Повторите времена групп Indefinite Simple Continuous Perfect

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ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Повторите времена групп Indefinite (Simple), Continuous, Perfect. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужном времени и форме.

At the time I first (met) Mr. Alien in 1990, he (considered) the possibility of studying foreign languages again. В то время я впервые (встретил) г-н Чужеродных в 1990 году, он (рассмотрел) возможность изучения иностранных языков снова. He (forgot) everything that he (taught/studied) about Latin and French at school. Он (забыл) все, что он (учил) о латинском и французском языке в средней школе.The languages that he (wanted to teach) at that time (were) Spanish and Portuguese. Языки, которые он (хотел) (учить) в то время (были) испанским и португальским языком.He (walked/went/goes) to study those languages in the Department of General Education at New York University. Он (шел.идет) для изучения этих языков в Департамент общего Образования в университете Нью-Йорка.Therefore, he (studied) that school in 1991. Таким образом, он (обучался), что школу в 1991 году.

After my friend (ready) studying at New York University he ecide) (then go) to South America for a year. После того как мой приятель (готов) учится в Нью-йоркском университете .он ecide) (перейти) в Южную Америку на год. Because he (when that was) there before, he (enjoyed) visiting the famous cities of Brazil and Argentina. Потому что он (был когда то) там и раньше, он (наслаждался) посещением самых известных городов Бразилии и Аргентины. He liked Sao Paulo so much that he (studied) staying there much longer. Он любил Сан-Паулу так сильно, что он (изучил), проживающие там гораздо дольше.Before that time he (always hoped) to find a place with an ideal climate. Therefore, Sao Paulo (seemed) to be a real paradise (рай). До этого времени он ( надеялся всегда) найти место с идеальным климатом. Поэтому, Сан-Паулу (казался) настоящим раем (рай).However, he (spent) all his money and (was forced) to return. Тем не менее, он (тратил) все свои деньги и (был вынужден) вернуться.

Now my friend Mr. Alien (planned to visit) France next year. He (leaves) for Paris on March 15. Теперь мой друг мистер Alien (планировал) (посещение) Франции в следующем году. Он (выезжает) в Париж, 15 марта. Mr. Alien (visited) also Germany on the same trip. Г-н Alien (посещение) также Германии на тот же рейс. He realizes that he must (learn) French and German before he (go) to Europe. Он понимает, что он должен (выучить ) французский и немецкий, прежде чем он (go) в Европу.At present he (took) a course in French in preparation for the trip. В настоящее время он (взял) курс французского в подготовке к поездке.He (it seems to him) that French (was) quite easy. Он (кажется), французский (был) достаточно легким. Of course he ( never was) in France before, so he (already) little opportunity to hear French. Конечно он (никогда не был) во Франции, так что он (уже) мало возможности услышать французский. He (work) very hard at his French every day. Он (работается) очень трудно на его французский каждый день.He (explore) German at New York University next semester. Он (изучит), немецкий в университете Нью-Йорка в следующем семестре. I am sure that he (have) no language problem in the other countries when he (gets) there. Я уверен, что он (уже) нет языковой проблемы в других странах, когда он (попадет) туда . Many people in those countries (understand) English or French. Многие люди в этих странах (понимают), английский или французский.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на правило согласования времен.

1. We knew that his family lived in Orel. 1. Мы знали, что его семья жили в Орле. 2. He said that the students of that group were studying in the library. 2. Он сказал, что студенты этой группы проходили обучение в библиотеке.3. She thought that she might finish her work by two o’clock. 3. Она думала, что она может закончить свою работу к двум часам дня. 4.1 didn’t think he could come there in time. 4.1 не думаю, что он мог прийти туда вовремя.5. She said that her name was Lena. 5. Она сказала, что ее зовут лена. 6. The students were told that they had three lectures every day. 6. Студенты сказали, что у них было три лекции каждый день. 7. The dean said that he was busy. 7. Декан сказал, что он был очень занят. 8. We found that he had studied mathematics at the University. 8. Мы обнаружили, что он изучал математику в университете. 9. The newspapers reported that the Trade Union Congress had finished its work. 9. В газетах сообщалось, что конгресс профсоюзов закончил свою работу. 10. Students were informed that they would have industrial training in the third year. 10. Студенты были проинформированы о том, что они бы производственного обучения в третий год. 11. The weather-man reported over the radio that it would be cold the following weekend. 11. Погода-человек, сообщил по радио, что она будет холодной следующие выходные.

Упражнение 3. Поставьте глаголы в скобках согласно правилу согласования времен.

1. Не says that he (want) to be an engineer. 1. Не говорит, что он (хочу), чтобы стать инженером. 2. He thinks that he (see) a new device already. 2. Он думает, что он (см.) новое устройство уже. 3. He knows that he (lose) his watch yesterday. 3. Он знает, что он (потерять), его часы вчера. 4. He says that he (help) with work next week. 4. Он говорит, что он (help) при работе на следующей неделе.5. He said that he (know) him. 5. Он сказал, что он (ноу) с ним. 6. He understood that the speaker (be) in London recently. 6. Он понимал, что динамик (быть) в Лондоне недавно. 7. He said that he (think) about it later. 7. Он сказал, что он (думаю, об этом позже. 8. He asked what they (want) to do. 8. Он спросил, что они (хочет) делать.9. They asked when we (come) to see him. 9. Они спросили, когда мы (придет), чтобы увидеть его. 10. He asked if I (can) stay with them. 10. Он спросил, могу ли я (можете) остаться с ними.11. The teacher wanted to know whether I (be) good at maths. 11. Учитель хотел знать, действительно ли я (быть) хорошие оценки по математике. 12. The professor wanted to know whether I (take) part in our conference the week before. 12. Профессор хотел знать, действительно ли я (принять) участие в нашей конференции на неделю раньше. 13. My friend wanted to know whether I (go) to the library next Saturday. 13. Мой друг хотел знать, действительно ли я (go) библиотеке, в следующую субботу. 14. He asked which book she (read) at that moment. 14. Он спросил, какую книгу она (читать) на тот момент.

B. 1. The engineer was told that he (may) test the device in the afternoon. 1. Инженер сказал, что он (май) испытаний прибора в полдень2. It was known that the head of our laboratory (be) a graduate of Moscow University. 2. Стало известно, что руководитель нашей лаборатории (be), выпускник Московского университета.3. They thought that she (graduate) from a technical institute. 3. Они думали, что она (выпускник) из технического института.4. Our professor informed us that he (give) the following lecture on quantum mechanics on Monday. 4. Наш профессор сообщил нам, что он (дать) следующие лекции по квантовой механике в понедельник. 5. At the meeting it was said that our lecturer (work) at a new programme of laboratory work. 5. На встрече было сказано, что наш преподаватель (работы) в новой программой лабораторных работ.6. The teacher told us that the term «engineering» (have) many Russian equivalents. 6. Учитель сказал нам, что термин «инженерия» (есть) много русских эквивалентов.7. The chief engineer believed that we (work) at that problem for a month the following summer. 7. Главный инженер считал, что мы (работ), на эту проблему за месяц летом следующего года.

Упражнение 4. Переделайте следующие предложения в косвенную речь, поставив глагол в главном предложении в прошедшем времени.

Например:

Тот wants to spend the winter in Texas.

They said that Tom wanted to spend the winter in Texas.

He asked if Tom wanted to spend the winter in Texas.

1. Mary wants to take a course in German. 1. Мэри хочет пройти курс обучения в Германии 2. Ann does not work at the college. 2. Энн не работает в колледже. 3. The laboratories have new TV sets. 3. В лаборатории новых телевизоров. 4. The teacher will give you further instructions. 4. Учитель даст вам дальнейшие инструкции. 5. Where are you coming from? 5. Откуда приехали? 6. The lecture will begin in five minutes. 6. Лекция начнется в пять минут. 7. John has learned grammar for two years. 7. Джон узнал грамматики в течение двух лет. 8. Could I speak to Mr. Smith, please? 8. Могу ли я поговорить с мистером Смитом, пожалуйста? 9. Does Bob go to the library every day? 9. Не Боб пойти в библиотеку каждый день?

Упражнение 5. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Мой друг сказал, что он много работает. 1. My friend said that he works a lot. 2. Ученый сообщил, что он написал статью о своей работе. 2. The scientist said that he had written an article about his work. 3. Меня спросили, сделал ли я свою работу. 3. They asked me, have I done its work. 4. Она хотела знать, будет ли он летом в Москве. 4. She wanted to know whether it will be summer in Moscow. 5. Мы спросили преподавателя, сколько новых слов в четвертом уроке. 5. We asked the teacher how many new words in the fourth lesson 6. Мы не знали, будет ли у него практика летом. 6. We did not know whether he practices in the summer.7. Он сказал, что знает два иностранных языка. 7. He said he knew of two foreign languages.8. Он знал, что ее брат живет в Самаре. 8. He knew that her brother lives in Samara.

Упражнение б. Определите, чем выражено дополнение в предложениях, переведите.

1. The students of our group saw a new film yesterday. They said it was very interesting. 1. Студенты нашей группы видел вчера новый фильм. Они сказали, что это было очень интересно. 2. The dean’s assistant told us to do all our work in time. 2. Помощник декана сказал нам делать нашу работу в срок. 3. Our laboratory has been equipped with modern devices. 3. Наша лаборатория была оснащена современным оборудованием. 4. The students were informed at the meeting that they would have their practical training in St. Petersburg. 4. Студенты были сообщил на встрече, что они бы их практического семинара-тренинга в Санкт-Петербурге. 5. We asked the dean if he was busy. 5. Мы попросили декана если он был занят. 6. The new student asked when our lectures would begin. 6. Новый ученик спросил, когда наши лекции начнется.7. He also asked to show him where the chemistry laboratory was. 7. Он также попросил показать ему, где химической лаборатории было.8. He wanted to know whether we had already had our industrial training. 8. Он хотел знать, есть ли у нас уже был наш производственного обучения. 9. I did not know then if I should see him again. 9. Я не знал тогда, если увижу его снова. 10. We didn’t know whether it would be possible to use a computer for our work. 10. Мы не знали, сможем ли использовать компьютер для нашей работы.

Упражнение 7. Обратите внимание на перевод предлога by в предложениях.

1.Ву 3 o’clock I shall be free and go with you to the library. 1. к 3 часам я должна быть свободной и пойти с вами в библиотеке. 2. By the end of the second year we shall have finished studying the main engineering subjects. 2. К концу второго года мы должны закончили изучение основных технических дисциплин. 3. By the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams. 3. В начале лекции лаборант принес все необходимые схемы. 4. By the year 2010 cable television will have been used more widely. 4. К 2010 году кабельного телевидения будут использоваться более широко. 5. By the spring of 1945 World War II was over. 5. К весне 1945 второй Мировой Войны.

