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2 СЕМЕСТР
ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES
1. Прочитайте новые слова и переведите предложения:
The frequency of electric current is 50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in the USA.
frequently - часто
It rains frequently on the British Isles.
The length of the Earth's equator is approximately 40 thousand kilometers.
The river has two hundred metres in width.
Population density in Great Britain is the largest in Europe.
The climate of Great Britain is mild.
Gulf Stream is a warm current in the Atlantic ocean.
Rains are rare in deserts.
Greenwich Mean Time is the standard of time in the world.
Water level at the shore rises during tide.
The average temperatures in winters are not very low.
The arithmetic average of one and five is three.
The approximate radius of the Earth is 6,300 km.
The goods are produced on new machinery.
Christopher Columbus was a sailor by trade.
A sinusoid curve has positive and negative peaks.
15. development – развитие, расширение, рост, разработка, создание
The development of transport is very important in large cities.
He gained the largest prize in a lottery.
A large amount of work was made with the help of computer.
19. to exist – существовать. жить
We cannot exist without oxygen.
19. to expand – расширять(ся), увеличивать(ся) в объеме, размерах
When air is warmed it expands and becomes lighter.
20. mode – метод, способ, состояние, режим
Air transport is the fastest mode of travel.
21. item – пункт, отдельный предмет, изделие
Automatic lines can produce different items.
22. value – величина, значение, ценность
The value of education grows every year.
The value of p (Pi) is 3.14.
23. to raise – поднимать. повышать
New methods of work raised the productivity of labour.
24. to lower – снижать, уменьшать
The use of safety belts in a car lowers the danger of heavy accidents.
2. Прочитайте и переведите текст, пользуясь дополнительным словарем:
The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is an island na tion and constitutional monarchy in north-western Eu rope, member of the European Union (EU).
Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles. It com prises, together with numerous smaller islands, England and Scotland, and the principality of Wales. Northern Ireland, also known as Ulster, occupies the north-east ern part of the island of Ireland.
The United Kingdom is bordered to the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europe, to the east by the North Sea, and to the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The only land bor der is between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ire land. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242 sq. km. The capital and largest city is London.
The names «United Kingdom», «Great Britain», and «England» are often used interchangeably. The use of «Great Britain», often shortened to «Britain», to de scribe the whole kingdom is common and widely ac cepted, although strictly it does not include Northern Ireland.
However, the use of «England» to mean the «United Kingdom» is not acceptable to members of the other constituent countries, especially the Scots and the Welsh.
England and Wales were united administratively, po litically, and legally by 1543. The crowns of England and Scotland were united in 1603, but the two countries remained separate political entities until the 1707 Act of Union, which formed the Kingdom of Great Britain with a single legislature. From 1801, when Great Brit ain and Ireland were united, until the formal establish ment of the Irish Free State in 1922, the kingdom was officially named the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hong Kong, which has 200,000 population, was re turned to China in 1997.
The mainland of the island of Great Britain is 974 km at its longest and 531 km at its widest; how ever, the highly indented nature of the island's coast line means that nowhere is more than about 120 km from the sea.
The climate of the United Kingdom is mild relative to its latitude, which is the same as that of Labrador in Canada. The mildness is an effect of the warm Gulf Stream. This current brings the prevailing south-west winds that moderate winter temperatures and bring the depressions which have the main day-to-day influence on the weather. The western side of the United Kingdom tends to be warmer than the eastern; the south is warmer than the north. The mean annual temperature is 6°C in the far north of Scotland; 11С in the south-west of Eng land. Winter temperatures seldom are below -10°C and summer temperatures rarely higher than 32°C. The sea winds also bring plenty of moisture; average annual pre cipitation is more than 1,000 mm.
Rain tends to fall throughout the year, frequently turning to snow in the winter, especially in Scotland, the mountains of Wales, and northern England. The west ern side of Britain is much wetter than the eastern: av erage rainfall varies is from 5,000 mm in the western Highlands of Scotland, to less than 500 mm in parts of East Anglia in England.
The population of United Kingdom is more than 56 mln people, but it is one of the world's leading commer cial and industrialized nations. In terms of gross na tional product (GNP) it ranks fifth in the world, with Italy, after the United States, Japan, Germany, and France.
