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ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ И УПРАВЛЕНИЯ (образован в 1953 году) |
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Кафедра иностранных языков Дистанционное обучение Мерзликина Н.И., Шлёнская Н.М., Новикова Э.Б.Английский язык Рабочая программа, методические указания, контрольные задания и тексты для чтения для студентов заочной формы обучения 1 курса всех специальностей
www.mgutm.ru 6165 Москва - 2009 |
УДК 811.111 Англ.
© Мерзликина Н.И., Шлёнская Н.М., Новикова Э.Б. Английский язык. Рабочая программа, методические указания , контрольные задания и тексты для чтения для студентов заочной формы обучения 1 курса всех специальностей: - М., МГУТУ, 2009
Данная работа предназначена для студентов 1 курса всех специальностей заочной формы обучения.
Составители: Мерзликина Наталья Ивановна, доцент
Шлёнская Наталья Марковна, к.х.н., доцент.
Новикова Эмма Борисовна, доцент
Рецензент: Полушина Любовь Николаевна, к.п.н., профессор
Редактор: Свешникова Н.И.
© Московский государственный университет технологий и управления, 2009
109004, Москва, Земляной вал, 73
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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
РАБОЧАЯ ПРОГРАММА, МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ И КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ
ЦЕЛЕВАЯ УСТАНОВКА
Основной целью обучения студентов английскому языку в неязыковом вузе является достижение ими практического владения этим языком, что предполагает при заочном обучении формирование умения самостоятельно читать литературу по специальности вуза с целью извлечения информации из иноязычных источников.
В условиях заочного обучения такие виды речевой деятельности, как устная речь (говорение и аудирование) и письмо, используются на протяжении всего курса как средство обучения.
Перевод (устный и письменный) на протяжении всего курса обучения используется: а) как средство обучения; б) для контроля понимания прочитанного; в) в качестве возможного способа передачи полученной при чтении информации.
В процессе достижения цели обучения решаются воспитательные и общеобразовательные задачи, способствующие повышению общеобразовательного и культурного уровня студентов.
Данная программа предусматривает, главным образом, самостоятельную работу студентов. Работа под руководством преподавателя рассчитана на 40 учебных часов, которые используются для групповых занятий различного характера (установочные, контрольно-закрепительные и другие), организуемых на УКП и в филиалах заочных вузов.
В заочных вузах, как правило, изучается тот же иностранный язык, который изучался в среднем учебном заведении.
Поскольку лица, поступающие в заочный вуз, имеют иногда значительный перерыв в занятиях и уровень их подготовки по английскому языку очень различен, программа по английскому языку включает грамматический и лексический материал, необходимый для овладения умениями и навыками чтения литературы по специальности вуза.
ТРЕБОВАНИЯ НА ЗАЧЕТЕ
Зачет. К зачету допускаются студенты, выполнившие контрольные работы и сдавшие тексты в объеме, предусмотренном программой, т.е. тексты учебника или учебных пособий по английскому языку (по профилю вуза).
Для получения зачета студент должен уметь:
а) прочитать со словарем незнакомый текст на английском языке, содержащий изученный грамматический материал.
Форма проверки — письменный или устный перевод. Норма перевода - 600-800 печатных знаков в час письменно или 1000-1200 печатных знаков в час устно.
б) прочитать без словаря текст, содержащий изученный грамматический материал и 5-8 незнакомых слов на 500-600 печатных знаков.
Форма проверки понимания — передача содержания прочитанного на русском языке.
Время подготовки — 8-10 минут.
ЯЗЫКОВОЙ МАТЕРИАЛ
Фонетический минимум. Звуковой строй английского языка; особенности произношения английских гласных и согласных; отсутствие смягченных согласных и сохранение звонких согласных в конце слова; чтение гласных в открытом и закрытом слогах; расхождение между произношением и написанием; ударение; особенности интонации английского предложения.
Лексический минимум. За полный курс обучения студент должен приобрести словарный запас в 1000 лексических единиц (слов и словосочетаний).
Данный объем лексических единиц является основой для расширения потенциального словарного запаса студентов, и поэтому программа предусматривает усвоение наиболее употребительных словообразовательных средств английского языка: наиболее употребительные префиксы, основные суффиксы имен существительных, прилагательных, наречий, глаголов, приемы словосложения, явления конверсии (переход одной части речи в другую без изменения формы слова).
Потенциальный словарный запас может быть значительно расширен за счет интернациональной лексики, совпадающей или близкой по значению с такими же словами русского языка, но отличающейся от них по звучанию и ударению, например: academy n, basis n, contact n, dynamo n, machine n, metal n, Soviet n, а, а также за счет конверсии.
В словарный запас включаются также фразеологические сочетания типа to take part принимать участие, to take place происходить, наиболее употребительные синонимы, антонимы и омонимы английского языка и условные сокращения слов, принятые в английских научных и технических текстах.
Грамматический минимум. В процессе обучения студент должен усвоить основные грамматические формы и структуры английского языка.
Морфология
Имя существительное. Артикли (определенный и неопределенный) как признаки имени существительного; предлоги — выразители его падежных форм. Окончание -s — показатель множественного числа имени существительного. Окончания 's, s' как средство выражения притяжательного падежа.
Образование множественного числа имен существительных путем изменения корневой гласной от следующих имен существительных: a man — men, a woman-women, a child - children, a tooth - teeth, a foot-feet.
Множественное число некоторых имен существительных, заимствованных из греческого и латинского языков, например: datum —data, phenomenon - phenomena, nucleus — nuclei.
Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.
Имя прилагательное и наречие. Степени сравнения. Перевод предложений, содержащих конструкции типа the more ... the less ... .
Имена числительные. Количественные, порядковые. Чтение дат.
Местоимения. Личные местоимения в формах именительного и объектного падежей; притяжательные местоимения; возвратные и усилительные местоимения; местоимения вопросительные, указательные, относительные. Неопределенное местоимение one (ones) и его функции. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное местоимение nо и их производные.
Глагол. Изъявительное наклонение глагола и образование видо-временных групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect. Активная и пассивная формы (Active and Passive Voice). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do. Основные сведения о сослагательном наклонении.
Образование повелительного наклонения и его отрицательной формы. Выражение приказания и просьбы с помощью глагола to let.
Неличные формы глагола: инфинитив, его формы (Indefinite Active, Indefinite Passive, Perfect Active), инфинитивные конструкции — объектный инфинитивный оборот и субъектный инфинитивный оборот. Причастие — Participle I и Participle II в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Сложные формы причастия — Participle I (Passive, Perfect Active). Независимый причастный оборот. Герундий — Gerund (простые формы) и герундиальные обороты.
Строевые слова. Местоимения, наречия, предлоги, артикли, союзы. Многофункциональность строевых слов; it, that (those), one, because, because of, as, since, till, until, due to, provided, both, either, neither.
Синтаксис
Простое распространенное предложение. Члены предложения. Прямой порядок слов повествовательного предложения в утвердительной и отрицательной формах. Обратный порядок слов в вопросительном предложении. Оборот there is (are), его перевод. Безличные предложения.
Сложносочиненное и сложноподчиненное предложения. Главное и придаточные предложения. Союзное и бессоюзное подчинение определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложений. Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям.
Объем текстового материала
1. Тексты учебника и специализированных учебных
пособий или хрестоматий…………………………………………………. 16 с.
ИТОГО………………………………………………………………… 32 с.
(48 000 печ. знаков)
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ: За страницу принимается 1 500 печатных знаков.
ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ СРЕДСТВА
На протяжении всего курса обучения английскому языку широко используются различные технические средства обучения, при этом особое внимание уделяется различным видам звукозаписей, воссоздающим для студентов-заочников иноязычную среду. Рекомендуется также широко использовать учебное телевидение и обучающие компьютерные программы.
УЧЕБНИКИ И УЧЕБНЫЕ ПОСОБИЯ
Андрианова Л.Н., Багрова Н.Ю., Ершова Э.В. Учебник английского языка для вечерних и заочных технических вузов. М., 2000.
Еникеева М.Е., Зеленщиков А.В., Зимина Н.Ф., Поздеева Т.А., Сулханянц Н.З. Учебник для самостоятельной работы по английскому языку. Санкт-Петербург, 2000
Шалаева Г.П. Английский язык. Краткий грамматический справочник.М.,2003
Полушина Л.Н. Английский язык для дистанционного обучения. М., 2004
Рыбакова М.В. Практическая грамматика английского языка. М., 2002
Цуканова Л.Д. Английский язык. Сборник упражнений по грамматике. М.,2003
Учебные пособия по обучению чтению.
Учебные пособия по обучению лексике.
Книги для чтения по специальностям.
Отраслевые англо-русские словари.
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ
Особенностью овладения иностранным языком при заочном обучении является то, что объем самостоятельной работы студента по выработке речевых навыков и умений значительно превышает объем практических аудиторных занятий с преподавателем. Соотношение аудиторных и самостоятельных часов, отводимых на полный курс обучения, равно 40 ч.: 240 ч. Таким образом, каждому аудиторному двухчасовому занятию должно предшествовать не менее шести часов самостоятельной работы студента.
Для того чтобы добиться успеха, необходимо приступить к работе над языком с первых дней обучения в вузе и заниматься систематически.
Самостоятельная работа студента по изучению иностранного языка охватывает: заучивание слов английского языка, уяснение действия правил словообразования, грамматических правил, чтение текстов на английском языке вслух в соответствии с правилами чтения, понимание текстов, слушание текстов, записанных на магнитофонной ленте, с тем, чтобы научиться правильно произносить и понимать на слух содержание сообщения; построение вопросов и ответов к текстам; перевод на русский язык (устный и письменный).