Упражнение 8. Найдите русские эквиваленты для словосочетаний.

it is true; правда; compared to;по сравнению с; to be of importance; важное значение; a lot of;много; to be interested in; быть интереснь; like;как; a step forward;шаг вперед; at the right time; и в нужное время; direct to;непосредственно; to put into memory.поместить в память.

интересоваться; иметь значение; по сравнению с; ввести в память; шаг вперед; как, подобно; верно (правильно); в нужное время; много; непосредственно на.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Упражнение 8. А. Переведите следующие производные слова согласно образцу:

существительное или глагол + -ible/-able = прилагательное access — доступ -> accessible — доступный to rely — доверять -> reliable — надежный, practice — осуществление (на практике) -> practicable —

осуществимый

to use — usable, to consider — considerable, to avail — available;

префикс dis- (имеет отрицательное значение) to appear — появляться -> to disappear — исчезать to like — to dislike, illusion — disillusion, similar — dissimilar, comfort — discomfort, to connect — to disconnect, connection — disconnection, connected — disconnected, to organize — to disorganize, organized — disorganized, organization — disorganization.

В. Образуйте и переведите производные слова согласно образцу:

tele- (на большом расстоянии) television, telegraph, telegraphy, telemetry phone, text, scope, printer, communication; photo- (имеющий отношение к свету или фотографии) photon, photograph, photography, photographic copy, finish, meter, electric, sensitive.

Упражнение. 9. Прочитайте и переведте интернациональные слова.

television ['teli,vi3an] телевидение, action ['aekjan] действие, territory ['teritari] территория, material [ma'tiarial]материал, million ['miljan] миллион, communication [ka,mju:ni'keijan] коммуникация, central ['sentral] центральная, programme ['praugraem] программы, transmission [traenz'mijan] передачи, telephone ['telifaun] телефон, cable ['keibl] кабельное, signal ['signI] сигнал, crystal ['kristl] кристал, code [kaud] код, visual ['vijjual] , video . видио, regular ['regjula] регулярные, zones ['zaunz] зон.

Упражнение 10. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов:

tiny ['taini] крошечный, fair [fee], research [ri'sa:1f], to spread [spred], instead [in'sted], watch [wotf], provide [pra'vaid], artificial [,a:ti'fijal], convenient [kan'vi:njant], nowadays ['nauadeiz], wire ['waia], launching ['lomtfirj, to break [breik], to produce [pra'dju:s], production [pra'dAkJan], to weigh [wei], clear [klie], major ['meicfea], available [a'veilabl], satellite ['saetalait], size [saiz], tape [teip], liquid ['likwid], magazine [,maega'zi:n].

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

appear v — появляться influence п — влияние

artificial а — искусственный means п — средство

compare v — сравнивать nowadays adv — сейчас, в на-

contain v — содержать, вмещать стоящее время

continuous а — непрерывный occur v — происходить, возни-

convenient а — удобный кать

direct а — прямой, непо- rapidly adv — быстро

средственный research я — исследование

during ргр — в течение, во simultaneously adv — одновре-

время, в продолжение менно

equipment п — оборудование state v — утверждать

essentially adv — по сущест- switch on v — включать

ву, главным образом time и — время, times — раз

etc (etcetera) — и т. д. transmit v — передавать

exist v — существовать watch v — наблюдать, смотреть

few а — мало, немного weigh v — весить, взвешивать

a few — несколько within ргр — в пределах, в, через

a lot of — много;

to be able to — мочь, быть в состоянии

Text 4A

Прочитайте текст и найдите абзацы, содержащие информацию о развитии различных видов телевизионных систем в хронологической последовательности. Переведите.

Television

The television set is evidently the most important and popular electronic product of all time. All homes in developed countries have one or more TV sets and in many countries there are considerably more TV sets than telephones.

But in 1939 at the World’s Fair in New York a tiny nine-by- twelve inch box was the centre of attention for hundreds of people. They were the first to see a television set in action. Compared to today’s TV shows of underwater and outer-space research, those first black-white pictures were not very good. The pictures were only transmitted from one side of the Fair territory to the other. But in 1939 they were of historical importance.

Within a few days the news of television spread throughout the world. A lot of people wanted to have a look1 at the new invention. Everyone was interested in it. But only few people owned television sets in the next few years. When World War II broke out2 electronic factories that began the TV production stopped making them and started making war materials instead. When the war was over, TV sets began coming off factory assembly lines. By 1958 there were millions of them.

In a surprisingly short time people watched fewer films and turned from newspapers and magazines to TV. In its short history television has had great influence on people’s life and way of thinking. Rocket-launching, concerts and football and tennis matches can be seen direct as they occur. The boundaries of time and space have disappeared.

At present TV communication is provided with the help of a system of artificial earth satellites so that people living in different parts of the country and all over the world and in different time zones are able to watch the central TV programs at the most convenient hours.

Nowadays many countries also have cable TV, a system using wires for the transmission of television programs (like telephone calls). Cable television first appeared in 1949 as a means of transmitting TV signals to rural and mountain areas far from big cities. Cable television’s next big step forward was made by the mid — 1980s. Scientists announced that many technical problems had

been solved and in the future it would be possible via satellite and cable TV to use more channels on a TV set at every home in the world.

Then we saw how a new technical invention, colour television, was rapidly replacing black-and-white television. Recently it was reported that the first pocket-size3 colour television set had been developed. It was stated that a liquid-crystal display4 was used similar to those on calculators and watches and that it weighed less than a pound.

A few years ago it became evident that the next major advance for TV would be digital television. In a digital system the usual continuous signal is replaced by a digital code containing detailed information on brightness, colour, etc. A digital TV set hangs on the wall like a picture. Essentially, it is a minicomputer with a visual display. Once a week5 you put the programs you like into the memory, and the TV set will automatically switch on the desired channel at the right time. You can watch several programs simultaneously on miniscreens and then produce one of them in full format. Also, the TV set can automatically video-record the programs when you are absent or occupied.

By the end of 1980s television has moved to a new and the most important stage in its development since the appearance of colour television. Technically it is called high-defmition television (HDTV)6 or Hi-Vision. This is the much higher resolution television7 of the 21st century. This revolution was started by Japanese manufacturers when they developed a new video system with a picture resembling a wide-screen film more than traditional television. The new system increases the screen’s width-to-height ratio8 (16:9). The result is a picture several times sharper than in the existing TV sets. Besides, recent developments in plasma display panel technology9 make HDTV commercially practicable. The plasma display makes it possible to produce a large, bright, colour, flat TV screen so thin and light that it can also be hung on a wall like a framed picture. The engineering problem that has existed almost since the first days of television may be solved now.

Телевидение

Телевизор-это, видимо, самый важный и популярный электронный продукт всех времен. Все дома в развитых странах имеется один или несколько телевизоров и во многих странах есть значительно больше телевизоров, чем телефоны.

Но в 1939 году на Все-мирной выставке в Нью-Йорке крошечный девять на двенадцать дюймов поле было центром внимания, сотни людей. Они были первыми, чтобы посмотреть Телевизор в действии. В отличие от сегодняшних телевизионных шоу, подводных и космических исследований, те первые черно-белые фотографии были не очень хорошими. Фотографии были переданы только из одной части территории Ярмарки на другую. Но в 1939 году они имели историческое значение.

За несколько дней весть о телевидении и распространилось по всему миру. Многие люди хотели иметь смотреть 1 на новые изобретения. Каждый был заинтересован в этом. Но только немногие люди владели телевизором в ближайшие несколько лет. Когда вторая Мировая Война сломала out2 электронные заводы, которые начали Телевизор производство было остановлено, делая их, и стал делать материалов вместо войны. Когда война закончилась, телевизоры стали приходить включая сборочной линии завода. К 1958 их были миллионы.

В удивительно короткое время люди смотрели меньше фильмов и отвернулся от газеты и журналы, телевидение. В своей короткой истории телевидение оказало большое влияние на жизнь людей и способ мышления. Запуск ракет, концерты и футбольные и теннисные матчи можно увидеть прямой, как они происходят. Границы времени и пространства исчезли.

В настоящее время телевидение связь обеспечивается с помощью системы искусственных спутников земли, чтобы люди, живущие в разных частях страны и во всем мире, так и в разных часовых поясах имеют возможность смотреть центральных ТВ-программ в наиболее удобное время.

В настоящее время во многих странах также есть Кабельное телевидение, системы с помощью проводов для передачи телевизионных программ (таких, как телефонные звонки). Кабельное телевидение впервые появились в 1949 году в качестве средства передачи ТВ-сигналов в сельских и горных районах, далеко от больших городов. Кабельное телевидение-это следующий большой шаг вперед был сделан в середине 1980 - х годов. Ученые объявили, что многие технические проблемы
не была решена и в будущем это будет возможно через Спутниковое и Кабельное телевидение использовать несколько каналов на ТВ в каждый дом в мире.

Затем мы увидели, как новое техническое изобретение, цветной Телевизор, стремительно замена черно-белого телевидения. Недавно сообщалось, что первый pocket-3 цветной Телевизор был разработан. Он заявил, что жидкость-кристалл display4 использовали похожие на калькуляторы и часы, и весил он меньше фунта.

Несколько лет назад стало очевидно, что следующим важным шагом вперед для ТВ будет цифровое телевидение. В цифровой системе обычного непрерывный сигнал заменяется цифровой код, содержащий подробную информацию о яркости, цвета и т.д. Цифровой Телевизор висит на стене как картина. По сути, это миникомпьютер с визуальным отображением. После week5 вы ставите программы вы любите в памяти, и Телевизор будет автоматически переключаться на нужный канал в нужное время. Вы можете посмотреть несколько программ одновременно на miniscreens и затем произвести одну из них в полный формат. Также Телевизор может автоматически видео-запись программ, когда вы отсутствуете или оккупации.

К концу 1980-х годов телевидение переехал в новый и самый важный этап в своем развитии с появлением цветного телевидения. Технически это называется high-defmition (HDTV)6 или Hi-Vision. Это гораздо более высоким разрешением, television7 21-го века. Эта революция была начата японских производителей когда они разработали новые системы видео изображение, напоминающее широкоэкранный фильм больше, чем традиционного телевидения. Новая система увеличивает экрана ширина / высота ratio8 (16:9). В результате получилась картинка несколько раз острее, чем в существующих телевизоров. Кроме того, последние события в плазменная панель technology9 сделать HDTV коммерчески оправданной. Плазменный дисплей позволяет производить большой, яркий, цветной, телевизором с плоским экраном; он настолько тонкий и легкий, что его также можно повесить на стену, как картину в раме. Инженерная проблема, которая существовала практически с первых дней ТВ может быть решена и сейчас.

