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13. Lexical meaning and its types. The componentional analysis of lexical meaning.
LM – realization of a concept by means of a definite language system (Arnold)
LM – a concept bound dy the sign (Nikitin)
LM – relation b/w the object or notion named and the name itself (Saussure)
LM – the situation in which the word is uttered (Bloomfield)
2 main types of lexical meaning:
Minority of words have pragmatic meaning.
Old-fashioned – long used (CM) – disapproval (PM)
Time-tested – long used (CM) – approval (CM)
Primary and secondary meanings
Exest in one word.
Primary – is socially accepted basis directed onto object, phenomena, actions or qualities. (Head – part of a body)
Secondary – is the result of semantic derivation correlative to primary meaning (Head of corpotation)
Lexical and grammatical meanings
Lexical Grammatical
Both are results of categorizations
1.Concrete 1.Abstract
2.Expresses the concept 2.expresses grammar category
3.Differentiate words 3.Differentiates word forms
Semantic structure of the word is a complicated structure which includes several components. The 2 main are cognitive (the main and obligatory, directed to the reality) and pragmatic (secondary, optional directed to feelings and aims of the speaker).
Cognitive meaning
The minimum component of a meaning is called seme. The analysis of semes is called componential analysis. On the level of CA linguists establishes semantic relations b/w words. If words have common semes they belong to the same semantic group.
Man: human being+adult+male
Girl: human being+kid+female
Human being is common seme
Semantic characteristics
Hyperseme illustrates the generic (родовую) part of meaning
Hyposeme illustrates specific (видовую) part of meaning
Hypersemes unite notions and meaning into groups (seasons, animals) while Hyposemes differentiate the elements of one group. This relations illustrate different levels of abstract thinking. Both semes belong to intentional component of the meaning. IC – is the obligatory component of each meaning. It includes the characteristics which are necessary to recognize this or that object or reality. Implicational is the secondary component of the cognitive meaning, but it’s obligatory, the sphere is much broader then the sphere of intentional. Implicational characteristics: strong (these are the implications which are the most probable in the characterization of the object or phenomena) negative (are impossible characteristics ), weak (neither strong nor negative).
e.g. PLANE – transport (hyperseme), flying with winds (hyposeme).
Strong implications: the fastest, the most expensive transport. Negative: without wings, weak: with passengers.
Pragmatic meaning
Types of pragmatic meaning is called types of connotation:
1.emotional connotation – is the result of its frequent use in emotional situations or because the reference is associated with emotions. E.g. It’s bad. Horror.
2.evaluative – expresses approval/disapproval of a speaker. E.g. old-fashioned – time-tasted.
3.intensifying (expressive) – expresses the degree of characterization given to the object. E.g. good-superb-splendid-marvelous.
4.stylistic – expresses the situation in which the word is uttered and the purpose of communication. E.g. horse – steed (poetic) – hag (slang) – gee-gee (baby talk)