Для того чтобы достигнуть указанного в целевой установке уровня владения языком, следует систематически тренировать память заучиванием иноязычных слов, текстов. Надо помнить, что способности развиваются в процессе работы, что осмысленный материал запоминается легче, чем неосмысленный, что навык вырабатывается путем многократно выполняемого действия.
I. ПРАВИЛА ЧТЕНИЯ
Прежде всего необходимо научиться правильно произносить и читать слова и предложения. Чтобы научиться правильно произносить звуки и правильно читать тексты на английском языке, следует: во-первых, усвоить правила произношения отдельных букв и буквосочетаний, а также правила ударения в слове и в целом предложении; при этом особое внимание следует обратить на произношение тех звуков, которые не имеют аналогов в русском языке; во-вторых, регулярно упражняться в чтении и произношении по соответствующим разделам рекомендованных программой учебников и учебных пособий.
Для того чтобы научиться правильно читать и понимать прочитанное, следует широко использовать технические средства, сочетающие зрительное и слуховое восприятие. Систематическое прослушивание звукозаписей (грампластинок, магнитных лент) помогает приобрести навыки правильного произношения.
При чтении необходимо научиться делить предложения на смысловые отрезки — синтагмы, что обеспечит правильную технику чтения, необходимую для правильного понимания текста. Запомните произношение и правила чтения гласных.
Сводная таблица чтения гласных
|
Типы слога |
||||
|
Буквы |
I |
II |
III |
IV |
|
открытый и условно- открытый |
закрытый |
буква r после гласной |
буква r между гласными |
|
|
а |
plate |
lamp |
саr |
care |
|
[ei] |
[æ] |
[a:] |
[εә] |
|
|
е |
he |
ten |
her |
here |
|
[i:] |
[e] |
[ а:] |
[ iә ] |
|
|
o |
no |
not |
sport |
more |
|
[ou] |
[ɔ] |
[ɔ:] |
[ɔ:] |
|
|
y, i |
my |
it |
first |
tired |
|
tie |
system |
tyre |
||
|
[ai] |
[i] |
[ә:] |
[aiә ] |
|
|
u |
tube |
cup |
turn |
cure |
|
[ju:] |
[Λ] |
[ә:] |
[juә ] |
II. РАБОТА НАД ЛЕКСИКОЙ
Чтобы понимать читаемую литературу, необходимо овладеть определенным запасом слов и выражений. Для этого рекомендуется регулярно читать на английском языке учебные тексты, газеты и оригинальную литературу по специальности.
Работу над закреплением и обогащением лексического запаса рекомендуем проводить следующим образом:
а) Работая со словарем, выучите английский алфавит, а также ознакомьтесь по предисловию с построением словаря и с системой условных обозначений, принятых в данном словаре.
б) Слова выписывайте в тетрадь или на карточки в исходной форме с соответствующей грамматической характеристикой, т.е. существительные — в ед. числе, глаголы —в неопределенной форме (в инфинитиве), указывая для неправильных глаголов основные формы.
При переводе с английского языка на русский необходимо помнить, что трудности вызывает следующее:
1. Многозначность слов. Например, слово convention имеет значения:
1) собрание, съезд; 2) договор, соглашение, конвенция; 3) обычай;
4) условность. Подобрать нужное значение слова можно только исходя из контекста.
The convention was successful. Собрание прошло успешно.
That is not in асcord with convention. Это здесь не принято.
2. Омонимы (разные по значению, но одинаково звучащие слова). Их следует отличать от многозначных слов.
some — какой-нибудь и sum — сумма
break — ломать и brake — тормоз
left - левый и left - Past Indefinite от глагола to leave - оставлять, покидать
Only few people write the left hand. Немногие пишут левой рукой.
They left Moscow for Kiev. Они уехали из Москвы в Киев.
3. Конверсия. Образование новых слов из существующих без изменения написания слов называется конверсией. Наиболее распространенным является образование глаголов от соответствующих существительных. Например:
water вода to water поливать
control контроль to control контролировать
cause причина to cause причинять, являться причиной
4. Интернационализмы. В английском языке большое место занимают слова, заимствованные из других языков, в основном латинского и греческого. Эти слова получили широкое распространение и стали интернациональными.
По корню таких слов легко догадаться об их переводе на русский язык, например: mechanization механизация; atom атом и т.д.
Однако нужно помнить, что многие интернационализмы расходятся в своем значении в русском и английском языках, поэтому их часто называют «ложными друзьями» переводчика. Например: accurate точный, а не аккуратный ; resin смола, а не резина; control не только контролировать, но и управлять и т.д.
5. Словообразование. Эффективным средством расширения запаса слов в английском языке служит знание способов словообразования. Умея расчленить производное слово на корень, суффикс и префикс, легче определить значение неизвестного слова. Кроме того, зная значения
наиболее употребительных префиксов и суффиксов, вы сможете без труда понять значение гнезда слов, образованных из одного корневого слова, которое вам известно.
Наиболее употребительные префиксы
|
Префиксы |
Примеры |
Перевод |
|
anti- |
anti-war |
антивоенный |
|
со- |
co-exist |
сосуществовать |
|
counter- |
counterweight |
противовес |
|
de- |
demilitarize |
демилитаризовать |
|
extra- |
extraordinary |
необыкновенный, чрезвычайный |
|
in- |
inlay |
вставлять |
|
multi- |
multistage |
многоступенчатый |
|
over- |
overcome |
преодолеть |
|
poly- |
polytechnical |
политехнический |
|
post- |
postgraduate |
аспирант |
|
pre- |
predetermine |
предопределять |
|
re- |
reorganize |
реорганизовать |
|
trans- |
transformation |
преобразование |
|
super- |
superprofits |
сверхприбыли |
|
ultra- |
ultra-violet |
ультрафиолетовый |
|
under- |
underground |
подземный |
Основные суффиксы существительных
|
Суффиксы |
Примеры |
Перевод |
|
-аnсе |
importance |
значение |
|
-еnсе |
silence |
молчание |
|
-sion |
revision |
пересмотр |
|
-dom |
freedom |
свобода |
|
-ion (-tion, |
revolution |
революция |
|
-ation) |
formation |
формирование |
|
-ment |
equipment |
оборудование |
|
-ness |
softness |
мягкость |
|
-ship |
friendship |
дружба |
|
-age |
voltage |
напряжение |
|
-er |
teacher |
преподаватель |
|
-ty |
difficulty |
трудность |
Основные суффиксы прилагательных и наречий
|
Суффиксы |
Примеры |
Перевод |
|
-able |
remarkable |
выдающийся |
|
-ible |
extensible |
растяжимый |
|
-ant, |
resistant |
сопротивляющийся |
|
-ent |
different |
различный |
|
-ful |
successful |
успешный |
|
-less |
homeless |
бездомный |
|
-ous |
famous |
известный |
|
-y |
sunny |
солнечный |
|
-ly |
happily |
счастливо |
6. В английском языке есть ряд глаголов, которые употребляются с послелогами и образуют новые понятия. Благодаря послелогам сравнительно немногочисленная группа слов отличается большой многозначностью. К этой группе относятся глаголы to get, to be, to make, to go, to put и ряд других.
В словаре глаголы с послелогом пишутся после основного значения глагола в порядке алфавита послелогов. Часто перед послелогом пишется только начальная буква основного глагола, например:
to go идти
to go about циркулировать (о слухах, деньгах)
to go back возвращаться
to go in for увлекаться
7. В английском языке очень часто существительное употребляется в функции определения без изменения своей формы. Структура "существительное + существительное + существительное" (и т.д.) вызывает трудности при переводе, так как существительные стоят подряд. Главным словом в такой группе является последнее, а все предшествующие существительные являются определениями к нему.
Некоторые существительные-определения могут переводиться прилагательными, например:
саnе тростник; саnе sugar тростниковый сахар
sugar сахар; sugar саnе сахарный тростник
machine-building industry машиностроительная промышленность
Однако подобный способ перевода не всегда возможен; часто такие определения приходится переводить существительными в косвенных падежах или предложными оборотами. Порядок перевода обусловливается смысловыми связями между определениями и определяемым словом. Перевод следует начинать справа налево с последнего существительного, а существительные, стоящие перед ним в роли определения, нужно переводить на русский язык существительными в косвенных падежах (чаще родительном) или предложным оборотом, например:
export grain зерно на экспорт (экспортное зерно)
grain export экспорт зерна
8. В текстах научного характера английские словосочетания часто переводятся одним словом:
raw materials сырье
radio operator paдиcт
construction works стройка
Сочетание 3-х, 4-х слов может быть передано по-русски двумя-тремя словами: an iron and steel mill металлургический завод.
9. Иногда при переводе с английского языка на русский приходится применять описательный перевод и передавать значение английского слова с помощью нескольких русских слов. Например:
Существительные
characteristics характерные особенности
efficiency коэффициент полезного действия
necessities предметы первой необходимости
output выпуск продукции
solid твердое тело
Г л а г о л ы и н а р е ч и я
to average составлять, равняться в среднем
mainly (chiefly) главным образом
10. Научная литература характеризуется наличием большого количества терминов. Термин — слово или словосочетание, которое имеет одно строго определенное значение для определенной области науки и техники. Неизвестный термин следует искать в терминологическом словаре.
III. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОГО СТРОЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
В силу особенностей исторического развития английского языка в его грамматической системе сохранилось минимальное число окончаний.
