДУЛЬ 7.
ТЕМА 3.
The US Congress
The Congress of the United States is composed of two houses: the Senate and the House of represents the population according to its distribution among the states. Each state is guaranteed at least one representative in the House. The remainder is apportioned among the states according to their population. The Senate of US is composed of one hundred members – two being elected from each state. Senators are chosen for six years, one-third retiring or seeking is re-elected every two years. Two senators from the same state never finish their terms at the same time; one of them is called “Senior Senator” and the other – “Junior Senator”.
The presiding officer of the senate is the Vice-President of the United States. The Vice-President is not a member of the chamber over which he presides and he sometimes is not a member of the party in power.
The work of the US Congress is done mostly in different committees. The most important of the Senate committees are Appropriations Foreign Relations, Finance, and Armed Service.
In the House of Representatives the most important are Rules, Appropriations, Ways and Means, Judiciary, Agriculture.
The chairmen of the standing committees are considered the real rulers of the Senate and the House.
Vocabulary:
compose – складати
according – згідно
retire – йти у відставку
senior – старший
junior – молодший
chamber – палата
chairman – голова (председатель)
Відповісти на запитання:
ТЕМА 4
The oldest federal constitution in existence was framed by a convention of delegates from 12 of 13 original srates in Philadelphia in May, 1787. George Washington presided over the session. The draft was ratified by 9 states. It went into effect in March, 1789.
The Constitution of the USA consists of a preamble and 7 Articles.
Article I deals with Legislative power given to Congress. It has 10 sections.
Article II deals with the President as the executive power. It has 4 sections.
Article III deals with Judicial powers. The Judicial power of the United States shall be vested in the Supreme Court. The Article has 3 sections dealing with authority and trial.
Article IV deals with regulations concerning privileges of citizens and the States.
Article V deals with ways in which the Constitution can be amended.
Article VI deals with debts under the Confederation to be honored.
ArticleVII deals with ratification and adoption of the Constitution.
There are 27 Amendments to the Costitution. Amendments 1 to 10 are known as the Bill of Rights.
Amendment 1 deals with freedom of religion, speech, of the press, and right of petition.
Amendment 2 deals with the right of people to own arms.
Amendment 3 deals with housing of troops.
Amendment 4 deals with searches of people or property that require written permission of a judge. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, shall not be violated.
Amendment 5 A person cannot be tried for a serious crime unless a Grand Jury rules there is enough evidence.
Amendment 6 guarantees right to a quick and fair trial by jury with a lawyer.
Amendment 7 deals with rights of trial by jury.
Amendment 8 guarantees fair bail, fines, and punishment.
Amendment 9 deals with reserved rights of people.
Amendment 15 establishes rights of certain citizens to vote. The right shall not be denied on account of race, colour, or previous condition of servitude.
Amendment 20 defines terms of President, Senators and Representatives. The terms of the President and Vice president shall end at noon on the 20th day of January.
Amendment 22 limits Presidential terms. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice.
Amendment 26 gives the right of voting for 18-years-olds.
Order of presidential succession:
Завдання 1. Вимовте згідно з транскрипцією терміни і запам’ятайте їх значення.
in existence [inig`zistens] — діючий
convention [kEn`ven∫En] — збори, з’їзд; угода, договір; конвенція; загальні збори
frame [freim] — впорядковувати; складати
original states — первісні штати
draft [drBft] — проект
regulations — статут
concerning [kEn`sQniη] — стосовно
way [wei] — шлях; сторона, напрямок; метод, засіб
debt [det] — борг
amend [E`mend] — покращати; виправити; вносити поправки (у законопроект; пропозиції і т.ін.)