Notes to the Text

to have a look — взглянуть, посмотреть
to break out — начаться, разразиться
pocket-size — карманный
liquid-crystal display — устройство изображения на жидких кристаллах

once a week — раз в неделю
high-deflnition television (HDTV) — телевидение высокой четкости
high resolution television — телевидение с большим разрешением
width-to-height ratio — отношение ширины к высоте
plasma display panel technology — производство плазменных панелей

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 11. Просмотрите текст 4А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. When did the first TV set appear? 1. Когда был первый Телевизор появляются? 2.Were people interested in the new invention? 2.Were людей, заинтересованных в новое изобретение? 3. Why was the TV production stopped in 1940? 3. Почему Телевизор производство было прекращено в 1940 году? 4. What is cable television? 4. Что такое Спутниковое телевидение? 5. What is digital television? 5. Что такое цифровое телевидение? 6. What is high-definition television? 6. Что такое телевидение высокой четкости?

Упражнение 12. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста 4А.

1. A lot of people owned television sets in the first years after its invention. 1. Много людей, принадлежащих телевизоров в первые годы после ее изобретения. 2. First television black-and-white pictures were excellent. 2. Первый Телевизор, черно-белые снимки были отличные.3. Only few people owned television sets in the next few years after their appearance. 3. Лишь немногие люди владели телевизоров в ближайшие несколько лет после их появления.

4. Black-and-white television was rapidly replacing colour television. 4. Черно-белое телевидение было быстро заменить цветной Телевизор.5. First television black-and-white pictures were not very good. 5. Первый Телевизор, черно-белые фотографии были не очень хорошими. 6. Only a few years ago colour television was rapidly replacing black-and-white television. 6. Всего несколько лет назад, цветной Телевизор был быстро замена черно-белого телевидения. 7. When the war was over, TV sets stopped coming off factory assembly lines. 7. Когда война закончилась, телевизоры перестали приходить off сборочной линии завода. 8. After World War II TV sets began coming off factory assembly lines. 8. После второй Мировой Войны телевизоров начал сходит сборочной линии завода.

Упражнение 13. Найдите в тексте 4А предложения, в которых использовано правило согласования времен, и переведите их.

Упражнение 14. Прочитайте и укажите способы присоединения придаточных дополнительных предложений к главному.

1. It was reported in 1939 that the first TV set was shown at the World Fair in New York. 1. Сообщалось, что в 1939 году первый Телевизор был показан на Всемирной выставке в Нью-Йорке. 2. The students wanted to know whether colour television sets were produced at that plant. 2. Студентов интересовало, будут ли цветные телевизоры были произведены на этом заводе. 3. After the war when the mass production of TV sets began, people realized they wanted to have a TV set at home. 3. После войны, когда началось массовое производство телевизоров начал, люди поняли, что они хотели иметь Телевизор у себя дома. 4. Experiments proved that electricity could travel instantly over a long piece of wire. 4. Эксперименты доказали, что электричество может путешествовать моментально более длинный кусок проволоки. 5. Can you tell me whether satellites are used for telephone communication? 5. Можете ли вы сказать мне, спутники используются для телефонной связи? 6. It became clear television had a great influence on people’s life. 6. Стало ясно, телевидение оказало большое влияние на жизнь людей.

7. Russian newspapers informed that about 2,000 satellites had been launched into the orbit. 7. Российские газеты сообщили, что около 2000 спутники были запущены на орбиту.8. We did not know whether the development of television had continued during the war. 8. Мы не знаем, будет ли развитие телевидения была продолжена и в ходе войны. 9. We know he works at the problem of space communication. 9. Мы знаем, что он работает над проблемой космической связи.

Упражнение 15. Прочитайте и найдите предложения, где использовано правило согласования времен.

1. Some years ago India began its Satellite Instructional Television Experiment. This experiment showed (that) satellite television programs had been a success with schoolchildren, their knowledge level had increased considerably. It was found that children could remember and speak about programs which they had seen several week^back. 1. Несколько лет назад Индия начала свою Satellite Instructional Television Experiment. Этот эксперимент показал, что спутниковые телевизионные программы, была успешной со школьниками, их уровень знаний существенно возросла. Было обнаружено, что дети будут помнить и говорить о программах, которые они видели, как несколько неделе^назад. 2. Many experts could not decide whether so much TV was harmful to the individual’s health and mental activity or not. 2. Многие специалисты не могли решить, нужно ли так много Телевизор был вредных для здоровья человека и умственной деятельности или нет.3. Specialists did not know if it was possible to continue modernizing the electronic equipment of this kind — the costs were too high. 3. Специалисты не знаю, если это было возможно продолжение модернизации электронного оборудования, такого рода расходы были слишком велики. 4. There appeared some reports that we had technical means to use much more channels on a TV set and we should be able to see many sports and news programs from all parts of the world soon. 4. Появились сообщения, что у нас было технических средств для использования гораздо больше каналов на телевизоре и мы должны видеть много спортивных и новостных программ из всех частей мира в ближайшее время. 5. At first it was not clear whether new telephone and teletype communication with ships via six satellites was economical and reliable or not. 5. Поначалу было не совсем ясно, будет ли новый телефон и телетайп связи с корабли через шесть спутников является экономичным и надежным или нет.6. It was announced that the cryogenic cable had been invented in Russia. 6. Было объявлено, что криогенных кабель был изобретен в России. 7. We read that for the first time electricity had been applied for industrial use in silver workshops in Paris. 7. Мы читаем, что впервые электроэнергии была применена для промышленного использования в серебряный мастер-классы в Париже.8. We know different transmitters are used in a television system — one for the sound channel and the other for the picture channel. 8. Мы знаем разные передатчики могут быть использованы в телевизионной системы - одна для звукового канала и других картинка канала. 9. We learnt from the lecture that electricity was still considered the main source for new technological developments. 9. Мы узнали из лекции, что электричество до сих пор считается основным источником для новых технологических разработок.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 16. Выберите правильный перевод следующих слов:

attention — внимательно, внимательный, внимание;

surprisingly — удивительный, удивление, удивительно;

recorder — записывающее устройство, запись, записывать;

convenient — удобство, удобный, созывать;

numerous — бесчисленный, количество, многочисленный.

Упражнение 17. Назовите основу, от которой образованы следующие слова:

development, conveniently, communication, production, continuous, beginning, transmitter, action, recorder, electronic, si-multaneously, different, usable, central, calculator, possibility, disconnect.

Упражнение 18. Выпишите сначала синонимы, а затем антонимы.

tiny — small; to disappear — to appear; a lot of — many; different — various; next — following; short — long; to watch — to see; program — show; commonly — usually; less — more; possible — impossible; true — untrue; small — large; nowadays — at present, now; large — tremendous; advance — progress; to start — to begin; major — main; to report — to announce; to occur — to take place; convenient — suitable.

Упражнение 19. Расположите слова в алфавитном порядке.

true, picture, telephone, communication; world, research, assembly, invention; own, beginning, telegraph, central; satellite, first, artificial, convenient; turn, videotape, transmit, size.

Упражнение 20. Назовите в следующих парах первое по алфавиту слово.

concept/concert; complete/compare; invention/invasion; available/availability; commonly/commonless; commune/commit; compulsory/compunction .

Упражнение 21. Напишите исходную форму, по которой нужно искать слово в словаре.

boxes, matches, beginning, tinier, owned, boundaries, possibly, replacing, less.

Упражнение 22. Найдите в словаре подходящее значение для выделен- ных слов или словосочетаний.

1. The Japanese companies developed the first pocket-size colour television set. 2. Man first set foot on the Moon in July, 1969.

Special telephone sets are used at plants in tropical sea climate.
A great Russian scientist A.N. Krylov took an active part in the work of the first Atomic Commission set up at the Optical Institute. 5. It was Popov who constructed the first radio set. 6. One of the global tasks nowadays is to set up solar power plants on high orbits. 7. Ships are equipped with radar sets helping them to orient at sea.

Упражнение 23. Найдите в словаре и запомните значения выделенных слов.

1. New directions of research in robotics were discussed at the last conference. 2. There is no direct connection between those processes. 3. This program is directed toward the scientific study of various physico-chemical processes. 4. Our scientists must direct their attention to the development of new technologies. 5. Further human progress is directly connected with the scientific and technological progress. 6. Our task is to develop technological processes without a direct participation of man. 7. The future of mankind depends on the direction in which scientific and technological progress will be developing. 8. There is a direct communication between spacecrafts and the Earth, and between spacecrafts as well.

Упражнение 24. Поставьте глагол, приведенный в скобках, в соответствующих времени и форме.

The Life of a Student.

While I (walk) across the campus (университетский городок) the other day, I (meet) my old friend Bill, whom I (see, not) since May. Naturally, we (stop) (talk) to each other for a few minutes. I asked him how he (do) in his classes that semester. He told me that he (take) a course in English that semester. He said that he (complete) the elementary course two semesters before, and by the next semester he (be) ready (take) the most difficult English course offered at this school. He also said that he (be) interested in getting his degree as soon as possible and he (ask, already) his adviser for permission to take the final examination. «I am glad (hear) that you (make) such good progress», I (say) to Bill. Then I asked him if he (can) tell me the secret of his success. He answered that the secret of his success (be) simple and he (study) at least two hours a day to improve his English.

After that I told Bill I (have) a little difficulty with my course in French at the moment. I said that I (study, not) very hard the last semester, but I (work) harder in the future.

Упражнение 25. Прочитайте текст. Перескажите его содержание, используя косвенную речь.

Albert Einstein liked the film with Charlie Chaplin. Once he wrote a letter to Chaplin:

«Everybody in the world understands your film “Golden Fever” (’’Золотая лихорадка”). You will become a great man by all means.»

Chaplin’s answer was:

«I like you even more. Nobody in the world understands your “Theory of Relativity” and you have already become a great man.»

Упражнение 26. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

find, broke, putting, hung, began, seen.

Упражнение 27. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря.

Recently it was reported in the press that the USA was trying to build bigger, better and much more expensive TV sets. Experts declared that it was the most important change in television since the invention of colour television. They informed that a new kind of television had images so clear that watching it was like looking through a window.