Грамматические окончания в английском языке
|
Окончание |
имени существительного глагола |
Словообразование |
|
-s |
1) во мн.числе 2) ‘s в притяжательном падеже 3) в 3-м лице ед.числа в утвердит. форме наст.вр.(Present Indefinite Tense) |
— |
|
-еr |
имени прилагательного в сравнительной степени |
Имя существительное, обозначающее действующее лицо, аппарат, прибор |
|
-est |
имени прилагательного в превосходной степени |
— |
|
-ed |
глагола: 1) в личной форме простого прошедшего времени (Past Indefinite Tense); 2) в неличной форме (Participle II) |
— |
|
-ing |
глагола в неличных формах: Participle I — причастие настоящего времени Gerund - герундий Verbal Noun - отглагольное существительное |
— |
Примеры к таблице
-s, 's
1. These machines are highly efficient.
Эти машины имеют высокий коэффициент полезного действия.
Он подвергает механической обработке эти детали.
-er, -est
lighter легче a teacher учитель
the lightest самый легкий a lighter зажигалка
-еd
Не lighted the lamp. —Он зажег лампу. lighted зажженный
-ing
lighting -освещающий (определение), освещая (обстоятельство) (Participle I)
lighting—освещение (имеется в виду процесс) (Gerund) the lighting —освещение (Verbal Noun)
Поскольку количество суффиксов английского языка, по которым можно установить, к какой части речи относится данное слово, сравнительно невелико, для уточнения грамматических функций слова, взятого отдельно или в предложении, используются: 1) строевые слова; 2) твердый порядок слов.
|
имени существительного |
глагола |
|
Артикль |
Прединфинитивная частица |
|
a name — имя |
to name — называть |
|
an aim — цель |
to aim — нацеливаться |
|
the machine — машина |
to machine — обрабатывать механически |
|
Предлог |
Модальный или вспомогательный |
|
глагол |
|
|
in turn—по очереди |
You must turn to the left. |
|
Вам надо повернуть налево. |
|
|
without result—без результата |
Their efforts will result in success. |
|
Их усилия приведут к успеху. |
|
|
They should watch the TV programme. |
|
|
Им следует посмотреть |
|
|
эту телепередачу. |
|
|
Местоимение (притяжательное, |
Местоимение (личное, |
|
вопросительное, неопределенное, |
вопросительное, относительное) |
|
отрицательное, относительное) |
|
|
my work — моя работа |
I work. Я работаю. |
|
his studies —его занятия |
Не studies. Он занимается. |
|
Whose plans are better? |
Who plans the research? |
|
Чьи планы лучше? |
Кто планирует это научное исследование? |
IV. РАБОТА НАД ТЕКСТОМ
Поскольку основной целевой установкой обучения иностранному языку является получение информации из иноязычного источника, особое внимание следует уделять чтению текстов. Понимание текста достигается при осуществлении двух видов чтения:
Точное и полное понимание текста осуществляется путем изучающего чтения, которое предполагает умение самостоятельно проводить лексико-грамматический анализ текста. Итогом изучающего чтения является адекватный перевод текста на родной язык с помощью словаря. При этом следует развивать навыки пользования отраслевыми терминологическими словарями и словарями сокращений.
Читая текст, предназначенный для понимания общего содержания, необходимо, не обращаясь к словарю, понять основной смысл прочитанного.
Оба вида чтения складываются из следующих умений: а) догадываться о значении незнакомых слов на основе словообразовательных признаков и контекста; б) видеть интернациональные слова и определять их значение; в) находить знакомые грамматические формы и конструкции и устанавливать их эквиваленты в русском языке; г) использовать имеющийся в тексте иллюстративный материал, схемы, формулы и т.п.; д) применять знания по специальным, общетехническим, общеэкономическим предметам в качестве основы смысловой и языковой догадки.
При работе над текстом используйте указания, данные в разделах I, II, III.
V. ВЫПОЛНЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ И ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ
2. Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предлагается в пяти вариантах. Вы должны выполнить один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняют вариант № 1; на 3 или 4 - № 2; на 5 или 6 - № 3; на 7 или 8 - № 4; на 9 или 0 - № 5. Первые пять вариантов задания 4 предназначаются студентам заочных вузов и факультетов технического профиля. Выполняются они в общем порядке в соответствии с цифрами студенческого шифра. Варианты 6-10 контрольного задания 4 предназначаются для студентов заочных вузов
В тех вузах, где нет системы шифра, кафедры иностранных языков указывают вариант, который студент должен выполнить. Все остальные варианты можно использовать в качестве материала для дополнительного чтения и для подготовки к экзамену.
Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради по следующему образцу:
|
Левая страница |
Правая страница |
|
Поля Английский текст |
Русский Поля текст |
5. В каждом контрольном задании выделяется один или два абзаца для проверки умения читать без словаря, понимать основную мысль, изложенную в абзаце. После текста дается контрольный вопрос, с помощью которого
проверяется, насколько правильно и точно вы поняли мысль, изложенную в абзаце (или абзацах). Ниже предлагается несколько вариантов ответа. Среди этих вариантов необходимо найти тот, который наиболее правильно и четко отвечает на поставленный вопрос.
6. Выполненные контрольные работы направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в институт в установленные сроки.
VI. ИСПРАВЛЕНИЕ РАБОТЫ НА ОСНОВЕ РЕЦЕНЗИЙ
1. При получении от рецензента проверенной контрольной работы внимательно прочитайте рецензию, ознакомьтесь с замечаниями рецензента и проанализируйте отмеченные в работе ошибки.
VII. ПОДГОТОВКА К ЗАЧЕТАМ
В процессе подготовки к зачетам рекомендуется: а) повторно прочитать и перевести наиболее трудные тексты из учебника; б) просмотреть материал отрецензированных контрольных работ; в) проделать выборочно отдельные упражнения из учебника для самопроверки; г) повторить материал для устных упражнений.
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их на русский язык.
Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
a) –s b) –s c)-s
a) –s b) –s c)-s
a) –s b) –s c)-s
4. He usually has his English in the morning.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
5. I do my exercises at home.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
II Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным .
Изучите тему: степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
III. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
a) more interesting b) interesting c) the most interesting
a) farther b) the farthest c) more farther
4. Mathematics is one of the ___ subjects at a technical college.
a) less important b) most important c) more important
5. The ___ I thought of that plan, the ___ I liked it.
a) more … less b) shorter … longer c) better … worse
Изучите тему: неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.
IV . Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
a) some b) no c) not any
a) not any b) any c) some
a) no b) some c) any
a) any b) no c) no any
a) any b) - c) some
Изучите тему: времена группы Indefinite (Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite).
V. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите следующие предложения:
a) died out b) will die out c) die out
a) wasn’t b) doesn’t c) didn’t
a) shall call b) called c) call
4. I like coffee but my sister ___ it at all.
a) don’t like b) doesn’t like c) shan’t like
5. There ___ ten students in the classroom now.
a) were b) are c) is
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain. It lies in the South East of England on both banks of the river Themes. London is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest port and industrial town in England. London is more than twenty centuries old.
The heart of the capital is the City. The territory of the City is only about one square mile, but it is the financial and business center of the country. It contains almost all important English banks and offices.
The West End of London is famous for its beautiful monuments and palaces, fine parks, fashionable shops and big hotels. The East End is quite different from the West End. It is the district of factories, plants and docks. The narrow streets and poor houses of the East End present a contrast to the homes of the rich people in the West End.
There are many places of interest in London. One of them is Trafalgar Square with the Nelson monument 185 feet high. Buckingham Palace is the royal residence. Westminster Abbey is one of the most beautiful buildings in London. It contains the memorials of many famous citizens of Britain.
Across the road from Westminster Abbey are the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British government.
The Tower of London is one of the most interesting places in London. It was a fortress, a royal residence, a prison, now it is a museum.
London is famous for its green parks. Hyde Park is the most popular of them. It is the greatest park in London as well.
London is the center of the country’s cultural life. There are many picture galleries and museums there. The National Gallery houses a priceless collection of paintings. The famous British Museum is one of the best museums in the world.
VII. Выпишите соответствующие содержанию текста предложения и письменно переведите их.
ВАРИАНТ 2
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного
a) –s b) –s c)-s
a) –s b) –s c)-s
a) –s b) –s c)-s
4. He has a dog and a cat at home.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
5. The cold weather affected everybody’s work.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.
Изучите тему: степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
III. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. This house is ___ than that one.
a) older b) more older c) old
2. This arm chair is ___ than that one.
a) comfortable b) more comfortable c) the most comfortable
3. My car is ___ than yours.
a) the best b) good c) better
4. Football is the ____ sport in the world.
a) less popular b) most popular c) more popular
5. The ____ we learn, the ___ we know.
a) more … more b) better … worse c) larger…bigger
Изучите тему: неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.
IV. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
a) no b) - c) some
a) some b) any c) no
a) any b) some c) no
a) no any b) any c) no
a) any b) some c) –
Изучите тему: времена группы Indefinite (Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite).
V. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите следующие предложения:
1. Tom ___ busy at the moment.
a) is b) shall be c) were
2. I know how to use a calculator but I ____ know how to operate a computer.
a) aren’t b) don’t c) doesn’t
3. Peter ___ twenty five years old when he graduated from the university.
a) is b) will be c) was
4. We ___ see him till Monday.
a) shall not b) were not c) are not
5. He usually watches TV in the evening, but yesterday he ___ to music.
a) listened b) will listen c) listens
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
New York
New York is one of the largest cities in the world. It lies in the mouth of the Hudson River.
The centre of New York is Manhattan Island. Today Manhattan is the centre of business and financial life of the country. Very few people live in Manhattan, although the majority works here. Numerous bridges and tunnels link Manhattan with other districts of New York. In Manhattan there is Columbia University, one of the biggest Universities in the country.