Дополнительный словарь:
island nation — островное государство
constitutional monarchy — конституционная мо нархия
European Union — Европейский союз
to comprise — включать
numerous — многочисленные
principality — княжество
North Sea — Северное море
interchangeably — взаимозаменяемо
to accept — принимать, допускать
strictly — строго, зд. строго говоря
include — включать
constituent — составляющий
administratively — административно
entities — зд. субъекты
single — зд. единая
indented — зд. изрезанная
latitude — широта геогр.
prevailing — преобладающий
moderate — умеренный
depressions — зд. циклоны
mean — средний
throughout — на всем протяжении
average annual precipitation — среднегодовое коли чество осадков
in terms of — говоря (о чем-либо)
GNP (Gross National Product) — валовой нацио нальный продукт.
3. Переведите на английский:
1. Официальное название Великобритании — Со единенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии.
2. Соединенное королевство является членом Евро пейского союза и конституционной монархией.
3. Северная Ирландия занимает северо-восточную часть острова Ирландия.
4. Пролив Ла-Манш отделяет Соединенное Королев ство от континентальной Европы.
4. Перескажите текст, используя следующие выражения:
1. As I understood from the text...
2. According to the text...
3. According to the author...
4. As it is described in the text...
5. As it is said in the text...
6. As the author puts it...
7. According to the figures (data, information, opinions) from the text...
5. Прочитайте и переведите текст, пользуясь дополнительным словарем:
The United States of America is the 4th largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. It occupies the central part of the North American continent.
The United States of America is a federal republic, consisting of 50 states including the states of Alaska and Hawaii. Outlying areas include Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands.
The northern boundary is partly formed by the Great Lakes and the St Lawrence River; the southern boundary is partly formed by the Rio Grande. United States also has a sea-border with Russia.
The total area of the United States (including the District of Columbia) is about 9,809,000 sq km.
The country is washed by 3 oceans: the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. The country has many lakes, with the Great Lakes included. There are also many rivers on the US territory. The longest of them are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Columbia, the Rio Grande and some others. On the US territory there are mountains and lowlands. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak, Mount McKinley, is located in Alaska.
The climate conditions are rather different. The country is rich in natural and mineral resources: oil, gas, iron ore, coal and various metals.
The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio-engineering and others.
Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations. The country population is over 250 min. The na tional symbol of the USA is its national flag «Stars and Stripes», having 50 white stars and 13 white and red stripes on its field, symbolising the number of the original and present day states.
Officially the country comprises 50 states and one District of Columbia. The states differ in size, population and economic development. Each state has its own capital. The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situated in the District of Columbia on the banks of the Potomac river and is named after the 1st US President - George Washington. There are many large cities in the country: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Cleveland and some others.
The United States of America is a federal state, headed by the President. According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive and judicial.
The legislative power belongs to the Congress consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states while the House of Representatives — the population. The executive power belongs to the President and his Administration (Vice-President and Cabinet of Ministers). The judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and the system of Federal, state and district courts.
There are several political parties in the USA, the largest of them are the Republican (symbolised by a donkey) and the Democratic (symbolised by an elephant).
Дополнительный словарь:
outlying areas — внешние территории
District of Columbia — округ Колумбия
to pass — проходить через
frontier — граница
to include — включать
lowlands — низины
peak — вершина, пик
to be located — располагаться
aircraft — воздушное судно
to be made up from — быть составленным, состоять из
stripe — полоса
to symbolize — символизировать
legislative power — законодательная власть
to represent — представлять
to belong — принадлежать
donkey — осел
6. Переведите на английский:
1. США — четвертая по размеру страна после России, Канады и Китая.
2. Внешние границы включают в себя Пуэрто Рико, Американское Самоа и Виргинские острова.
3. 48 Штатов граничат на севере с Канадой, а на юге с Мексикой.
4. США имеет морскую границу с Российской Федерацией.
6. США омывается тремя океанами: Северным Ледовитым, Атлантическим и Тихим.
7. США — высокоразвитое промышленное государство со множеством отраслей.
8. Аэрокосмическая и электронные отрасли промышленности США занимают особое место в экономике США.
9. Каждый штат имеет свою столицу.