But it became known that Japanese specialists had started their work on HDTV when nobody else in the world was thinking how to improve TV. The inventors expected that their standard for high-definition television would be used throughout the world. However, the Europeans have announced that they would set their own standard. And now it is not clear whether the Japanese standard will be used or not. Some people consider that a single high-definition TV standard will allow to exchange news and may bring nations together.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What invention was the center of attention at the World Fair in New York in 1939? (the first black-and-white television set) 2. What stopped the TV production? (World War II) 3. What influence has had television on people’s life and way of thinking? (great influence; boundaries of time and space have disappeared) 4. What kinds of TV exist now? (satellite, cable, colour, digital and high-definition television) 5. What is the latest and the most important stage in the development of television since the appearance of colour television? (high-definition television) 6. What is the advantage of high-definition television? (the television of much higher resolution) 7. What technology makes HDTV commercially practicable now? (plasma display panel technology)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1.The first black-and-white 1. has been replaced by colour

nine-by-twelve inch TV sets television.

2. In a surprisingly short time

3. At present

Satellite and cable TV makes it possible

5. Recently black-and-white TV

6. The next major advance in

7. The invention of high-defini- tion television with a picture resembling a wide screen film

1. has been replaced by colour

Television.

2. the development of TV became

digital television in which the usual signal is replaced by a digital code.

3. were of historical importance in 1939.

4. television has had great influence on people’s life and way of thinking.

5. is the most important stage in the development of TV since the appearance of colour television.

6. to watch TV programs in different parts of the country and throughout the world.

7. there are different kinds of television systems: satellite, cable, colour, pocket-size, digital, high-de- finition television.

Exercise 3. Read and learn.

At the Telephone

Mr. Smith: Can I use your telephone for a long distance call? I couldn’t find a pay phone in the building.

Mr. Wilson: Sure.

Mr. S.: My wife is going to meet me in New York tomorrow. I

want to tell her what time the train gets in.

Mr. W.: Here you are. New York you can dial the number direct.

Dial 2 and then the number.

Mr. S.: There’s no answer. I’ll call later.

Mr. W.: You can use the telephone any time you want.

Mr. S.: Direct distance dialing is wonderful, isn’t it?

Operator: Trunk-service (междугородная), number, please?

Mr. Jones: London Victoria 2884.1 say, operator, will you hurry it up for me as I have a train to catch in a few minutes?

O.: Unless your number is engaged, I can put you through

almost at once. I am sorry, sir, your number is engaged. (After a few seconds.) I have got your number. Hold the line, please.

Mr. J.: Oh, it’s you, Mary?

Mrs. Jones: Is it you, George, dear? How are you? So pleased to hear your voice again! When are you going to come back?

Mr. J.: I can’t hear you, dear. Operator, will you try again.

О.: I think that’s better now.

Mr. J.: Are you there? Is that you, Mary, dear? I say, can you

hear me?

Mrs. J.: Yes, dear, I can.

Mr. J.: I shall be arriving at Waterloo Station at 5.40 this after

noon. Will you come and meet me?

Mrs. J.: Certainly, darling.

Mr. J.: There is something else I want to tell you. Get hold of

Smith at the office, will you? Ask him to ring me up tomorrow in the morning.

O.: Your time is up. If you want to speak on, drop another

sixpence, please.

Mr. J.: All right, dear, so long.

Exercise 4. Speak about:

The history of television development.
Future development of television.

Use exercise 1 and 2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic: to be interested in; research; it is announced (reported) that; to solve problems; it became clear; compared to (with); to call; have an advantage; to find application in.

Exercise 5. Comment on the following statements:

1. Opponents usually say that the young people are too passive and too lazy (ленивы) because they watch TV so much now.

2. We don’t need the telephone, telegraph and television.

Exercise 6. Read and smile.

A Letter to a Sweetheart.

A young man was writing a letter to his sweetheart (любимая) who lived just a few miles away in a nearby town. He began to tell her how much he loved her and how wonderful he thought she was. But the more he wrote, the more poetical he became. Finally, he said that in order to be with her he would suffer the greatest hardships (лишения), he would face the greatest dangers (опасность) that anyone could imagine. In fact, to spend only one minute with her, he would climb (подниматься) the highest mountain, he would swim the widest river, he would fight the fiercest (свирепый) animals. He signed his name, and then suddenly remembered that he had forgotten to mention something rather important. So, in a postscript below his name, he added: «By the way, I’ll be over to see you on Wednesday night — if it doesn’t rain».

A Frenchman in England

A Frenchman was once travelling in England. He could speak English quite well but not perfectly. His vocabulary was not large.

Once, for example, he was eating in a small country inn (гостиница) and he wanted to order some eggs. But he couldn’t remember the word for eggs.

Suddenly, through the window, he saw a rooster (петух) walking in the yard. He immediately asked the waiter what the bird was called in English. The waiter told him that it was called a rooster. The Frenchman then asked what the rooster’s wife was called. The waiter told him that she was called a hen. The Frenchman then asked what the hen’s children were called. The waiter told him that they were called chickens. The Frenchman then asked what the chickens were called before they were bom. The waiter told him that they were called eggs. «Fine!», said the Frenchman, «Please bring me two plus a cup of coffee and some toast.»

Text 4B

Прочитайте текст и найдите информацию о том, в каких странах ученые работали над созданием телеграфной связи, какие трудности встретились при этом. Перескажите.

Telegraph

Benjamin Franklin, an American who is famous for his interesting and useful inventions, published his ideas about electricity in 1752. Scientists in many countries became interested in this wonderful form of energy. They wanted to find the answer to a very important question: could the electricity be used to develop a fast, efficient system of long-distance communication? Experiments proved that electricity could travel instantly over a very long piece of wire. But a note that was written on a piece of paper couldn’t be put into a wire. How could electricity be used to send a message? A Danish scientist discovered that electricity could move a needle from left to right and that the needle could be pointed at letters on a piece of paper. Then a German government worker made up a code system that could be used with an electric needle. In 1837 two English scientists sent a message by electric telegraph for a distance of more than 1.6 kilometers.

Samuel Morse, an American portrait painter, was experimenting with an electric telegraph too. At first he connected a pencil to an electric wire. When the electricity came through the wire the pencil made wavy lines. Then Morse invented a code that used dots and dashes for the letters of the alphabet. Finally, he discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written, they could be sent in sound.

On May 24, 1844, the first long-distance message was sent by telegraph for 64 kilometers.

Telegraph companies were formed in many cities. By 1861 telegraph wires stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Europe too, Samuel Morse’s system became popular.

But telegraph wires couldn’t be hung over an ocean. Messages to and from Europe had to be sent by ship — a journey of two or three weeks. A new method was needed.

The Atlantic Telegraph Company which was organized in 1856 wanted to try to lay a cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. The 4,ООО-kilometer cable broke three times. Each time a new cable had to be made. Finally, on July 27, 1866, the first transatlantic message was sent from Newfoundland to Ireland.

Later cables were laid to Central and South America. After 1900 transpacific cables were laid to Asia and Australia. At last news and business information could be sent instantly to almost every country in the world.

Text 4C

Прочитайте текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Какие биографические факты из жизни изобретателя телефона приведены в тексте?

2. Какие другие факты, кроме приведенных, вы знаете об изобретателе телефона?

3. Что нового вы узнали из текста? Соотнесите факты, относящиеся к истории развития телефонной связи, со следующими датами: 1877 г. и 1915 г.

Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell never planned to be an inventor, he wanted to be a musician or a teacher of deaf people (глухих). The subjects that he studied at school included music, art, literature, Latin and Greek. They did not include German which all scientists used in their books. Alexander’s mother was a painter and a musician. His father was a well-known teacher of deaf people.

When Alexander was only sixteen, he became a teacher in boy’s school in Scotland. He liked teaching there, but he still wanted to become a teacher of deaf people as his father.

He read all the books about sound that he could find and started to work on some of his own experiments.

At twenty five Alexander became interested in finding a way to send human voice through an electric wire. The parents of his pupils contributed money for the equipment. He found an assistant, Tom Watson, who worked in an electrical shop. For two years Tom and Alexander were working together to build a machine that people could use to talk to one another over long distances. After two years, the two young men were becoming discouraged (опустились руки). Then, one day, when they were working on a new transmitter Alexander spilled some acid (пролить кислоту) on himself. Tom Watson, who was alone in another room, heard a voice. The voice was coming through a wire to a receiver on the table! The voice was Alexander Bell’s! It was saying: «Come here, Mr. Watson. I need you!»

The first telephone line was built in Germany in 1877. By 1915 a telephone line was opened in the United States — 5,440 kilometers from New York to San Francisco.

Now design bureaus all over the world are conducting experiments to develop video-phone or picture phone. A young man in Moscow wants to speak to his friend in Vladivostok. He lifts his telephone receiver, dials a number. After a very short time his friend answers. As he picks up his receiver, his picture appears on the screen. They can speak to each other face to face because they are using a new kind of telephone which may be called «a video-phone». In addition to the usual telephone, the equipment includes a small television screen (14 cm by 13 cm) and, combined with the screen, a television camera. The camera tube will allow the user to switch from a wide view of the room to the face of the person speaking. The focus can be changed to give clear pictures of objects 0.3,0.9 and 6.0 meters away from the camera. There is also a mirror attachment, which allows the camera to scan documents which may be lying on the table. The camera adjusts itself automatically to different lighting conditions.

Text 4D

Прочитайте и перескажите текст.

Talking via Space

Communication has come a long way from the time when an Indian beat a drum (барабан) in the forest to the time when a scientist receives messages from a satellite. In this space age communication has become a highly developed field. The system of communica-tion in large countries is unthinkable today without space satellites. Besides large distances, there is a great time difference: the territories of some countries comprise up to 11 zones. Satellites help to minimize all the difficulties that may appear. They rapidly transmit TV and radio programs to different towns, cities, and distant areas.

Space systems and electronic technology have made it possible to set up an automatic system of communication designed for rapid transmission of all kinds of information.

People write letters and send telegrams. But at the same time people living in various cities like to exchange (обмениваться) news on the telephone. Statistics reports that the number of longdistance telephone calls is about 2, 000 million per year. A person in Moscow talking on the phone with Vladivostok must know that this conversation is carried on through a satellite.

Trains and cars can use mobile radio telephones to make calls. Businessmen can use fax machines which provide electronic transmission of documents and messages over telephone lines. Even photographs can be sent and received over telephone wires.

Practically all the population in large countries can watch TV via satellites. The orbital communication systems make it possible for people from different continents to see and hear one another.

The importance of space means of communication is increasing every year. The communication satellites of the international organization «INTERSAT» enable people to keep reliable telephone, telegraph, telex and fax communication in any weather with ships practically in every part of the World Ocean.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Упражнение 1. А. Прочитайте следующие выражения из текста 4А и постарайтесь догадаться о значении выделенных слов и словосочетаний.