New York is the city of sky-scrapers. Many sky-scrapers house banks and offices of American businessmen. There are many places of interest in New-York. For example, Central Park, Rockefeller Centre, the United Nations Building and the shopping districts,
There are several theatres, museums and art galleries in New York. The most famous of them are American Museum of Natural History and Metropolitan Museum of Art, which has a magnificent collection of American and European pictures. There is New York Public Library, the biggest library in New York.
New York.
New York is a multinational city. People of almost all nationalities live here. At the turn of the 20-th century a lot of people came to the USA from different countries of the world.
The poorest part of New York is Harlem, the overcrowded .black community. Its population соnsists of Negroes and Latin Americans.
New York is a city of contrast. It is a city of big business, money, wealth, beauty, unemployment, poverty and crime.
VII. Выпишите соответствующие содержанию текста предложения и письменно переведите их.
ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) Признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) Показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного
1. He always comes to his work in time.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
2. We had dinner at our friend’s.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
3. I write to my parents very often.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
4. My sister has a very cosy house.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
5. My mother has two sisters.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.
1. This town is known for its Picture Gallery.
2. The government provides extra money for science teachers.
3. The bus stop is not far from the Institute.
4. I only like cowboy films.
5. Italy is called a country of wine drinkers.
Изучите тему: степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
III. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. This classroom is ___ than other classrooms.
a) larger b) the largest c) large
2. This exercise is ___ than that one.
a) difficult b) more difficult c) the most difficult
3. We have ___ interest in this work than you.
a) more little b) less c) the least
4. I am the ___ in my family.
a) older b) oldest c) old
5. The ___ I studied English, the ___ I liked it.
a) less … better b) more … more c) farther…worse
Изучите тему: неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.
IV . Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I have ___ French magazines at home.
a) any b) some c) no any
2. We haven’t got ___ time.
a) any b) no c) some
3. Did you borrow ___ books from the library?
a) no b) some c) any
4.There is a cat in the room, but there is ___ dog there.
a) any b) no c) some
5. ____ monument in this city has its own history.
a) any b) some c) no any
Изучите тему: времена группы Indefinite (Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite).
V. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите следующие предложения:
a) doesn’t like b) don’t like c) aren’t like
a) returns b) will return c) returned
a) arrive b) will arrive c) arrived
a) prefer b) shall prefer c) prefers
a) is b) was c) will be
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
Philadelphia
One of the main cities of the United States of America is Philadelphia. It lies in the east of the US A.
Now Washington is the capital of the USA, but Philadelphia was the first capital of the United States of America from 1790 till 1800. Many people consider that Philadelphia is an important political centre of the USA, because in this city in 1787 people adopted the first constitution.
Philadelphia is a seaport and shipping centre of the country. It is an important industrial centre. There are many important branches of industry in the city.
There are many places of interest in Philadelphia, for example, the Independence National Historical Park. You will see many monuments in it, for example, the Liberty Bell. Now the Liberty Bell is a symbol of freedom. The sound of this 'Bell told the people about the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. It was in July, 1776.
Philadelphia is one of the cultural centers of the country. The Parkway is the cultural centre of Philadelphia. There are many museums in the city. For example, the Philadelphia Museum of Art (one of the greatest museums of the world), College of Art, Academy of Sciences and Academy of Fine Arts.
There are a lot of .theatres, shops and hotels in the city. You will see Pennsylvania University in Philadelphia. This University has an interesting and large library. Philadelphia is a beautiful city with many sky-scrapers in it.
VII. Выпишите соответствующие содержанию текста предложения и письменно переведите их.
1) Philadelphia was the first capital of the USA from 1790 till 1800.
2) You can see many theatres and monuments in Philadelphia, for example, the Liberty Bell, which is a symbol of freedom.
3) The Philadelphia Museum of Art is near Independence National Historical Park.
4) The sound of the Liberty Bell told the people about the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence.
5) Philadelphia is one of the cultural centers of the country because there are many museums there.
6) Pennsylvania University has an interesting and large library.
7) Philadelphia is the most important city of the USA
8) The first constitution was adopted in 1787 in this city.
9) Philadelphia is an important industrial and political centre of the country.
10) Washington is considered to be the center of the country because it is the capital of the United States of America.
Вариант 4
I.Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного
a) –s b) –s c)-s
a) –s b) –s c)-s
a) –s b) –s c)-s
a) –s b) –s c)-s
a) –s b) –s c)-s
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным .
Изучите тему: степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
III. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
a) the longest b) longer c) long
a) more expensive b) expensive c) the most expensive
a) the most b) much c) more
a) better b) best c) good
a) more … more b) longer … shorter c) earlier … sooner
Изучите тему: неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.
IV . Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
a) any b) some c) no any
a) any b) no c) some
a) some b) any c) no
a) no b) some c) any
a) any b) no c) not any
Изучите тему: времена группы Indefinite (Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite).
V. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите следующие предложения:
a) begins b) began c) will begin
a) don’t b) isn’t c) doesn’t
a) will be b) are c) was
a) were b) will be c) are
a) are b) was c) shall be
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
Washington
Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities of the United States. In Washington there is no industry. It is a political, administrative, cultural and educational centre of the country.
Washington is the seat of the US government; Washington's .government buildings include the White House and the Capitol. The White House is the official residence of the US President, where he lives and works. The Capitol is the building where the US Congress meets.
Not far from the Capitol there is the library of Congress, the largest library in the country. It contains more than 13 million books, more than 19 million manuscripts and the personal papers of the US Presidents.
There are some important museums in Washington, where you will see famous paintings and sculptures, the original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest blue diamond in the world, etc.
There are five Universities, several museums and galleries in the capital. You will not find a park or a square in the city without a monument or a memorial. The most impressive and the best known monuments are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.
There are no sky-scrapers in Washington. There is a law that forbids building houses higher than the Capitol. Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day.
VII. Выпишите соответствующие содержанию текста предложения и письменно переведите их.
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного
1. My brother has many friends.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
2. This is my sister’s book.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
3. We often buy tomatoes and potatoes in the supermarket.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
4. Ann lives in Moscow.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
5. I am always in time for the lessons.
a) –s b) –s c)-s
II Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным .
1. There are different types of rocket motors.
2. Where is the sports goods department? It’s on the fourth floor.
3. What is the room temperature?
4. This scientist got two State prizes.
5. There are some students on the sport ground.
Изучите тему: степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
III. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.She ___ than her sister.
a) tall b) taller c) more taller
2.You are even ___ than before.
a) more beautiful b) beautiful c) the most beautiful
3.I earn ___ than a postman.
a) little b) the least c) less
4. She is the ____ pupil in the school.
a) most intelligent b) more intelligent c) less intelligent
5. The ___ is the day, the ____ is the night.
a) taller … smaller b) shorter … longer c) more … worse
Изучите тему: неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.
IV. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He asked me ____ questions.
a) some b) any c) not any
2.I haven’t ___ money at all.
a) no b) some c) any
3.. Are the ____ pictures on the wall?
a) some b) any c) not any
4. There are ____ textbooks on the desk.
a) no b) no any c) any
5. You can buy stamps at ___ post office.
a) some b) no c) any
Изучите тему: времена группы Indefinite (Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite).
V. Выполните тест. Письменно переведите следующие предложения:
1. I ___ John and Mary last week.
a) see b) saw c) shall see
2.I ___ live far from the center of town.
a) aren’t b) don’t c) isn’t
3.My boss ____ away for the next three days.
a) are b) were c) will be
4. Do you think this style ____ me?
a) suits b) suit c) shall suit
5. Harry ___ ill last week but now he is better.
a) is b) was c) will be
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. (Stratford-on-avon –г. Стратфорд –на- Эйвоне, Avon – река Эйвон)
STRATFORD-ON-AVON
Stratford-on-Avon lies at the very heart of England. It attracts people not by its history and connection with William Shakespeare, but also by its wonderful nature and typical English character.
Stratford stands on the river-Avon and is one of the oldest market towns. It preserves its own atmosphere. There are beautiful woods, green fields, a quiet river and lovely houses in it. You will not see modern buildings there. The houses are small and a lot of them are very old. Some of them date back to Shakespeare’s time.
Here you will visit Shakespeare’s birthplace. It is a museum now. In one room there is a little wooden desk, which he sat at, when he went to school. There is a wonderful garden behind the house. Round the corner there is Grammar school that Shakespeare attended.
Thousands of people from all parts of England and foreign tourists come here on Shakespeare’s birthday (23-d April) every year.
Among other sights there is a monument with the statue of the great poet on the top and with characters from his plays round it.
And, of course, you will visit the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, a redbrick building on the banks of the Avon. It is a living memorial to the poet’s work. The Royal Shakespeare Company is one of the best known and largest theatre companies in the world, which regularly performs here and in London.
VII. Выпишите соответствующие содержанию текста предложения и письменно переведите их.
Контрольное задание 2
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 2 , необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:
1.Видо- временные формы глагола : а) активный залог – формы Simple ( Present , Past , Future ); формы Continuous ( Present , Past , Future ) ; особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.
2. Простые неличные формы глагола : Participle I ( Present Participle ) , Participle II ( Past Participle ) в функциях определения и обстоятельства , а также как часть видо- временной формы сказуемого.
3. Модальные глаголы : а) выражающие возможность : can ( could ), may и их эквиваленты - to be able to , to be allowed to ; б) выражающие долженствование : must, его эквиваленты- to have to , to be to , should , ought to.
Образец выполнения упражнений.
Задание 1.
