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As an independent branch of knowledge the political science was generated at the end of the XIX-th century.
Before that for a long time there were different political as a part of the philosophical, social and economic knowledge, reflecting concrete historical conditions of this or that period.
All together there are 3 periods of the development of the political knowledge:
I Religious-mythological representations - the idea of a divine origin of policy and power - gods are direct governors of the people
II. From antique time different political ideas were united in political philosophy.
Antique political theories
Платон
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
427 до н. э. Афины |
347 год до н. э. Афины |
“Политик”, “Государство”, “Законы” |
Учение об идеальном государстве |
Основные интересы:
этика, эстетика, политика, образование, философия математикa
Platon's political philosophy (427-347 BC)
The basic works - "Politician", "State", "Laws"
1. Substantiation of principle of division of labour as bases of social structure and state construction;
2. Substantiation of state as a main institute and necessary form of the organization of a human society.
“I see close destruction of that state where the law is not valid and is under someone's the power. “
3. Theory of ideal state.
Ideal state – is a fair power of the best individuals, based on fair laws and public property.
The main aim of the ideal state - satisfaction of requirements of citizens in interests of the majority of the population. Personal interests should submit to interests of the state and society as a whole;
4. Allocation of groups of philosophers, soldiers and workers (farmers and handicraftsmen). Philosophers exercise administration of a society, soldiers are military and police force, workers provide a society with material means;
5. Classification of forms of the states:
Correct forms
- Aristocracy (power of ruling class, wise and noble philosophers) as the best form of the state;
- Monarchy ( power of one individual);
Wrong forms
- Timocracy ( power based on violence and wars);
- Oligarchy (power based on a property );
- Democracy (power of deprived and uneducated crowd ),
- Tyranny ( power based on lawlessness and slavery).
Аристотель Ἀριστοτέλης
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
384 год до н. э. Стагир, полуостров Халкидики |
7 марта 322 до н. э. Халкида, остров Эвбея |
“Политика” |
Теория государства |
Период: Античная философия
Основные интересы: этика, политика, наука о жизни, логика, экономика
The basic work "Politics"
1. Theoretical substantiation of occurrence of the state - main reason of occurrence of the state - distinctions of natural qualities of the people, determining relations between slaves and slaveholders;
- state is a product of development and the necessary form of existence of people;
- definition of the person as ”political animal” – person, who lives out of the state, is either an animal, or a god.
2. Classification of forms of the state
Correct forms
- Politia as the best political system ( power of the middle class, power of the educated and rich majority)
- Monarchy (the power of one individual)
- Aristocracy (the power of the few individuals)
Wrong forms
- Democracy (power of the uneducated people)
- Tyranny (the power based on lawlessness and slavery)
- Oligarchy (power based on a property ).
3. Substantiation of a priority of the state interests corresponding to private interests
These and other positions of antique political philosophy show a rational view at the world and its political institutes.
Political theories of the Middle Ages ( 5-14centuries)
During Middle Ages the antique heritage has been lost and political views have got again religious character. The concept of divine determination of the state became a basis of so-called theological approach for study of questions of a policy and the state
Power is defined as organization of life on the earth determined by god. Church is basis of the state.
Theological approach recognizes the necessity of the state power, however it is considered as result of divine determination. The religion is a necessary condition of existence of political institutes
Августин Аврелий
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
13 ноября 354 |
28 августа 430 (75 лет) |
”О граде божьем” |
Теологическая (теократическая) теория государства |
Avgustin Avrely (354 430)
The basic work ” About town of god”
1. Recognition of necessity of state power. Church is basis of state power. Avgustin Avrely underlines: “ State, not subordinated to church , does not differ from gang of robbers”
2. State power is result of divine determination
Фома Аквинский Thomas Aquinas
Канонизирован католической церковью 18 июля 1323
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
1225 год |
7 марта 1274 |
«О правлении государей» «Сумма теологии» |
Теологическая (теократическая) теория государства |
Foma Akvinsky (1225-1274)
The basic work ”About board of sovereigns”
2. Classification of forms of the state
“Good forms” – a monarchy, aristocracy and democracy
“Bad forms” – tyranny, oligarchy
Political theories in Renaissance and period of New time
Renaissance - XIV-XVI centuries
This period was marked by revolution in outlook – transition from medieval theology to real interests and requirements of the person. Period of feudalism
Никколо Макиавелли
философ, политик, писатель
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
3 мая 1469 Флоренция |
21 июня 1527 (58 лет) Флоренция |
Государь |
Концепция светского государства и политики Принцип политического реализма (цель оправдывает средства) |
Nikkolo Makkiavelli (1469-1527)
The basic work "Sovereign"
1) Substantiation of political science as science about political and state power
2) Concept of the secular state and a policy, free from religious doctrines. Definition of state as political form of the organization of a society. Necessity of the state is caused by egoistical human nature
3) Substantiation of principles of political realism. In their actions governors should be guided only by reasons of practical character and expediency. All means are permitted for achievement of political aims ( aim justifies the means). This position is connected with concept of makkiavellism - politicians can ignore norms of morals in a case if their actions are directed on state prosperity.