1. TV sets began coming off factory assembly lines

2. on people’s life and way of thinking

3. it weighed less than a pound

4. the desired channel

5. when you are occupied

В. Подберите к каждому выделенному слову или словосочетанию соответствующее ему по значению.

a. unit of weight

b. programme

c. busy with smth.

d.where parts of large machines are put together in mass production

e. the way you think

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте слова cell, network, area, set и выберите правильное значение.

A cellular phone (cellphone) is a lightweight, portable radio transceiver, which can transmit and receive telephone calls anywhere in cellular network area. It is a mobile telephone, which communicates through base stations situated in areas called cells. Cell is a subdivision of communication area in a cellphone network. In the network, the same frequencies can be used for many different telephone calls at the same time. Each cell has its own small electronic base station and set of transmission frequencies. The sizes of the cell vary between 1 km to about 30 km across, depending on the output power of the cellphone transmitter.

1.cell

a small room for one person
apparatus for producing electricity by chemical action
a compartment in a larger structure (e.g., in a honeycomb)

2. network

a system of lines that cross
a complex system of interconnected radio and TV devices
a connected system

3. area

a zone, region, district
surface measure
range of activity

4. set

a number of smth. of the same kind
radio, TV, phone apparatus
Direction

Упражнение 3. Подберите к глаголам и словосочетаниям в колонке А глаголы с тем же значением из колонки В.

1.link up to

2. exchange news

3. send a signal, message, fax

4. show

5.take the place of

6. have, possess

7. make it illegible

8. have

a. contain

b. connect

c. replace

d. make it difficult and impos-

sible to read

e. own

f. communicate

g. transmit

h. indicate

Упражнение 4. Замените выделенное слово или словосочетание другим словом с тем же значением.

1. A Fax system can now send texts, graphics and documents to several places at the same time in less than a minute. The information may have photographic images as well as words. The latest Fax machines must be linked up to a special digital phone line. A few seconds' interference (помехи) on the phone line can make several lines of a document or text illegible.

2. Digital systems of information transmission have taken the place of analog systems in the last 25 years.

3. Most phones now have memories to store frequently used numbers. Some telephone manufacturers make phones with LCDs (liquid-crystal displays) which show the duration of calls.

4. Before World War II few people had television sets.

5 A lot of people have cellphones, answerphones and mobile phones now.

6. It is possible to exchange news with people in most parts of the world by telephone.

Упражнение 5. Заполните пропуски глаголами connect, transmit, communicate и их производными.

1. A small radio receiver called a radiopager makes it possible for people to ... with each other wherever they are.

2. Data ... services, known as teletext... text and graphics over a long distance as part of the television video signal.

3. In telecommunication the information can be directed between ... and receivers by cables of various kinds.

4. The lines which ... telephones within a building are the simplest type of... line.

5. Mobile phone systems normally do not... directly with other mobile phones. They send messages to the control base station.

6. How long will the ... of the new telephone take?

7. You can now ... your computer to computers all over the world by means of the Internet.

Упражнение 6. А. Назовите 10—15 слов и словосочетаний на тему «Means of communication».

В. Speak about:

Your favourite TV programmes at the moment.

Do you often watch football match live (as it happens) on TV or do you watch recorded highlights (parts of the game after it has been played)? Do you enjoy watching the commercials (the advertisements in programmes)? Do you watch satellite TV and/or cable TV?

LESSEN 5

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на разные способы выражения определения.

a new invention - новое изобретение, to be of great importance – большое значение, books available in this library – книг имеющихся в библиотеке, at this time – в это время, our professor’s lectures – наш профессор на лекции, the building of their institute – здание моего института, an institute’s library – институтская библиотека, a television programme – телевизионные программы, our central TV programme – наша центральная программа ТВ, the first television set – первый набор телевиденья, the first pocket-size colour television set – первый цветной карманный телевозор, today’s shows – сегоднешнее шоу, a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box – крошечные девять на девять дюймов рамки , the 1939 World Fair – 1939 всемирная выставка, a reading room – чистый зал , people living in different time zones of the country – люди, живущих в разных часовых поячах, modern TV sets appearing now – в настоящее время используются соврменные телевозоры, a written text – писменный текс, a factory built in Siberia – завод построен в сибире , an article to translate – перевести статью, the first to translate those texts – первый переводит эти тексты.

Упражнение 2. Укажите предложения, где выделенное слово является

определением.

1. Complex systems of radio ( определение)transmission networks have been set up throughout the world.

2. Scientists all over the world were quick to realize the importance of radio( определение ) and contributed much toits further development.

3. The Russian scientist A.S.Popov worked much at the problem of radio ( определение )communication.

4. It is necessary to radio (часть сказуемого )the latest news to distant parts of the country.

5. The system of communication (определение) in any country is unthinkable today without satellites.

6. Electronic technology has made it possible to set up automatic communicationопределение (определение) systems.

7. A new international orbital system provides telephone, telegraph and telex communication with ships practically in every part of the World Ocean.

8. It is known that a photon (подлежащие )is a particle of light.

9. Some specialists expect that a photon (сущ. в роле подлежащего)can greatly increase the operation of a computer.

10. Photon(определение) computers are quite possible in the not so far future.

1. Сложные системы радио-сетей связи были настроены во всем мире.

2. Ученые во всем мире были быстры, чтобы понять важность радио и внесли много toits дальнейшего развития.

3. Российский ученый А.С.Попов работал очень в проблеме радиосвязи.

4. Это необходимо для радио-последних новостей к отдаленным частям страны.

5. Система коммуникации в любой стране невероятна сегодня без спутников. 6. Электронная технология позволила настроить автоматические системы связи.

7. Новая международная орбитальная система обеспечивает телефон, телеграф и коммуникацию телекса с судами фактически в каждой части Мирового Океана.

8. Известно, что фотон - частица света.

9. Некоторые специалисты ожидают, что фотон может очень увеличить эксплуатацию компьютера.

10. Компьютеры фотона довольно возможны в не до сих пор будущее.

Упражнение 3. Найдите определения в предложениях и переведите их.

A. 1. There are twenty-five students in our group, five students got excellent marks for all their exams.

2. Students studying at our institute must know mathematics well.

3. The device made at our laboratory will be used in industry. 4. It is a short and easy text, our students don’t need a dictionary to translate it.

5. Scientists working at new computers have a lot of different problems to solve.

6. A citizen of our country was the first to circle the globe.

7. The first television black-and-white pictures produced a sensation in 1939.

8.A tiny nine-by-twelve inch box was displayed at the 1939 World Fair. определение

9. Now we can see many different radio and TV sets in every house.

10. Computers of different types and sizes have appeared in every country of the world.

A.1. Есть двадцать пять студентов в нашей группе, пять студентов получили превосходные отметки для всех своих экзаменов.

2. Студенты, учащиеся в нашем институте, должны знать математику хорошо.

3. Устройство, сделанное в нашей лаборатории, будет использоваться в промышленности.

4. Это - короткий и легкий текст, наши студенты не нуждаются в словаре, чтобы перевести его.

5. У ученых, работающих в новых компьютерах, есть много различных проблем решить.

6. Гражданин нашей страны был первым, чтобы окружить земной шар.

7. В 1939 первые телевизионные черно-белые картины произвели сенсацию.

8. Крошечное девять двенадцатью медленно двигается, коробка была показана на Ярмарке Мира 1939 года.

9. Теперь мы видим многих различное радио и телевизоры в каждом доме.

10. Компьютеры различных типов и размеров появились в каждой стране мира.

B. 1. Materials necessary at present to produce supercomputers are difficult to make.

2. A system capable of transmitting long distance messages was developed at the end of the last century.

3. People present at the World Fair in New York were interested in the new invention.

4. Some general engineering subjects difficult for the first-year students are necessary for studying specialized subjects.

B.1. Материалы, необходимые в настоящее время, чтобы произвести суперкомпьютеры, трудно сделать.

2. Система, способная к передаче сообщений большого расстояния, была разработана в конце прошлого столетия. 3. Люди, присутствующие на Мировой Ярмарке в Нью-Йорке, интересовались новым изобретением.

4. Некоторые предметы общего машиностроения, трудные для студентов первого курса, необходимы для изучения специализированных предметов.

Упражнение 4. Назовите подлежащее придаточного определительного предложения, переведите и укажите, где можно опустить союзное слово.

1.Morse invented a code that used dots and dashes for letters of the alphabet.

1. Азбука Морзе изобрела кодекс, который использовал точки и черты для букв алфавита.

2. Al. Bell found an assistant who was a specialist in electrical engineering.

2. Al. Звонок нашел помощника, который был специалистом в электротехнике.

3. They wanted to build a machine which people could use to talk over long distances.

3. Они хотели построить машину, которую люди могли использовать, чтобы обсудить большие расстояния.

4. A television screen and camera that will be used with a usual telephone are very small.

4. Телевизионный экран и камера, которая будет использоваться с обычным телефоном, очень маленькие.

5.People who come to the Aircraft Fair in Paris see new designs of aircraft from different countries.

5. Люди, которые приезжают в Ярмарку Самолета в Париже, видят новые проекты самолета из разных стран.

6. Bell did not know German which most writers of scientific and technical papers used at the time.

6. Звонок не знал немецкий язык который большинство авторов научно-технических используемых бумаг в то время.

7. The decimal system that was developed by French scientists was introduced in Russia by D.I. Mendeleev.

7. Десятичная система счисления, которая была развита французскими учеными, была введена в России Д.И. Менделеевым.

Упражнение 5. Измените предложения, где это возможно, согласно образцам и переведите.

Например: The experiments which Popov made were discussed at the University meeting. The experiments Popov made were discussed at the University meeting.

Эксперименты, которые сделал Попов, были обсуждены на университетской встрече. Эксперименты, которые сделал Попов, были обсуждены на университетской встрече.

1. Newton’s great work which was published in 1687 is called «Principia».

1. Большую работу Ньютона, которая была издана в 1687, называют "Принципами".

2. The Russian Chemical Society which is named after Mendeleev was organised more than a century ago.

2. Российское Химическое Общество, которое называют в честь Менделеева, было организовано больше чем столетие назад.

3. The subjects that the students study in the first and second years are very important for their future speciality.

3. Предметы, которые студенты изучают в первых и вторых годах, очень важны для их будущей специальности.

4. The invention which Popov made did not interest the government. 4. Изобретение, которое сделал Попов, не интересовало правительство.

Например: The laboratory in which the students will work is in a new building. The laboratory which the students will work in is in a new building. The laboratory the students will work in is in a new building.

Лаборатория, в которой будут работать студенты, находится в новом здании. Лаборатория, в которой будут работать студенты, находится в новом здании. Лаборатория, в которой будут работать студенты, находится в новом здании.