He ... for his help Его поблагодарили за помощь
а)was thanked
Вариант 1
1. Изучите темы: активный залог- формы Simple , Continuous, Perfect ( Present, Past , Future ); пассивный залог- формы Simple (Present, Past, Future ).Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
5) At the moment there walked into the room ... himself with a stick a stout old gentleman.
a) supporting
b) supported
3. Изучите тему: модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
4. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
Great Britain
Great Britain ( official name – the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is situated on two large islands, the larger of which is Great Britain, the smaller is Ireland. In addition to these two islands Great Britain includes over five hundred small islands.
The total area of Great Britain is 240,000 sq. km ,its population is over 56 mln people.
In the north –west and west the country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea, in the east – by the North Sea, it is separated from France by the English Channel.
The island of Great Britain is divided into two parts: mountainous and lowland.
There are no very long rivers. The most important rivers are the Thames ( the deepest ) and the Severn (the longest).
Great Britain consists of four main parts: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Administratively Great Britain is divided into 55 counties. The biggest cities of the country are London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburgh and Cardiff.
Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the Queen ( or the King ). However, the power of the Queen in Great Britain is not absolute. She acts only on the advice of the ministers and Parliament. Parliament in Great Britain exists since 1265 and is the eldest in the world. It consists of two Houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
Great Britain is a highly-developed industrial country. The main branches of British industry are machine-building, ship-building, metallurgy, electronics, etc.
5.Выпишите и письменно переведите правильные высказывания.
1.Great Britain( official name – the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is situated on two large islands.
2. In addition to these two islands Great Britain includes over five hundred small islands.
3. The total area of Great Britain is 500,000 sq. km.
4.In the north-west and west the country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea, in the east – by the North Sea, it is separated from France by the English Channel.
5. There are no long rivers in Great Britain.
6. Great Britain consists of four main parts: England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland.
7. Administratively Great Britain is divided into 75 counties.
8. Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy.
9. The capital of Great Britain is Glasgow.
10. Great Britain is a highly – developed industrial country.
Вариант 2
1.Изучите темы: активный залог – формы Simple, Continuous, Perfect ( Present, Past, Future); пассивный залог- формы Simple ( Present, Past, Future.)
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
1. The devil is not so black as he ....
a) is painted
b) was painting
c) paints
2. The new building of our University ... to the visitors tomorrow.
a) was shown
b) will be shown
c) showed
3. I ... him for a long time
a) know
b) has know
c) have known
4. He ... a car when we saw him.
a) is driving
b) was driving
c) will be driving
5. The students ... their last exam before holidays began.
a) passed
b) pass
c) had passed
2. Изучите тему: простые неличные формы глагола- Participle I, Participle II.
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
1. The third and the largest painting was the last work ... by the artist.
a) doing
b) done
2. It seems to be a very ... story.
a) interesting
b) interested
3. The circus tent is always filled with ... children.
a) exciting
b) excited
4. It was a letter ... by someone in close touch with Celia.
a) written
b) writing
5. The servant took us into a large hall ... with flowers and carpets.
a) decorated
b) decorating
3.Изучите тему: модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
1. ... I come in?
a) Can
b) May
c) Might
2. We ... not get the medicine and returned home without it.
a) might
b) had to
c) could
3. The boy ... drive my car if he passes his exam.
a) may
b) will be allowed to
c) can
4. My lips were stiff. I ... hardly speak.
a) could
b) might
c) had to
5. Every member of a trade union ... pay a small sum of money.
a) must
b) could
c) might
4.Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
The United States of America
After its 200th birthday the United States of America still holds the leading position in the western world. What makes the USA the leader is its economic, political and military dominance over other countries.
The United States are situated in the central part of the North American Continent between the two oceans: the Atlantic Ocean to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the West. They border with Canada and Mexico.
The country consists of three separate parts. They are the Hawaiian Islands, Alaska and the rest major part of the USA.
There are many big cities and towns in the USA: New York, San Francisco, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles are the biggest of them.
The United States of America is a parliamentary republic. The government is divided into three branches: legislative ( the US Congress), executive ( the President and his Administration) and the judicial ( the US Supreme Court).
There are two main political parties in the USA: the Democratic ( symbolized by a “donky”) and the Republican ( its symbol is an “elephant”).
The US President is both head of state and government. He is elected for a four – year term. Presidential elections are held every leap year on the first Tuesday after first Monday in November.
Each of the fifty states of the USA has a constitution patterned after the federal Constitution.
The Presidency means not only a man: means an institution – the “executive” branch of the government.
5.Выпишите и письменно переведите правильные высказывания.
1. The United States of America still holds the leading position in the world.
2. The United States of America are situated in the central part of the North American Continent between the two oceans: the Atlantic Ocean to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the West.
3. The United States of America border with France and Portugal.
4. The country consists of three separate parts : the Hawaiian Islands, Alaska and the rest major part of the USA.
5. The biggest cities of the USA are : Mexico, Lima,Dublin.
6. The United States of America is a parliamentary republic.
7. There are two main political parties in the USA : the Democratic and the Republican.
8. The US President is both head of the state and government.
9. The President is elected for a seven- year term.
10. Each of the fifty states of the USA has a constitution patterned after the federal Constitution.
Вариант 3
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
1. At the Customs House I ... to open my suit-case.
a) asked
b) was asked
c) am asking
2. The monitor of the group ... next week.
a) will be elected
b) was elected
c) has been elected
3. They ... since last year.
a) have been divorced
b) were divorced
c) will be divorced
4. I ... slowly down the street when somebody called me.
a)was walking
b) am walking
c) will be walking
5. After she ... she felt better.
a) had cried
b) cries
c) has cried
Выполните тест .Письменно переведите предложения.
1. I felt suddenly small ...beside those immense walls of stone.
a) standing
b)stood
2. Generally ...,the problem is not so easy as it seems to be.
a) spoken
b) speaking
3. He stood for a while ... my hands.
a) holding
b) held
4. Frankly ... I can’t approve of his behaviour.
a) speaking
b) spoken
5. He will certainly come if ...
a) asked
b)asking
3. Изучите тему : модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
1....I call you Bob?
a) May
b) Can
c) Could
2. Why are you late? You ... to have come at 10 a. m.
a) were
b) can
c) may
3. Don’t make so much noise. We ... wake the baby.
a) mustn’t
b) can’t
c) are to
4. Their son ... stay up late last night to watch the World Cup on TV.
a) could
b) was allowed to
c) had to
5. –I’ve got a terrible headache.
- You ... take an aspirin.
a) should
b) must
c) can
4. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
Canada
Canada is the second largest country in the world. It covers the northern part of the North America. Its total area is more than 9 mln sq km. Canada’s only neighbour is the USA. The capital of Canada is Ottawa.
Most of northern Canada has subarctic or arctic climates, with long cold winters lasting 8 to 11 months, short sunny summers, and litle precipitation. In contrast, the populated south has a variety of climotological landscapes.
The total population is about 25 mln people with average population density of 2.8 per sq. km.
English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal status and equal rights and previleges as to their use in all governmental institutions.
Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 2 northern territories. The federal Parliament is made up of the House of Commons and the Senate. The leader of the party that wins the largest number of seats in a newly elected House of Commons is asked to form the government.
Canada is a world leader in the production of asbestos, nickel and different other elements, forestry products and takes the first place in the world in the export of minfrals. It exports paper, metals, oil.Agriculture is of major importance to the economy as a whole and is basic in many areas. Canada is among the world’s leading wheat producers and is the second in the export of the wheat.
5. Выпишите и письменно переведите правильные высказывания.
1.Canada is the first largest country in the world.
2. Canada covers the northern part of North America and its total area is more than 9 mln sq. km.
3.The capital of Canada is Ottawa.
4.Canada has short warm winters and long summers.
5. English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal status and equal rights and previleges as to their use in all governmental institutions.
6.Canada is a parliamentary monarchy.
7. The federal Parliament is made up of the House of Commons and the Senate.
8. The leader of the party that wins the largest number of seats in a newly elected House of Commons is asked to form the government.
9. Canada is a world leader in the production of asbestos , nickel , forestry products and takes the first place in the world in the export of minerals.
10. Canada is among the world’s leading wheat producers and the second in the export of the wheat.
Вариант 4
1. Изучите темы: активный залог- формы Simple , Continuous, Perfect ( Present, Past, Future); пассивный залог- формы Simple ( Present, Past, Future).
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
1. The novel “War and Peace “ ... by Tolstoy.
a) writing
b) was written
c) is writing
2. The agreement ... at the next meeting.
a) will be discussed
b) are discussed
c) was discussed
3. He ... away for a month.
a) has been
b) was
c) is
4. The family ... a party when the post arrived.
a) was having
b) is having
c) had
5. He rose to fame after he ... the novel “Pickwick Papers”.
a) has written
b) writes
c) had written
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
1. The doctor looked ...
a) worried
b) worring
2. He did not even glance at the ... man.
a) murded
b) murdering
3. He answered through the ... door.
a) locked
b) locking
4. We stood on the bridge in the fog ... for a taxi.
a) waiting
b) waited
5. He lay on his bed ... a cigarette.
a) smoked
b) smoking
3. Изучите тему: модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
Выполните тест .Письменно переведите предложения.
1. I have a thorn in my finger. I ... remove it.
a) can’t
b) needn’t
c) may
2. They were so tired that they ... stand on their feet.
a) might not
b) couldn’t
c) mustn’t
3. I have not finished writing my paper, so I’ll ... do it next term.
a) have to
b) be allowed to
c) could
4. On his way he ... cross a narrow wooden bridge over a stream.
a) was allowed to
b) had to
c) could
5. They were told that they ... continue the research work.
a) were to
b) could
c) may
4.Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
Australia
Australia is lying south- east of Asia, between the Pacific and Indian oceans. It’s the world’s smallest continent which is completely surrounded by ocean expances. Its total area is 7,682,300 sq. km.