Контрольная работа
Вариант 1 (технические специальности)
James Watt
1). James Watt, a famous inventor and mechanical engineer, was born on January 19, 1736, in Scotland. He worked as a mathematical-instrument maker from the age of 19 and soon became interested in improving the steam engine, which was used at that time to pump out water from mines.
2). Watt is known for his improvements of the steam engine. He determined the properties of steam, especially the relation of its density to its temperature and pressure, and designed a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine that prevented large losses of steam in the cylinder. For this device and other improvements on steam engine Watt received his first patent in 1769.
3). Watt continued his research and patented rotary engine for driving various types of machinery; the double-action engine, in which steam is admitted alternately into both ends of the cylinder; and the steam indicator, which records the steam pressure in the engine. He retired from the firm manufacturing steam engines in 1800 and devoted himself entirely to research work.
4). In 1788 Watt invented the centrifugal or flyball governor, which automatically regulated the speed of an engine. It uses the feedback principle of a servomechanism, linking output to input, which is the basic concept of automation. The watt, the union of power, was named in his honour.
Дополнительный словарь:
James Watt [ ΄dzeims ΄wət]
double- action – двойного действия;
centrifugal or flyball governor [΄sentrifjugal] – центробежный или шаровой регулятор
entirely [ in΄taiəli] – полностью
feedback principle – принцип обратной связи
condensing chamber – конденсационная камера
alternately – поочередно, попеременно
1). What was James Watt?
2). What were the inventions made by him for which he received patents?
Watt worked as a mathematical- instrument maker from the age of 19.
II. 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание различные функции слов, it, that, one.
1). This instrument can be used to measure a number of different electrical quantities, such as voltage, current and resistance.
2). He had to study the theory of interplanetary travel.
3). We can determine the pressure of our atmosphere with the help of a barometer.
Вариант 2 (технические специальности)
D.I. Mendeleyev (1834 – 1907)
1) Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev is a famous Russian chemist. He is best known for his development of the periodic table of the properties of the chemical elements. This table displays that element’s properties are changed periodically when they are arranged according to atomic weight.
2) Mendeleyev was born in 1834 in Tobolsk, Siberia. He studied chemistry at the University of St.Petersburg, and in 1859 he was sent to study at the University of Heidelberg. Mendeleyev returned to St. Petersburg and became Professor of Chemistry at the Technical Institute in 1863. He became Professor of General Chemistry at the University of St. Petersburg in 1866. Mendeleyev was a well-known teacher, and, because there was no good textbook in chemistry at that time, he wrote the two-volume “Principles of Chemistry” which became a classic textbook in chemistry. In this book Mendeleyev tried to classify the elements according to their chemical properties. In 1869 he published his first version of his periodic table of elements. In 1871 he published an improved version of the periodic table, in which he left gaps for elements that were not known at that time. His table and theories were proved later when three predicted elements: gallium, germanium, and scandium were discovered.
3) Mendeleyev investigated the chemical theory of solution. He found that the best proportion of alcohol and water in vodka is 40%. He also investigated the thermal expansion of liquids and the nature of petroleum.
4) In 1893 he became director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures in St. Petersburg and held this position until his death in 1907.
Дополнительный словарь:
to classify – классифицировать
two-volume – в двух томах
gap[ gæp] – пробел, пропуск, тех. зазор
gallium [΄gæliəm] – галлий
germanium – германий
scandium[΄skændiəm] – скандий
Bureau of Weights and Measures [bju:ə΄rou] – Палата Мер и Весов
1) What is the main principle of periodic table of elements?
2) What was the reason of writing the textbook “ Principles of Chemistry”?
Mendeleyev investigated the chemical theory of solution.
II. 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание различные функции слов, it, that, one.
1) A totally new safety system is being installed.
2) Our task is to finish the test by 7 o’clock.
3) He will be asked to make a report.
1) We had finished our laboratory-work.
2) The engineers have to work out very carefully.
3) The lightning rod invented by Lomonosov has found wide practical application.
1) Mendeleyev is best known for his development of the periodic table of the properties of the chemical elements.
2) In this book Mendeleyev tried to classify the elements according to their chemical properties.
3) Much experimental work will have been done by that time.