amendment [E`mendment] — поправка
speech [spi:t∫] — мова; промова
own arms [`oun`Bmz] — власна зброя
housing of troops [`hauziN Ev`tru:ps] — розташування військ
(збройних сил)
search [sQt∫] — пошук; обшук
require [ri`kwaiE] — вимагати
permission [pQ`mi:∫En] — дозвіл
be secure in [bisi`kjuEr!n] — мати гарантію у чомусь; бути надійним, безпечним
violate [`vaiEleit] — порушувати клятву, закон; застосовувати насилля
try [trai] — розслідувати (справу); судити; засуджувати
trial [traiEl] — судовий розгляд (справи); судовий процес, суд
fair trial [`fεE`traiEl] — засудження по закону (справедливо)
Grand Jury [`græn`dZuEri] — Велике жюрі; присяжні
rule [ru:l] — правити; керувати; оголошувати; володарювати; правило
evidence [`evidEns] — підгрунтя; дані; ознаки; свідчення
bail [beil] — застава
fair bail [`fεE`beil] — справедлива застава (згідно з законом)
fine [fain] — штраф
preside [pri`zaid] — головувати
reserved rights [ri`zQvd`raits] — застережені права
establish [is`tæbli∫] — встановлювати
vote [vout] — голосувати
deny [di`nai] — заперечувати; відкидати; відхиляти; відмовляти
on account of — внаслідок; через
race [reis] — походження
servitude [`sQvitju:d] — рабство; поневолення
succession [sE`kse∫En] — послідовність
pro tempore — тимчасово; на певний період
Secretary of State — міністр закордонних справ
Secretary of Interior — міністр внутрішніх справ
Attorney General — міністр юстиції
Secretary of the Treasury — міністр фінансів
Secretary of Agriculture — міністр сільського господарства
Secretary of Commerce — міністр торгівлі (комерції)
Secretary of Labour — міністр праці
Secretary of Housing — міністр житлового фонду
Secretary of Energy — міністр енергетики
Secretary of Education — міністр освіти
Secretary of Veterans Affair — міністр у справах ветеранів
Завдання 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання.
Завдання 3. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою, спираючись на зміст тексту.
Завдання 4. Складіть монологічне висловлювання за змістом тексту.
ТЕМА 5
Court Systems of the USA are the two separate court systems in the United States — federal and state. Federal courts hear criminal and civil cases involving federal law. They also hear cases involving parties from different states when the amount in dispute is more than $10,000. Federal trial courts are known as U.S. District Courts. If you lose a trial in the U.S. District Court, you may be able to appeal to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in your region. The United States has thirteen circuit courts. The court of final appeal is the U.S. Supreme Court.
Most state court systems resemble the federal courts in structure and procedure. All states have trial courts. These are called superior courts, county courts, district courts, or municipal courts, depending on the state. State courts are often specialized to deal with specific areas of law, such as family law, traffic, criminal, probate, and small claims.
Family or domestic relations courts hear all actions involving divorce, separation, and child custody. Juvenile cases and intra-family offenсes (fights within families) are also heard. Sometimes cases involving juveniles are heard in a special juvenile court. Traffic courts hear all actions involving violations while driving a motor vehicle. Criminal courts hear all cases involving violations of laws for which a person could go to jail. Frequently criminal court is divided between felony and misdemeanour cases. Probate courts handle all cases involving wills. Small claims courts hear cases involving small amounts of money (e.g., $200, $500, or $1,000, depending on the state). Individuals may bring cases here without lawyers — though it is sometimes advised that lawyers be present — and the court fees are low.
If you lose your case in the trial court, you may appeal to an intermediate court of appeals. In some states, the appeal goes directly to the state supreme court. If a state supreme court decision involves only state law, it can be appealed no further. But if it involves some federal law or constitutional issue, it can then be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Завдання 1. Вимовте згідно з транскрипцією терміни і запам’ятайте їх значення.
involve [in`vC:lv] — містити; підбурювати
lose a case (in a trial) [`lu:zE`traiEl] — програти справу (у суді)
circuit court [`sQkit`kC:t] — окружний суд
resemble [ri`zEmbl] — походити; мати подібність
intermediate [intE`midjEt] — проміжний, перехідний
felony [`felEni] — кримінальний злочин
misdemeanour [misdi`mi:nE] — проступок
probate [prou`beit] — випробувати
fee [fi:] — плата; внесок
Завдання 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання.
Завдання 3. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою, спираючись на зміст тексту.
Завдання 4. Складіть монологічне висловлювання за змістом тексту.