The continent Australia is divided into four regions: a low , sandy eastern coastal plain , the eastern highland, the central plain , and the western plateau. Although Australia has a wide diversity of climatic conditions , the climate of Australia is generally warm and dry , with no extreme cold and little frost. It changes from comfortably mild in the sourth to hot in the central part and north.
The total population is about 17 mln people with the average density of about 2 persons per sq. km. Most Australians are of British or Irish ancestry as the country was the British colony. More than 99% of the population speak English.
The capital of Australia is Canberra. Australia has a federal Parliamentary government. The Australian federation was formed from six former British colonies which then became states. The Australian constitution combines the traditions of British parliamentary monarchy with important elements of the US federal system.
Australia is the world’s largest wool producer and one of the world’s largest wheat exporters. The main sources of foreighn earnings are wool, food and minerals ( such as iron , copper , zinc , plumbum ) which also provide raw materials for home processing industry.
5. Выпишите и письменно переведите правильные высказывания.
1. Australia is lying between the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
2. Australia is the world’s smallest continent which is completely surrounded by ocean expances.
3.The continent is divided into four regions : a low, sandy eastern coastal plain , the eastern highland , the central plain and the western plateau.
4.Australia has a wide diversity of climatic conditions , the climate of Australia is generally warm and dry , with no extreme cold and little frost.
5.The total population is about 20 mln people
6. Most Australians are of British or Irish ancestry as the country was the British colony.
7.The capital of Australia is Canberra.
8. The Australian federation was formed from French colonies.
9. The Australian constitution combines the traditions of British parliamentary monarchy with important elements of the US federal system.
10. Australia is the world’s largest wool producer and one of the world’s largest wheat exporters.
Вариант 5
1. Изучите темы : активный залог- формы
Simple , Continuous , Perfect ( Present , Past , Future ); пассивный залог- формы Simple ( Present , Past , Future ).
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
1. The music ... by Beethoven.
a) was composed
b) composed
c) composes
2. Many tasty things ... by mother for our party.
a) made
b) will be made
c) makes
3. ... you ever ... to London?
a) Have been
b) Had been
c) Will be
4. The student ... in the library from 3 till 5 yesterday.
a) was working
b) is working
c) woked
5. After she ... the problem thoroughly she wrote a very good article.
a) has studied
b) studied
c) had studied
2.Изучите тему: простые неличные формы глагола – Participle I, Participle II.
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
1. It was an old woman ... glasses.
a) worn
b) wearing
2. He shook his head as though ... in wonder and admiration.
a) lost
b) loosing
3. If ... tonight the telegram will be delivered early in the morning.
a) sending
b) sent
4. ... an orphan at six , he was brought up by a distant relative.
a) Being
b) Been
5. ... by appearances he looked like a man whose life was hard and full of sorrows.
a) Judging
b) Judged
3. Изучите тему: модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
Выполните тест. Письменно переведите предложения.
1. The rain had stopped, so we ... take umbrellas.
a) didn’t have to
b) could
c) might
2.”Well, you ... write this exercise at home “, said the teacher.
a) can
b) are to
c) had to
3. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I ... work late .
a) must
b) had tо
c) might
4. They ... take every Friday off last year.
a) were allowed to
b) could
c) will be able to
5.... I have your pen for a moment?
a) Might
b) Must
c) May
4.Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
New Zealand
New Zealand is situated in the southwest Pacific Ocean on two large islands: the North Island and the South Island. Its total area is 268,112 sq. km.
The South Island is significantly more mountainous than the North Island. New Zealand has a temperate, moist ocean climate without marked seasonal variations in temperature or rainfall.
The total population is more than 3.3 mln people with the average population density of about 12 persons per sq. km. About 85% of the population are classified as Europeans. Most of them are of British descend. New Zealand is the member of British Commonwealth. English is the universal language.
The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. Like the United Kingdom New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the British Queen (or the King) whose representative, the governor – general, is appointed for a five – year term. The government of New Zealand is democratic and modeled on that of the United Kingdom.
5.Выпишите и письменно переведите правильные высказывания.
1.New Zealand is situated in the southwest Pacific Ocean on two large islands: the North Island and the South Island.
2.Its total area is 889,121 sq. km.
3.The South Island is significantly more mountainous than the North Island.
4. New Zealand has a temperate , moist ocean climate without marked seasonal variations in temperature or rainfall.
5. The total population is more than 5.3 mln people.
6. Most of the population are classified as Europeans.
7.New Zealand is the member of British Commonwealth.
8. German is the universal language.
9. The capital of New Zealand is Wellington.
10. Officially the head of the state is the British Queen (or the King) whose representative ,the governor-general, is appointed for a five-year term.
Тексты для чтения
London is undoubtedly one of the greatest cities in the world. It’s got everything a visitor could possibly want: rich history, beautiful architecture, charming parks, incredible museums and amazing restaurants. Although there are other great cities that can boast similar attractions, London is truly unique in its multiculturalism. The main reason why London has become a 'melting pot' of nations is the long history of immigration to Britain. More recently, the British Empire and the Second World War have had a serious impact on the number of immigrants in Britain. About 8,000 Caribbeans (e.g. Jamaicans) served as soldiers in Britain during the Second World War. After the war, many decided to stay. As they were citizens of the British Empire, they had the right to work and live in Britain. In the 1950s and 1960s, when Britain had finally recovered from the hardships of war and needed more workers, many Indians and Pakistanis came to live and work in Britain. A few years later, the first Indian restaurants were opened. Forty years on, it's hard to imagine British cuisine without Chicken Tikka Masala, the most famous Indian curry specially designed for British taste.
There are lots of other reasons why people come to live in Britain, such as seeking protection from war, poverty or political persecution back home. So many people have chosen London to be their 'home from home' that today, an incredible 300 languages can be heard in its streets.
There are areas in London that are mainly populated by people of a particular ethnic origin. For example, Brixton in South London is famous for its well-established West-Indian community, whereas Wood Green in North London is a large Turkish settlement. But almost every part of London is populated with a wide mixture of people from lots of different countries and cultures. And, of course there are also large numbers of Irish, Scottish and Welsh people living in London. However, unlike New York, where each community is tightly knit and doesn't mix with other communities, London is truly multicultural. Here's one example. If you're a Turk, you can wander round the Greek areas and markets without any worries. If you're an Anglo-Saxon (the original peoples of England) you can drop into a Jamaican bar without offending anyone. British people can be rightly proud of their multicultural achievements. In addition, coming to live in London from other countries doesn't mean that newcomers have to forget their own culture (as they are encouraged to do in the USA and France). Everywhere you go, you'll see how other cultures have been embraced by mighty London. Ethnic festivals, markets, centres and events are as much part of London as Big Ben and the Tower of London.
Of course, there are some problems. For example, although there are laws against racial discrimination, people from ethnic minorities are more likely to do unskilled jobs or be unemployed than the majority of the population. However, there are also many examples of people from ethnic minorities occupying the best and most prestigious jobs. Lots of Asians are doctors and lawyers. The Chinese communities are economically very active.
Answer the questions:
Choose the right answer to the question:
Why did London become a cosmopolitan city?
c) the friendly way of life
Text 2
MADAME TUSSAUD’S
Madame Tussaud's is the most popular and talked about wax museum in the world. There are wax models of the famous and infamous, both living and dead, from every walk of life. David Beckham, Madonna, Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Charlie Chaplin, Jack the Ripper... There is no other place where you can see all the celebrities at once, even if they are only wax figures. The wax figures are standing and sitting, and sometimes even moving and talking. Computer-controlled figures (they are called audio-animatronics) are especially popular with the visitors. There are several halls at Madame Tussauds. Highlights include the Grand Hall, the Chamber of Horrors and 'The Spirit of London' exhibition.
In the Grand Hall you will find all kinds of celebrities, from presidents to pop stars. The politicians stand in solemn silence watching each other. A very strange company indeed: Winston Churchill, Adolph Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Tony Blair, Vladimir Putin...The earliest figure from history here is William the Conqueror. There is a special place for the Royal Family here too. New models are being produced all the time while the old ones are quietly removed from display. Over the years hundreds of celebrities have made their way to Madame Tussaud's studio. Most people agree to be portrayed, but some refuse. Mother Teresa was one of the few who refused, saying her work was important, not her person.
The Chamber of Horrors is probably the eeriest place in the whole museum. No wonder visitors are quieter there than in other places. Count Dracula greets you at the entrance to the dark cellar full of villains and their victims, as well as the instruments of torture. An eerie reconstruction of one of the streets of London stalked by Jack the Ripper forms the centrepiece of the exhibition. One of his six victims — Catherine Eddowes — lies in a pool of blood. Here you can also see Madame Tussaud's original exhibition of relics from the French Revolution — the death masks of French nobility and the guillotine blade that was used to behead Marie Antoinette...
'The Spirit of London' exhibition covers a period of more than 400 years and spans London's history from Elizabethan times to the present day. Sights, sounds and even smells combine to tell you the colourful story of Britain's capital city. Visitors climb into a 'Time Taxi' and begin their historical journey...First you visit an Elizabethan theatre, then an old tavern where the great Shakespeare is working at Hamlet...You'll go through the Plague and the Great Fire, you'll see St Paul's Cathedral being built...
There are more than 70 figures in 'The Spirit of London' exhibition. Many of them are animated: they 'breathe', talk and move.