1. The film about which we were told had been made several years before.

1. Фильм, о котором нам сказали, был сделан за несколько лет до этого.

2. The magazine in which a very interesting article is published is available in our library.

2. Журнал, в котором опубликована очень интересная статья, доступен в нашей библиотеке.

3. The material of which this instrument is made is a new one. 3. Материалом которого этот инструмент сделан, новый.

4. This is a subject about which we don’t know much.

4. Это - предмет, о котором мы не знаем много.

5. The cosmonauts about whom we heard so much came to our town. 5. Космонавты, о которых мы слышали так много, приехали в наш город.

6. Have you seen the main components which the new device consists of?

6. Вы видели главные компоненты, из которых состоит новое устройство?

Упражнение 6. Найдите бессоюзные определительные придаточные предложения, переведите их.

1. The building our students live in is not far from the institute.

1. Здание наши студенты, живые в, недалеко от института.

2.Bell was making his experiment in a room next to the room Watson worked in.

2. Звонок делал его эксперимент в комнате рядом с комнатой Уотсоном работавший в.

3. For a long time Bell couldn’t get the results he was looking for.

3. В течение долгого времени Звонок не мог получить результаты, которые он искал.

4. The discovery of Newton’s mistake we shall read about was made by a young physicist.

4. Открытие ошибки Ньютона, о которой мы будем читать, было сделано молодым физиком.

5. When Roentgen made his discovery the room he was experimenting in was dark.

5. То, когда Рентген сделал его открытие комнатой, он экспериментировал в, было темно.

6. The plant this material is produced at is in the Urals.

6. Завод, в котором произведен этот материал, находится в Урале.

7. The problem this article deals with is connected with the subject we study.

7. Проблема эта статья соглашения со связана с предметом, который мы изучаем.

8. It is difficult to imagine the world we live in without radio, television and telephone.

8. Трудно вообразить мир, в котором мы живем без радио, телевидения и телефона.

Упражнение 7. Определите, являются ли выделенные слова существительным или глаголом. Назовите подтверждающие это признаки.

1. this means that-это означает что ; this means-это означает; it means-это означает; new means-новых средств; this means is-это означает.

2. this increase is-это увеличение; this increases-это увеличивает; it increases-она увеличивается; nothing increases-ничего не увеличивается;

its increase-.

3. these results-этих результатов; this results in-это приводит; both results-оба результата; this result-этот результат; both result in-и другое приводит к ; it results from-оно является результатом.

Упражнение 8. Переведите выделенные словосочетания, обращая внимание на различные значения слова carry.

1.During the course of study students carry out practical work in well-equipped laboratories.

1.Во курса обучения студенты выполняют практические работы в хорошо оборудованных лабораториях.

2. People are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars equipped with electronic devices.

2. Люди проносятся самолеты, корабли, поезда и автомобили, оснащенные электронными устройствами.

3. Intensive work and research are being carried out on new robots in many countries.

3. Интенсивные работы и исследования проводятся на новых роботов во многих странах.

4. A new computer carries out a few hundred thousand calculations in a few seconds.

4. Новый компьютер выполняет несколько сотен тысяч вычислений в несколько секунд.

5. Peter, help me carry this heavy box, please.

5. Петр, помоги мне нести этот тяжелый ящик, пожалуйста.

Упражнение 9. Найдите русские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний.

1.to be in general usage-быть в общем использовании;

2.electronically controlled- с электронным управлением;

3.in other words- другими словами;

4.of a few square millimetres- в несколько квадратных миллиметров;

5.commonly-обычно;

6.the more ...-больше…,

7.the more-более;

8.operation by operation- операция по эксплуотации;

9.according to-в соответствии с;

10.advantage over-преимущество над;

11.a thousand times faster-в тысячу раз быстрее.

согласно; размером в несколько мм; с электронным управлением; чем больше ..., тем больше; являться общеупотребительным; операция за операцией; обычно; в 1000 раз быстрее; другими словами; преимущество по сравнению.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Упражнение 10.

А. Переведите следующие производные слова:

глагол или существительное + -ive = прилагательное to act — действовать —> active — деятельный intensity- интенсивность -» intensive- интенсивный

to conserve — conservative, progress — progressive, effect — effective, mass — massive, to react — reactive;

суффикс существительного -иге nature — природа; culture — культура

structure, manufacture, future, measure, feature, agriculture; префикс super- (сверх, супер) supernatural — сверхестественный; superpower — сверхдержава

supergenius, supercomputer, superman, supermarket, supersonic, superhot, superconductor.

В. Образуйте и переведите производные слова согласно образцу:

префиксы micro-, mini- (микро-, мини-)

microscope — микроскоп, microscopic — микроскопический

computer, chip, electronics, fiche, film, phone, processor, wave, organism;

minimum — минимум, minimal — минимальный, minimize — минимизировать, сводить к минимуму

computer, screen, tour, bus, skirt, -sized.

Упражнение 11. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

computer, supercomputer ['sju:pakam'pju:ta], general ['(fcenaral], millions, electron, electronics, electronic instrument, electronically controlled machines [ma'Jhnz], airplane, globe ['glaub], millimeter, center, operation, components [kam'paunants], materials [ma'ti9ri9lz], laboratory [l9'boratari], modern, seconds, physical ['fizikal], limit, specialists ['spejialists], photons ['fautonz].

Упражнение 12. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.

race [reis], usage ['juizicfe], device [di'vais], circle ['sa:kl], world [wa:ld], circuit ['sa:kit], undoubtedly [An'dautidli], require [ri'kwaia], quality ['kwoliti], quantity ['kwontiti], purity ['pjuariti], produce [pra'dju:s], throughout [Gru'aut], reliable [ri'laiabl], whole [haul], perform [pa'fo:m], simultaneously [,simal'teinjasli], basic ['beisik], available [a'veilabl], research [ri'sa:tf], expect [iks'pekt].

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

according to adv — согласно, соответственно

available а — доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении

beam п — луч

built-in p.p. — встроенный

by means of prp — посредством, при помощи

calculation п — вычисление

generation п — поколение

go on v — продолжать (ся)

machine-tool п — станок

matter п — дело, вопрос

ordinary — обыкновенный

perform v — выполнять, делать, исполнять

quality п — качество

reliable а — надежный

capable a — способный

circuit n — схема, цепь

close a — близкий, тесный

complete v — завершать

control — управлять, контролировать

depend on v — зависеть от

fast a — быстрый

require v — требовать(ся)

speed n — скорость

surround v — окружать

task n — задание, задача

up to prp — вплоть до

usage n — использование

whereas conj — тогда как, в то время как

Техт 5А

Прочитайте текст и прокомментируйте его заголовок. Прав ли автор, дав такой заголовок? Найдите в тексте соответствующие факты. Переведите.

Is there an End to the Computer Race?

Today the word «electronics» is in general usage. Millions of people have electron watches. There are a lot of various radio and TV sets, video cassette recorders and CD players in our houses. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites circle the globe. In other words, we are living in an electronic world.

And the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate1 of a few square millimetres, an integrated circuit2, or a chip3, as it is more commonly known. The integrated circuit is undoubtedly one of the most sophisticated4 inventions of man, science and technology. It is in the heart of every electronic device and the more cassette recorders, TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits are required.

When we speak about a further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high technology5 and high speed. As the operation of an integrated circuit depends on microscopic «components», the purity of all materials and the cleanness at the plant they are produced at must be of the highest quality. A continuous search is going on in laboratories throughout the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.

In the past it took6 scientists and researchers a whole lifetime to make a few thousand calculations, whereas for a modern computer this task is a matter of a few seconds. At present computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required. Supercomputers are different from ordinary computers. The ordinary computer does the computations operation by operation, while the supercomputer operates like a brain: all operations are being done simultaneously.

In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above 2 billion operations a second. It will take a few more years to produce a 10-billion operations computer. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the near future. Is there an end to this race?

According to some researchers, we are close to what can be regarded as a true physical limit. But other specialists think that photons will make the operation a thousand times faster. This means that in the future it will be possible to expect the appearance of photon computers and that computations will be done by means of light. Light has several advantages over electronics: light beams are faster, travel in parallel lines and can pass through one another without interference7. Already, the optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced, and intensive research on optical-electronic computers is being carried out in a number of countries around the world. In a few decades a new age of light may replace the still youthful electronic age. The race is going on.

Есть ли конец Race Компьютер ?

Сегодня слово « электроника» находится в общем использовании . Миллионы людей электронно часов. Есть много различных радио и телевизоры, видеомагнитофоны и проигрыватели компакт-дисков в наших домах . На фабриках и заводах мы окружены с электронным управлением ¬ контролируемых машин и приборов , мы проносятся самолеты, корабли , поезда и автомобили со встроенными электронными устройствами , и спутники земной шар . Другими словами, мы живем в электронном мире .И центром этого мира является крошечной кремниевой пластины 1 в несколько квадратных миллиметров , интегрированный circuit2 илиchip3 , так как она более известна . Интегральная схема , несомненно, один из самых sophisticated4 изобретений человека , науки и техники. Именно в сердце каждого электронного устройства, и чем больше кассеты ре ¬ Corders , телевизоров и компьютеров мы должны , тем больше интегральных схем ¬ cuits обязательны для заполнения.Когда мы говорим одальнейшем развитии компьютеров мы имеем в виду не только количество, но и высокой technology5 и высокая скорость. Поскольку работаинтегральной схемы зависит от микроскопических « компоненты» , чистота всех материалов ичистоты на заводе они производятся на должно быть самого высокого качества . Кон ¬ непрерывный поиск происходит в лабораториях по всему миру для более совершенной, надежной и высокой скоростью электронных схем.В прошлом это took6 ученых и исследователей целая жизнь , чтобы сделать несколько тысяч расчетов , тогда как длясовременных компьютеров эта задача является вопросом нескольких секунд. В настоящее время компьютеры, способные выполнять миллиарды операций в секунду требуется. Супер ¬ компьютеры отличаются от обычных компьютеров. Обычный компьютер делает вычисления операции при работе , в то время как суперкомпьютер работает как мозг : все операции делаются одновременно.В ближайшие несколько лет инженеры будут завершить работу по ком ¬ компьютерами составляет более 2 триллионов операций в секунду . Это займет еще несколько лет, чтобы произвести 10 миллиардов операций компьютера. Пятое поколение компьютеров +100000000000 выполнения операций в секунду станут доступны в ближайшем будущем. Есть ли конец этой гонке?По мнению некоторых исследователей , мы близки к тому, что может быть ре ¬ рассматривать какистинный физический предел. Но другие специалисты считают, что фо ¬ тонн сделают операцию в тысячу раз быстрее . Это означает, что в будущем можно будет ожидать появления фотонных компьютеров и вычислений , что будет сделано с помощью света . Свет имеет несколько преимуществ по сравнению с электроникой : лучи света быстрее , путешествия в параллельные линии и может проходить через друг друга, не interference7 . Уже , оптический эквиваленттранзисторов ¬ Tor был произведен, и интенсивные исследования по оптико-электронных компьютеров проводится в ряде стран по всему миру . Через несколько десятилетий новой эры света может заменить еще молодой электронный век . Гонка продолжается.