Philosophy of a utopian socialism
Томас Мор
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
7 февраля 1478, Лондон |
6 июля 1535 (57 лет), Лондон |
“ О наилучшем устройстве на новом острове Утопия” |
Утопический социализм |
Томмазо Кампанелла Tommaso Campanella
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Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
5 сентября 1568,Калабриа |
21 мая 1638 (70 лет), Париж |
“Город солнца” |
Утопический социализм |
1) Concept of the ideal society on the basis of a public property ;
2) Idea of distribution according requirements;
3) Theory of transformation of the state in a system of control over society and manufacture
4) Idea of overcoming of contrast between physical and intellectual work, and also between city and village
5) Representations of democracy as a principle of the device of the ideal state.
New time (XVI-XIX вв) – an epoch of bourgeois revolutions and strengthening of capitalist foundations. Formation of new class structure with bourgeoisie as a main class.
The theory of the natural right has been put forward - all people have an inalienable law to life, work and private property.
Томас Гоббс Thomas Hobbes
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
5 апреля 1588 Королевство Англия |
4 декабря 1679 (91 год) Королевство Англия |
” О гражданине”, ” Левиафан” |
Теория общественного договора |
Направление: Западные Философы
Период: Философия XVII века
Основные интересы: Теория государства и права, История, Этика, Геометрия
The basic works ”About the citizen”, "Leviafan"
- Natural equality of people (physical and intellectual) defines their equality in all areas of a life
- Theory of the public agreement (protection of natural rights and property defines necessity of the conclusion public agreement between individuals and delegation of power to the state)
Джон Локк John Lock
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Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
29 августа 1632, Рингтон, Англия |
28 октября 1704 (72 года), Эссекс, Англия |
“Два трактата о правлении” |
Идеология либерализма Теория общественного договора Теория разделения властей |
Направление: английская философия
Период: Философия XVII века
Основные интересы: Метафизика, политическая философия, философия сознания, образование
John Lock (1632-1704)
The basic work «Two doctrines about board”
1. The theory of liberalism proving a personal freedom and equalities of people
2. Substantiation of social – political process is a transition from natural conditions of people to civil society
3. State plays a main role in the course of transition from natural conditions of people to a civil society. Mission of the state is acceptance of laws, maintenance of an order, realization of justice and preservation of freedom and the property of citizens.
4. Idea of division of power on legislative (parliament) and executive (the government and courts). The concept of division of power has foreseen modern principles of structure of state bodies.
5. Idea of the public agreement according to which people come to the agreement and create state institutes, called to provide freedom and property.
Jean Jacque Russo (1712-1778)
Жан-Жак Руссо
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
28 июня 1712 Женева |
2 июля 1778 (66 лет) Париж |
”Об общественном договоре или принципах политического права” |
Теория общественного договора |
The basic work ”About the public agreement or principles of the political right”
1. Theory of the public agreement. Social development is a process of replacement of anthropological (natural) inequality of people by social inequality arising owing to an establishment of a private property. Disagreements between rich and poor people lead to necessity of the conclusion of the public agreement expressed in the state.
2. Sovereignty (leadership of the people) and equality act as a condition of survival of mankind, and the basic criteria of a political system is economic and social status of the people.