Answer the questions:
Choose the right answer to the question:
What was the first original exhibition in Madame Tussaud’s?
a) The Chamber of Horrors
b) the Grand Hall
c) 'The Spirit of London' exhibition
Text 3
HOW THE BRITISH RELAX
As British people say, ‘all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy’. Like everybody else, British people like doing things outside work. Gardening is a well-known favourite. As the weather in Britain is relatively mild, British people manage to do gardening almost all the year round. Sometimes this can be just doing a bit of weeding and sometimes, serious vegetable and fruit growing. In fact, regardless of the size of the garden, the British can always find plenty to do in it. Mowing grass is also very important. Every Sunday morning (except for winter) they come out to mow their lawns. To outsiders, it almost seems like an obsession but to a British person it is an important social duty. The British see an unmown lawn, not only as a sign of laziness, but also as disrespect to others (and you can get fined for it as well).
Walking is also very popular. Ask any British person if they have a pair of walking boots and the answer will probably be yes. Except for dry summer days, the beautiful British countryside is pretty muddy, so you need a good pair of walking boots or 'wellies' to enjoy your walk. Walking as a leisure activity has a long tradition in England. You can buy a variety of maps and guides to walking routes. Organised walking is also popular and is a good way to discover local sights of interest with a group of like-minded people and a good guide.
Cycling is another popular activity. Unfortunately, many British roads are very busy and don't have cycling paths, so cycling can be a bit dangerous in Britain, many people find quiet country roads and spend their whole holidays exploring their homeland on their bikes. More extreme sports like rock climbing also attract people. And, of course, the famous British eccentricity is the cause of unusual sports like extreme ironing. Extreme ironing is a serious sport where teams of people compete at who can do their ironing in more extreme conditions. Extreme ironing is now an international sport with serious competitions and organised events.
Of course, not all British people keep fit by engaging in extreme sports. Many go to the gym, swimming pool or fitness classes. However, it has to be said that the British are not the most sporting nation in the world. You see, watching TV often gets in the way. Increasingly, British people spend their free time watching TV. The only comforting thing is that they are not on their own - most of the world seems to be doing the same!
As far as actually going away on holiday, many British people choose to spend their holidays abroad, preferably somewhere warm and dry. Spain, France and Greece are regular destinations, due to convenient location and kind climate, but by far the greatest numbers use the USA, especially Florida and California for their holidays. City breaks are also a good idea for changing the scenery and enjoying new places without too much trouble.
Answer the questions:
Choose the right answer to the question:
Why can cycling be dangerous in the UK?
a) the cyclists often break traffic rules
b) there are no cycling paths
c) traffic is very heavy in most places and there few cycling paths.
Text 4
CLASS SYSTEM
Some things about Britain make sense only to the British. Of these, probably the strangest is social class. There are three main class divisions in Britain with some 'in between' variations (such as 'upper middle'): upper, middle and lower or working class. And people in Britain are very conscious of class differences.
The different classes in Britain tend to eat different food at different time of the day (and call the meals by different names), they like to talk about different topics, they enjoy different pastimes and sports and have different ideas about the correct way to behave.
The easiest way to guess the class to which the person belongs to is to listen to the way he or she speaks. A person's accent in Britain is an identity card. Other people will be able to say what social background you come from, where you were born or educated, and what kind of job you do.
Changing an accent is difficult, even for actors. To achieve the desired accent, a British person must speak it from childhood. This is one of the reasons why people still send their children to expensive private schools. It is not only that the education there is better, but because, as adults, they will have the right accent and manners, and equally importantly, they will make good social contacts that they can use later in life.
A person's vocabulary is also very important. Here is a good class-test you can try: when talking to an English person, say something too quietly for them to hear you properly. A lower-middle or middle-class person will say 'Pardon?'; an upper-middle class will say 'Sorry? (or perhaps 'Sorry — what?'); but an upper-class and a working-class person will both say 'What?' The working person, however, will drop the 't' — 'Wha'?'
'Toilet' is another word that makes the higher classes exchange knowing looks. The correct upper class word is 'lavatory' or 'loo'. The working classes all say 'toilet', as do most lower-middles and middle-middle classes, the only difference being the working-class dropping of the final 't' again.
An interesting thing about the class system in Britain is that very often it has nothing to do with money. A person with an upper-class accent, using upper-class words, will be recognized as upper class even if he or she is unemployed or homeless. And a person with working-class pronunciation, who calls a sofa a settee, and his midday meal 'dinner', will be identified as working class even if he is a multi-millionaire living in a grand country house.
Answer the questions:
Choose the right answer to the question:
Is it difficult to achieve the desired accent?
a) no, if you speak it from childhood
b) yes, for everyone
c) what other features can be used to distinguish class background?
Text 5
BIG RED LONDON BUSES
On October 25th 1911, the London General Omnibus Company ran their last horse-drawn omnibus through the streets of the capital. Then followed the era of the tramcar, but since then the big red motor bus has been London's 'king of the road'. Every day, thousands of Londoners use the big red buses to move around town; and lots of tourists know that a one-day London bus pass, valid on all regular bus routes, offers a wonderful way to see the sights of Britain's capital city.
The idea of the 'double decker' is actually much older than the motor bus; it is simply a continuation of the system that was used for public transport in the age of horse-drawn vehicles, when some of the passengers sat inside, and the rest travelled on the roof. If it rained, passengers could take a sort of oil-cloth cover out of the back of the seat in front of them, and pull it over them, but they still got pretty wet. It wasn't until the 1930s that all new buses became equipped with roofs over the upper deck. Today the only open-topped buses are the special tourist buses. The most famous London buses, however, are not those that filled the capital's streets in the 1930s, but the powerful 'Routemasters' which date from the 1950s and 60s. These are the buses that have been taken all over the world, the buses that you can see in the tourist brochures, and the ones which have been sold, in miniature, to millions of visitors and souvenir hunters.
The Routemaster is a legend in itself! With its open platform at the back end, the Routemaster is still the most popular bus in London, because passengers can climb on and off when they want, even if the bus is moving (though this is not recommended!).
These buses were designed specially for London, by people who knew what London needed, and they have served their purpose well.
Things started to go wrong for the London bus in the late 1960s. That was when the Ministry of Transport decided that it would only give financial assistance to bus companies that bought new buses with doors! They had to choose other models instead. Today, European Union rules also stipulate that new buses for public transport must have doors. Determined to keep the buses that Londoners (and tourists) want, London Transport has decided to keep the old Routemasters going as long as possible. The RM was taken out of use in June 2007 due to a law requiring busses to have access for disabled people. However London Transport has kept two RM routes running as tourists’ attractions. They are routes No 9 and 15. Both run from Trafalgar Square and run past many of London tourist sites. Five hundred of the popular old buses have been renovated, and are now back on the road as good as new, if not better! The London Transport museum at Covent Garden has exhibits of all London buses from 1850 to the present day including the RM.
The black London taxi cab is another traditional symbol of London. It looks old-fashioned and clumsy, but in fact it's comfortable and speedy. Besides, London taxi drivers know the city very well. They spend up to two years studying and memorizing 25,000 streets, as well as the locations of hospitals, hotels, theatres, clubs, museums, etc. Then they have to pass a very difficult test called 'The Knowledge'. So when you climb into the famous black cab you can be absolutely sure that it'll get you wherever you want and by the quickest possible route.
Answer the questions:
Choose the right answer to the question:
Is the RM an open-topped bus?
a) yes b) no c) no, but it was before 1960s.
Text 6
FAMILY LIFE
In 1870, the average family had five or six children and it was a typical Victorian family. Each member of the family had its own place and children were taught to 'know their place.' The father was often strict and was obeyed by all without question. The children were taught to respect their father and always spoke politely to him calling him 'Sir.' Very few children would dare to be cheeky to their father or answer him back. When he wanted a little peace and quiet he would retire to his study and the rest of the family were not allowed to enter without his special permission. The mother would often spend her time planning dinner parties, visiting her dressmaker or calling on friends, she did not do jobs like washing clothes or cooking and cleaning. Both parents saw the upbringing of their children as an important responsibility. If a child did something wrong he would be punished for his own good. 'Spare the rod and spoil the child' was a saying Victorians firmly believed in. For poorer families their greatest fear was ending up in the workhouse, where thousands of homeless and penniless families were forced to live. If your family was taken into the workhouse you would be split up, dressed in uniform and have your hair cut short.
The family in Britain is changing. People get married at a later age and many career-oriented women don't want to have children immediately. They prefer to do well at their jobs first and put off having a baby until late thirties. In 1969, the law made it easier to get a divorce and now Britain is often called 'the divorce capital of Europe'. That means that there are more and more one-parent families.
However, marriage and the family are still popular. Most people in Britain still get married and stay together until the end of their lives. The majority of divorced people marry again, and they sometimes take responsibility for a second family. Relationships within the family are also changing. Parents treat their children more as equals than they used to. Children have more freedom and the things they are interested in reflect this: music, computers, television, the Internet, fashion, shopping and money.
As for young British people, they are keen to become independent and can't wait to move out of their parents' homes, although for some of them this may be financially impossible. Members of a family try to keep in touch, but they see less of each other than they used to. This is because people often move away from their home town to a different part of the country to find a job, which makes it more difficult for them to be in regular contact with their parents. That's why Christmas is so important in Britain. It's the traditional season for reunions and relatives often travel many miles in order to spend the holiday together.
Answer the questions:
Choose the right answer to the question:
Why do young British people leave their parent’s homes?
Text 7
OXBRIDGE
Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Britain. Known together as 'Oxbridge' (the word was invented by Lewis Carroll, the author of 'Alice in Wonderland' and a lecturer in mathematics at Oxford), they have been chosen as national icons. Of the two universities Oxford is the oldest. Nobody knows for sure when it was founded but teaching was already going on there by the early 12th century. Life was hard at Oxford at that time because there was constant trouble, even fighting, between the townspeople and the students. Then one day a student accidentally killed a man of the town. The Mayor arrested three other students who were innocent, and by order of King John they were hanged. In protest, many students and teachers left Oxford and settled in another little town, and so the University of Cambridge was born.