Notes to the Text

silicon plate — кремниевая пластина
integrated circuit — интегральная схема
chip — кристалл
sophisticated — сложный
high technology — передовая технология
it takes ... (one year) — требуется
interference — взаимное влияние, помехи

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 13. Просмотрите текст 5А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about?

2. What new things appeared in people’s everyday life after World War II?

3. What is at the center of all these things?

4. What applications of computers do you know?

5.Where else (еще) may computers be used?

6. How does an ordinary computer (a supercomputer) operate?

7. What is the speed of a new supercomputer?

8. What is the task of engineers in the field of computer development? 9. What types of computers do you know?

10. What are the prospects in the development of computers?

1. Что это за текст о?

2. Что нового появилось в повседневной жизни лю ¬ PLE после Второй мировой войны?

3. Что находится в центре всех этих вещей?

4. Какие приложения компьютеров вы знаете?

5.Where еще (еще) компьютеров может быть использована?

6. Как обыч ¬ ни капли компьютера (суперкомпьютер) работают?

7. Какова скорость нового суперкомпьютера?

8. Какая задача инженеров в области компьютерной развития?

9. Какие компьютеры вы знаете?

10. Каковы перспективы в развитии компьютеров?

Упражнение 14. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста 5А.

1. Nowadays an integrated circuit is the main component of everyday device.

2. Supercomputers are in general usage now.

3. The operation of integrated circuits depends on their microscopic component quality.

4. Some researchers think that we are close to a physical limit in increasing computer operation speed.

5. Supercomputers are similar to ordinary computers.

6. By the beginning of the 21st century the electronic age may replace the light age.

7. It is possible to expect the appearance of optical-electronic computers in the future.

Упражнение 15. Найдите в тексте 5А цепочки существительных-опреде- лений, состоящих не менее чем из трех компонентов, выделите основное слово и переведите.

Упражнение 16. Найдите в третьем абзаце текста 5А бессоюзное определительное придаточное предложение и переведите его.

Упражнение 17. Укажите, чем выражено определение в предложениях.

1. Yesterday we watched a very late TV programme of a football match. 2. Y.Gagarin made the world’s first space flight on April 12, 1961. 3. It was announced that 1000 well-equipped sport clubs could be opened in this country. 4. Our electronics and radio electronics industry have developed from the country’s only radio laboratory in Nizny Novgorod. 5. This country has powerful energy systems with the world’s largest hydro and thermal power stations and nuclear plants. 6. How can architects solve the problem of living in a region where night lasts for several months and where the temperature may be between 40 °C and 50 °C?

1. The experiments carried out by Bell and Watson didn’t give any positive results for a long time. 2. D.K. Chernov laid the foundation of the science dealing with metals. 3. In many countries scientists interested in electricity wanted to find out whether it could be used for a long distance communication. 4. Articles published by Franklin in 1752 dealt with electricity. 5. Communication satellites used by all countries make intercontinental television transmission possible.

1. Nowadays computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required.

2. People present at the demonstration of Popov’s invention were sure of its great future.

3. Wind and solar energies available throughout the earth must be used for useful purposes.

4. Russian engineers have developed the cargo airplane «Ruslan» capable of carrying load up to 150 tons. 5. Computers available everywhere nowadays make our life easier.

1. Polzunov was the first to construct a steam engine. 2. Mendeleev was the first to make a classification of chemical elements. 3. The thermometer is a device to measure temperature. 4. Faraday was the first to invent a dynamo. 5. A telephone set is a device to reproduce sounds.

1. Materials new computers depend on must be of the best quality. 2. The number of components supercomputers consist of is great. 3. The plants computer components are produced at must be superclean. 4. The laboratory the Curies worked in was very primitive. 5. The space laboratory the Russian cosmonauts live and work in is in the orbit for a long time. 6. Satellites our communication goes through are sent into space regularly. 7. The problem Bell was interested in was not an easy one and it took several years to solve it. 8. The problem this article deals with is connected with the subject we study. 9. The changes and movements of the air we are surrounded with influence our lives. 10. This is an article that deals with some environmental problems we face.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 18. Образуйте слова с префиксом super- и переведите их.

man, power, genius, hot, hard, natural, conductor.

Упражнение 19. Найдите слова с отрицательным значением.

true, unusual, important, disappearance, incapable, information, undiscovered, capable, untrue, changing, usual, undetected, unimportant, appearance, detected, discovered, intention, possible, include, impossible, disadvantages, imagine, unchanging.

Упражнение 20. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова.

superconductivity, superconductive, quality, qualitative, qualitatively, quantity, quantitative, quantitatively, pure, purity, manufacture.

Упражнение 21. Назовите производные от следующих слов, переведите их.

electron, operate, compute, calculate.

Упражнение 22. Расположите слова в алфавитном порядке.

still, start, specialist, speed, speak, second, search, science, sophisticated, surround, supercomputer, ship, simultaneously.

Упражнение 23. Назовите исходную форму слов.

factories, carried, living, more, depends, components, highest, took, qualitatively.

Упражнение 24. Найдите в колонке В эквиваленты словосочетаниям из колонки А.

to make faster
able
a lot of
at present
to make better
to be different from
a computer which does all operations simultaneously
it takes
many
supercomputer
to improve
capable
nowadays
to increase
to differ
it requires

Упражнение 25. Найдите антонимы.

simple, untrue, begin, sophisticated, reliable, efficient, close to, true, complete, low, disadvantage, far from, high, unreliable, inefficient, advantage.

Упражнение 26. Переведите выделенные слова и запомните их.

1. In the past «Engineer» meant a designer of engines. 2. The word «a means» means «средство». 3. The meaning of «telemetry» is «measuring at a distance» and is a combination of Greek and Latin words. 4. By means of satellites we can communicate with any country of the world. 5. There were no means of direct communication before the telephone was invented. 6. By communication we mean various ways to send information. 7. Scientists reported that we had technical means to use more channels on a TV set.

The importance of space means of communication is increasing every year. 9. By what means is speech transmitted over a distance? 10. By means of telephone people communicate with each other at great distances. 11. The mean distance between these two objects is not known yet.

Упражнение 27. Заполните пропуски словами few или a few.

1. ... people know that the first programmer in the world was Lord Bayron’s daughter. 2. In the past astronomers spent all their lives to make ... hundred thousand calculations. 3. A calculator makes these calculations in ... seconds. 4. In the next ... years a new generation computer will be developed. 5.... people read that the first electric light illuminated the laboratory of Vasily Petrov, a St. Petersburg physicist, in 1862.

Упражнение 28. Обратите внимание на перевод слова which.

1. In our institute the study of theory is linked with practical training, which is very important for future engineers. 2. Students have industrial training at various plants, which allows them not only to watch production processes, but also to take part in production. 3. It is now possible to find a book or an article in this library very quickly, which is extremely important for specialists. 4. Pierre Curie studied the properties of crystals, which led him to the discovery of the piezoelectric phenomenon.

Упражнение 29. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения.

1. There are some students in the room now. 2. Are there any students in the classroom now? 3. Everybody knows that one can find any book in the Lenin library, 4. There are no students in the classroom now. 5. I was looking for the new reference book on physics everywhere, but couldn’t find it. 6.1 must have some paper, I can’t write anything. 7. This man knows something, but he does not want to tell us. 8.1 have seen you somewhere before. 9. No one said anything to us about it at the meeting. 10. In our institute library I always find everything I need. 11. We could park our car nowhere. 12. They found nobody at home. 13. I have been nowhere this summer. I had no vacation. 14. Every faculty at our institute has a computer.

Упражнение 30. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

won, rung, driven, run, fed, laid, read

Упражнение 31. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря.

Let’s look at the progress the computers have made in their development. Besides the great changes in size and speed, we now have machines which change numbers into pictures, words and sounds. The next big change will be when we get computers that will understand human language. But now if you want to programme your own computer, you must learn its language. It does not understand yours. For example you talk with an Englishman. You make one small grammar mistake «have» instead of «has». The man understands what you mean and the talk goes on. But if you make even the smallest mistake in computer language, the talk breaks down and you must go back to the beginning.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

What influences the operation of an integrated circuit? (the quality of microscopic components it consists of) 2. What is the function of a computer? (making a great number of calculations at a very high speed) 3. What will be the speed of the fifth-generation computers? (100 billion operations a second) 4. What can increase the operation speed many times compared to the present computers? (a photon) 5. What physical phenomenon can be used to improve a computer’s speed? (light) 6. What are the advantages of light for computation purposes over electronics? (the capability to move faster, in parallel lines and pass one another)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

Nowadays electronic devices
We are surrounded
There are
A personal computer
People are carried by
The modern production is unthinkable
It is impossible to imagine

airplanes, ships, trains and cars having built-in electronic circuits and instruments.
is being used more widely at home and in office.
without electronically controlled machine-tools.
with electronics everywhere in everyday life and at plants and factories.
scientific research without computers.
are in general usage.
electronic watches we wear, telephone, radio, and TV sets we speak, listen to and watch.

Exercise 3. Read and learn.

Computers

Mary: Have you seen an interesting advertisement (реклама) in

the last issue of «The Economist»?

John: I have not read it yet.

M.: The School of Engineering offers a new programme in infor

mation system. Applications are invited for jobs in this field.

J.: Professor Smith has told me about it. This programme is

interesting. It is designed to meet the needs of persons with a computing background for their work in management and industry.

М.: Don’t you think that our son can lecture on this new

programme?

J.: Why not? He graduated from the Department of Compu

ter Science and for some years was taking part in the research project connected with the problems of supercomputers and their manufacturing.

М.: As far as I remember his research interests cover software

(программное обеспечение) and application.

J.: And what do they say about the contract?

М.: It is a three years’ contract and it may be extended for fur

ther two years. I’ll write Mike a letter.

J.: It’s too long. You’d better call him.

: How do you like these new electronic games?
: I am crazy (mad) about them. And you?
: Really, I don’t know what you see in them.
: Well, I think a real computer game resembles real life as

closely as possible, doesn’t it?

: May be you are right, but I am not sure.
: Oh, but I find them rather relaxing for a change and try to

spend every spare (свободное) minute playing.