German classical philosophy
Иммануил Кант Immanuel Kant
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Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
22 апреля 1724,Пруссия |
12 февраля 1804 (79 лет), Пруссия |
“К вечному миру” |
|
The basic work “To eternal peace”
1. Definition of state as communities of the people, subordinated to rules of law. Appointment of state – regulation of a public life
2. Concept of lawful state - research of functions of law in the state as means of prevention of abusing of the authorities
3. Substantiation of private property as economic basis of a personal freedom.
George Wilhelm Gegel (1770-1831)
The basic work " Philosophy of Law"
1. Private property is an economic basis of a personal freedom
2. Theory of a civil society as area of private interests, which is free from state intervention
Marxism
Карл Маркс Karl Marx Фридрих Энгельс Friedrich Engels
Карл Маркс Karl Marx Фридрих Энгельс Friedrich Engels
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
5 мая 1818, Трир, Пруссия 28 ноября 1820 |
14 марта 1883 (64 года), Лондон, Великобритания
5 августа 1895 (74 года) |
Идеология марксизма Материалистическое понимание истории Теория классов и классовой борьбы Теория государства |
Marxism
K.Marx (1818 - 1883) and F.Engels (1820 - 1895)
1. Materialistic determination of history ( development of society is defined by development of production );
2. Idea of public property
3 Sphere of a policy is determined by economic relations;
4. Theory of classes and class struggle (existence of classes is connected with certain phases of development of manufacture), definition of class criteria - (position in social production system, property factor) ;
5. Theory of state as political organization of economically a ruling class. The state is result of occurrence of a private property and division of a society into classes.
Russian political philosophy of the Х1Х - the XX-th centuries
|
Александр Иванович Герцен |
Виссарион Григорьевич Белинский |
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
25 марта (6 апреля) 1812, Москва 30 мая (11 июня) 1811 Великое княжество Финляндское |
9 (21) января 1870 (57 лет), Париж 26 мая (7 июня) 1848 (36 лет), Санкт-Петербург |
Идеология народничества |
|
|
|
Народничество (Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky, Alexander Ivanovich Herzen, Vissarion Grigorevich Belinsky)
- Theory of transition of Russia to socialism through a community ( features of russian community approaching it to socialism - common property on land, absence of the right of succession of land, a regular redistribution of land, responsibility of a community for all members)
- Necessity of abolition of a private property on land
- Orientation to peasantry as the basic class of the future socialist revolution
- Substantiation of possibility of transition of Russia to socialism passing capitalism.
Славянофильство Slavyanofilstvo
(Kireevsky, Khomyakov, Danilevsky, Leontev)
Западничество Zapadnichestvo (Granovsky, Soloveyv, Kavelin) - substantiation of development of Russia on the western sample, europeanization of Russian society.
III. Political science
Max Weber
Макс Вебер
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Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
21 апреля 1864 Эрфурт, Пруссия
|
14 июня 1920 (56 лет) Мюнхен, Германия |
Теория капитализма Теория социальных конфликтов Концепция политической власти и политического лидерства |
Научная сфера: социология, история, экономика
1. Theory of capitalism as economically rationally organized society .
2. Theory of social conflicts. Main reason of social conflicts - dictatorship of bureaucracy dictatorship, which acts as a major factor of a political life of a society.
3. Concept of the political power and political leadership, proving various types of the power:
- charismatic power (the power based on belief),
- traditional power (the power based on traditions and customs, developed in society)
- legal power characterised by an establishment of norms of the law
Modern political science
Раймон Арон Raymond Aron
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
14 марта 1905, Париж, Франция |
17 октября 1983 (78 лет), Париж, Франция |
постиндустриальное общество |
Ральф Дарендорф Ralf Dahrendorf
|
Дата и место рождения |
Дата и место смерти |
Труды |
Значительные идеи |
|
1 мая 1929, Гамбург |
17 июня 2009 (80 лет), Кёльн |
постиндустриальное общество |
Дэниел Белл Daniel Bell
американский социолог
|
10 мая 1919, Нью-Йорк, США |
25 января 2011 (91 год) Кембридж, Массачусетс, США |
постиндустриальное общество |
Daniel Bell (1919 - 2011)
1. Allocation of three stages of social development in conformity with level of economic relations:
- before industrial society (the basic sphere is agriculture );
- industrial society (a main role belongs to the industry);
- postindustrial society (priority development of sphere of services, transition from class division to professional, and also creation of new intellectual technology). All these changes lead to new standard of living and исключают social revolution.
Ralf Darendorf (1929-2009)
- Theory of classes and social conflicts ( classes are differentiated on the basis of relations of domination and submission).
- Theory of mobile society recognizing conflicts and regulating their course.