Since then there has been constant friendly (and sometimes not-so-friendly) rivalry between Oxford and Cambridge. In the early centuries, Oxford and Cambridge were the only universities in the country - if you wanted a university education, that's where you went. But in those days student life was very different from what it is now. Students were not allowed to play games, to sing or to dance and all the lessons were in Latin. Until the late 19th century, only men were allowed to be students at the two universities.
Both Oxford and Cambridge students refer to each other as 'the other place'. Oxonians sometimes call Cambridge 'a pale imitation of the real thing'. (Cambridge's colours are light blue). Cantabrigians (people of Cambridge) refer to Oxford as 'the dark side' (Oxford's colours are dark blue).
Oxbridge is made up of independent colleges. The 'University' is just an administrative body that organises lectures, arranges exams, gives degrees, etc. Today, there are 70 colleges at Oxbridge, and each college has its name, its coat of arms and its own buildings, including a chapel, a library, a dining hall and rooms for students to live in. Each college has its own character and its own traditions. Students go to lectures that are arranged by the University and are open to all students. The normal length of the degree course is three years, after which the students take the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Some courses, such as medicine or languages, may be one or two years longer. The students may work for other degrees as well.
Oxbridge has 35,000 students from the UK and all over the world. Oxbridge graduates often become powerful and successful members in British society, and many leading people in professions such as the law and politics have traditionally been 'Oxbridge-educated'.
Sport is a very important part of Oxbridge life. Colleges within each university often compete with each other in various tournaments. The most famous competition between the two universities is the Boat Race, a rowing race which takes place every year on the River Thames. It's a popular national event and is shown on television.
Answer the questions:
Choose the right answer to the question:
What is the name of the most famous competition between the two universities?
a) chess tournament
b) basketball
c) a rowing race
Text 8
Rolls Royce
After Henry Royce's father died in 1872, the boy worked as a newspaper seller and telegram delivery boy. In 1884, Frederick Henry Royce started an electrical and mechanical business. He made his first car, a "Royce", in his Manchester factory in 1904. He was introduced to Charles Stewart Rolls at the Midland Hotel in Manchester on May 4 of that year, and the pair agreed to a deal where Royce would manufacture cars, to be sold exclusively by Rolls. A clause was added to the contract stipulating the cars would be called "Rolls-Royce". So, the most luxurious classic car in the world was born more than 100 years ago. It was the brainchild of engineer Henry Royce and car trader Charles Rolls. When they founded the Rolls Royce Company, their aim was nothing less than to make 'the best car in the world. Two years later, 'the best car' was produced. It was the famous 40/50, which was nicknamed the 'Silver Ghost' because of its quietness and smoothness. A journalist of the time wrote that the car had 'the feeling of being wafted through the countryside.' Since then the company's engineers use the term 'waftability.' Some models of the original Silver Ghost cars is still running, however, and even today, their engines barely make a sound.
Almost 8,000 Silver Ghosts were made before production finally stopped in 1925. The Silver Spirit, introduced by Rolls-Royce in 1980, was the first of a new generation of models for the company.
In 1933, the colour of the Rolls-Royce radiator monogram was changed from red to black because the red sometimes clashed with the coachwork colour selected by clients, and not as a mark of respect for the passing of Royce as is commonly stated. During World War II the Rolls Royce Company produced engines for fighter planes, in particular, the famous “Merlin” engine used to power the “Spitfire” aircraft.
John Lennon's Rolls Royce (he had a Phantom V) was black, but John soon became bored with this. He had the car repainted in a psychedelic style. After Lennon's death, the car was sold for $2,299,000.
New generations of Rollers became more and more luxurious and had all sorts of luxury things - from cocktail cabinets to picnic tables. Individual buyers could have the car's equipment changed according to their needs. Of course, only a few people can afford such large, expensive cars -members of the Royal Family and other heads of state, millionaires and very rich celebrities. In 1998, the Rolls Royce Company was bought by the German company Volkswagen. These days, Rolls-Royce models look more like ordinary cars - instead of five-star hotel rooms on wheels. The small metal statue on the radiator cap at the front of every Rolls Royce is a work of art in its own right. It's called the 'Spirit of Ecstasy'. The name Rolls Royce is often used to describe something very good and expensive: for example, the Rolls Royce of electric guitars costs $ 5,000.
Answer the questions:
Choose the right answer to the question:
Why did the first luxurious classic car have the name the 'Silver Ghost'?
a) it was very beautiful
b) it ran very quietly and smoothly
c) the production of the car was limited
Text 9
THE OLDER, THE BETTER
The typical British person thinks that the older an object is, the better. He or she loves everything that reminds him of Ye Olde England - houses, furniture, pictures, china, etc. Old things have their own charm, uniqueness, their own character. They are also worth more money! No wonder that often an old "character" house costs much more than a new house of the same size. Seems strange to a Russian, doesn't it?
In Britain, where everything that is 30 or more years old is considered "antique", antique shops and markets are very popular. The cheapest places to buy antiques are charity shops. They can be found everywhere. Charity shops are usually run by volunteers in support of different charities, like the British Red Cross or British Heart Foundation. People give their old unwanted possessions to charity shops for free: books, clothes, pictures, handbags, toys, small pieces of furniture. Other people can buy them at a very low price from the charity shop. Often in these shops you can buy something interesting, for example, a funny brass container with a long handle. In the past, when most bedrooms in Britain had no heating, people used to put hot coal in such containers to warm the linen before going to bed
Many antique shops are located in tourist villages or towns. They can be a tiny jewellery or miniature toy shop, owned by some old lady or gentleman. Or it can be a huge enterprise, a real "Snooper's paradise" (the name of a famous antique shop in Brighton). Such places are like a museum, where you can feel the real atmosphere of the past and spend a lot of time looking at all kind of curiosities: old-fashioned costumes and hats, brooches, vases, glasses, silver spoons and forks, mirrors in pretentious frames. Prices in such antique shops vary from comparatively low to rather high.
Outdoor antique markets are also very common in Britain. The simplest of them are the so-called "boot fairs", or actually, flee markets, that are regularly organized by local people in farmers' fields.
At boot fairs and small street antique markets people sometimes sell and buy very strange things like single old buttons and earrings, pieces of old lace, old lamps and sewing machines, etc. It seems that both parties, sellers and customers, enjoy the process much more than a financial result.
But at big street markets like on Portobello Road in London one can buy something really original and quite valuable.
British people like visiting antique fairs. Hunting for old and valuable curiosities is a kind of national sport. Auctions, offering all sorts of inexpensive, expensive and very expensive antiques are also very popular.
For a foreigner, the most surprising are special outdoor sessions, organized by experts in antiques in different, sometimes very distant parts of Britain. These sessions, regularly shown on TV, are very popular. Indeed, it is a great fun to see happy faces of people, who suddenly realized the real and sometimes unexpectedly high market price of some old piece of china that had been stored in a dark corner for years!
Answer the questions:
Choose the right answer to the question:
Where can you find outdoor antique markets?
a) in charity shops
b) on Portobello Road in London c) on farmers' fields.
Текст 10
BRITAIN AND EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (EC)
Britain joined the European Community in 1973 under a Conservative government. Britain was the sixth country to join (a number of other countries have done so since) and membership was to be 'of unlimited duration'. This was in accord with the terms of the original Treaty of Rome, which started the Community in 1958. In 1975 Parliament's decision that Britain should become a member was confirmed by a referendum of the whole electorate (the first in British history): over eight million wanted to get out, but over seventeen million wanted to stay in. Therefore Britain continued to be a member, although not all the members of the Labour government which called the referendum were sure that this was the right decision.
Britain's membership has not always been easy. There have been arguments over financial and agricultural policies, and for many people the way the European Union operates remains a mystery. On the other hand, Britain's poorer regions have benefited, receiving 24 per cent of the Union's regional and social funds in 1985, for example. Overall, however, Britain is a major net contributor to the Union's funds. Nearly half of Britain's trade is with the rest of the European Union.
As a member of the European Community, Britain is part of the world’s largest trading area. The Community abolished internal tariffs and certain other trade barriers, established a common customs tariff and a common policy for agriculture and made provision for the free movement of labor, capital and services. Other countries which have special links with the Community, especially the 60 developing countries have special privileges for the development of trade. Since it joined the European Union, Britain accepted the Community legislation. The Council of Ministers, the Commission and the European Parliament are the EC’s three legislative organs.
Through the development of political cooperation machinery, to which Britain attaches considerable importance, European Community members seek to co-ordinate their foreign policies and adopted common positions on a number of issues.
Membership in EC has its critics in Britain but the Government wants to play a full role in the European Community's development.
Now Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch as head of State. Its formal title is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. "Great Britain" (England, Wales, and Scotland) came into existence when the English and Scottish crowns were united at the beginning of the seventeenth century and their parliaments a century later. Wales had come under the English crown in medieval times. So did Ireland, but the British and Irish parliaments were not united until1801. In1922 the southern part of Ireland, Roman Catholic, became a separate state. Northern Ireland, with its Protestant majority, chose to continue as part of the United Kingdom and had its own parliament between 1921 and 1972.
Answer the questions:
1. What are the three main organs of European Community?
2. When did Great Britain join the European Community?
Choose the right answer to the question:
What is it Britain now?
Для заметок
Для заметок
Для заметок
Мерзликина Наталья Ивановна
Шлёнская Наталья Марковна
Новикова Эмма Борисовна
Английский язык.
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