Exercise 4. Speak about:

The application of electronics in everyday life.
New developments in computers.

Use exercise 1,2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic: to be in general usage, research is going on, throughout the world, further development, high speed electronic circuits of the highest quality, according to some researchers, a photon computer, by means of light, advantage over, in a few decades.

Exercise S. Comment on the following statement.

Electronic games are very popular today. There are already up to 10,000 different computer games in the world.

Exercise 6. Read and smile.

Andrew Jackson’s Poor Health

After his wife died Andrew Jackson, former President of the United States, became increasingly irritable (раздражительный). He also worried (беспокоиться) more and more about his healt Several members of his family had died after a paralytic stroke (паралич) and Jackson was sure he was going to die in the same way. He therefore lived in daily fear (страх) of getting such a stroke. One day, during a party at his home, he was playing chess with a young woman. Suddenly Jackson’s hands dropped to his side, his face became white. Several friends run to him. «At last it has come», Jackson said weakly. «I have had a stroke. My whole right side is completely paralyzed.» «How do you know?» someone asked. «Because», Jackson said, «in the last few minutes I have pinched (ущипнуть) my leg several times and there is absolutely no sensation in it». «Oh, I beg your pardon, sir», said the young woman he played with, «but it was my leg you were pinching.»

Text 5B

Прочитайте текст и найдите информацию об использовании компьютеров в повседневной жизни и работе людей. Выпишите и переведите определительные придаточные предложения.

Computers Concern You

When Ch. Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, invented the first calculating machine in 1812, he could hardly have imagined the situations we find ourselves in today. Almost everything in modern world is done with the help of computers — the complicated descendants (потомки) of his simple machine. Computers are being used more and more extensively in the world today, for the simple reason that they are far more efficient than human beings. They have much better memories and can store (запоминать) great amount of information and they can do calculations in a fraction of the time required by a human mathematician. No man alive can do 500,000 sums in one second, but a modern computer can.

In fact, computers can do many things we do, but faster and better. They can control machines at factories, work out tomorrow’s weather and even play chess, write poetry or compose music. Let’s look now at some of the ways in which computers concern people in their daily lives and work.

Many people associate computers with the world of science and mathematics, but they are also a great help to scholars in other subjects: in history, literature and so on. It is now possible for a scholar to find a book or an article he needs very quickly, which nowadays when a million or more new books are published each year is quite an advantage. You tell the computer which subject you are interested in and it produces any microfiche (микрофише, диамикрокарта) you need in seconds.

There are also systems which are being developed to translate articles from foreign magazines by computer and to make up many lists of information which are needed in a modern library. So, computer can help us to deal with the knowledge explosion in many ways. One can imagine a time when libraries will be run by computers, without human beings at all.

Or, let’s take another example. When a man drives a car for long distances he has two problems: to keep the car at a constant speed and watch that he does not run into the car in front of him. Engineers are now experimenting with a system which has a computer control of these two problems. The car’s computer keeps the speed constant. At the same time the distance between the car and any other car in front of it is measured by a beam of light transmitted forwards. The beam meets the rear reflectors of the car in front and it is reflected back, which enables to measure the distance. This information is fed to the computer which adjusts (регулировать) its speed control accordingly.

Техт 5C

Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте его. Кратко изложите основное содержание текста по-английски.

Sir Isaac Newton was a supergenius of science who among other things invented calculus (исчисление), stated the laws of gravity and optics. But it turned out (оказываться) Newton also made mistakes. The University of Chicago announced recently that R. Garusto, 23, a physicist, had discovered in one of Newton’s calculations an error that had been undetected for three centuries.

The young scientist discovered it while he was studying Newton’s masterpiece (шедевр) of physics «Principia» (1687). Newton had derived (выводить) a figure for the Earth’s mass based on his new theory that a single force — gravity — governed (управлять) falling bodies on the Earth and the motion of planets around the Sun. The calculation depended on the angle (угол) between two lines from the Earth to the Sun, but because that angle was not exactly known at the time, Newton used slightly different figures in «Principia». It was that mistake that the young scientist found, a discovery that was soon confirmed (подтвердить) by other physicists. The mistake has no influence on Newton’s theory, but its discovery was enough to get him a prize from the University of Chicago.

Text 5D

Прочитайте текст и расскажите по-английски, из каких зданий состоит комплекс Библиотеки Конгресса и каким известным деятелям посвящено каждое из них. Найдите предложения со словами houses и numbers, переведите и запомните их значения.

The Library of Congress

The Library of Congress is the Nation’s library in the USA. It serves not only to members and committees of the Congress, but to libraries throughout the USA and the world and to the scholars, researchers and scientists who use it.

Its foundation was laid in 1815 when President Thomas Gef- ferson offered his personal library accumulated for 50 years and considered one of the best in the United States at that time as the basis for a great national library.

Now the Library of Congress complex on Capital Hill includes three buildings. The Thomas Gefferson Building, which has been built in Italian Renaissance style, is the oldest of them. It was the largest and costliest (роскошный) library building in the world when it was completed in 1897. It is decorated with splendid sculpture, murals (фрески) created by 50 American artists. Its Main Reading Room is 160 feet high.

The Room houses a collection of 45,000 reference books (справочники), a part of the extensive main catalog of more than 23 million cards and desks for 212 readers. The Computer Catalog Center provides public access (доступ) to the Library’s automated catalog.

The simply designed John Adams Building faced with white marble (мрамор) was opened in 1939. Sculptures on its large bronze doors represent 12 famous writers.

The white marble James Madison Memorial Building opened in 1980 more than doubled the Library’s available Capitol Hill space. The building which is the official memorial to the Nation’s fourth President contains the James Madison Memorial Hall, exhibition areas, eight reading rooms, offices and storage areas for collections which number over 50 million items (предметов).

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Упражнение 1. А. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания из текста 5А и постарайтесь догадаться о значении выделенных слов в данном контексте.

the word «electronics» is in general usage
more perfect electronic circuits
billions of operations
what can be regarded as
the still youthful electronic age

В. Подберите к каждому выделенному в А слову или словосочетанию соответствующее ему по значению.

excellent, exact, accurate
combination of written symbols forming vocabulary of a language
consider
great or long period of time with special characteristics
one thousand million (GB), 109 (US)

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте текст и найдите эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

number
tiny
not likely to change
signal to ring a bell at a fixed (certain) time
divide into two equal parts
watch that is used to time sport events, such as a race, to a fraction (small part) of a second
a place between the hand and the arm
not fast, slowly
smth. that helps smb. to remember, not to forget
start or begin a process
Hertz (Hz)
Speed

Digital Watch

In a digital watch the mechanical parts of the traditional mechanical wristwatch have been replaced by a vibrating quartz crystal to keep time. The vibrating quartz crystal is controlled by minute electronic circuits. One of the advantages of quartz is that it is very stable. The artificial quartz crystals used in digital watches are designed to vibrate up to 32,768 cycles per second when the current from a battery is passed through them.

These vibrations produce electric pulses. As the pulses travel through the electronic circuits of the microchip, their rate is gradually halved. The result is a pulse rate of one per second.

Each one-second pulse triggers the microchip to send signals to the liquid crystal display to advance the numerals by one second. The pulses are also used to control different functions. Such a digital watch can show the day and date; it can have an alarm and a reminder and can act as a stopwatch with an accuracy of 1/100th second.

Упражнение 3. Прочитайте следующие определения компьютерных терминов, дайте русские эквиваленты выделенных слов и словосочетаний. Переведите предложения.

Hardware means the different types of equipment a computer consists of.
A computer’s hardware comprises a central processing unit (CPU) which is the heart and brain of the computer.
Input and output devices capable of putting information into a computer and getting it out of it are types of peripheral equipment. Peripherals are the units connected to the CPU: input devices, output devices and storage devices.
The simplest and most common type of input device is a keyboard, containing a typewriter keyboard.
A laser printer is a kind of output device to print information.
Software means the programs needed to operate computer equipment.
These programs are on disks, the hard disks inside the computer, or floppy disks, or on CD-ROMs, that is, Compact Disk Read Only Memory, which you can put on or store a large amount of information. A disk is a storage device made of flat circular plates with magnetizable surfaces. A hard disk is a disk made from a solid magnetic material and used as a storage device. A floppy disk (also called diskette) is a disk made of flexible plastic material upon which data are stored on magnetic tracks. Tracks are areas marked on the surface of a disk. A disk drive is the electronic mechanism that actually reads what is on a disk. In hard disks, the disk and the drive are built into a single unit.
A word processor is a computer used to write documents, letters and reports, or the software that is used for this purpose.
Databases are programs, which allow you to store, look at or change a large quantity of information quickly and easily.
Graphics are pictures and symbols a computer program can produce.
An extra copy on a floppy disk is called a back-up copy, a copy of data or software, usually kept in case the original disk is damaged or destroyed.
A bug possible in a computer operation, also a virus is a software problem or error in a program. Debugging means correcting program errors or bugs.
People send e-mail (electronic mail) messages with the help of the Internet, a system that lets computers connect by telephone lines.

A laptop is a portable computer weighing about 2—4 kg.

With a device called the mouse you can do a number of things by clicking on different icons.
A mouse is a small input device, on the top of which there are one or more buttons for communicating with the computer.
Clicking is a basic mouse action to place a cursor to close a window, etc.
An icon is a small picture representing an object, process or function.

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски, образуя общеизвестные компьютерные термины. Запомните их.

data ...
integrated ... or chip
soft ...
... ROM
hard ...
floppy ...
... disk
input, output ...
super ...
physical ...
... network
mini ...
... copy
fifth ... computer
... processor
e-...
... age
photon ...
... writer
key ...
laser ...
mini ...

Упражнение 5. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.

Verb, Noun	Adjective
create	...
	possessive
act	...
compete	competitive
attract	...
...	comparative
expense	...
sense	...
mass	...

Упражнение 6. Назовите прилагательные с суффиксом -ible/-able, означающие:

that can be done, can exist, happen;
that cannot be done, cannot exist, happen;
that can be used;
that may be obtained, can be used;
that may be relied on;
that cannot be relied on;
which may be questioned;
which may not be questioned;
absolutely essential.

Упражнение 7. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.

Noun	Adjective	Adverb
...		questionably
availability
capability	• • •	• • •
...	usable
		possibly
reliability
quality	...	...
quantity	...
...	...	intensively
indispensability	...

Упражнение 8. А. Назовите 15—20 ключевых слов и выражений на тему

«Computer».

В. Speak about:

A lot of people are becoming computer literate (have experience of working with computers and know how to use them). Are you computer literate? Do you find most computers «user- friendly» (easy to use)?
The Internet and its influence on our daily life. Can it help people from different countries to learn English?

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