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ЗАДАНИЕ 5 Чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание 5 необходимо повторить следующие разделы ку

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КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 5

Чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание № 5, необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

  1.  Грамматические функции глаголов should, would.
  2.  Обороты с инфинитивом и причастием, равнозначные придаточным предложениям.
  3.  Различные значения слов: as, because, because of, due to, for, since, both … and, either … or, neither … nor.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ (К УПР. III)

As

  1.  I have done the work as it was required.
  2.  As there were many new words in the text I used a dictionary.
  3.  As to (as for) the computer it can handle enormous quantity of data per second.
  4.  Electricity is a source of light as well as of heat.

Я сделал работу, как это требовалось.

Так как в тексте было много новых слов, я пользовался словарем.

Что касается компьютера, то он может в секунду обработать число данных.

Электричество – это источник света, а также тепла.

Because, because of

  1.  We use these films because they possess superior properties.

  1.  The engineers prefer electronic devices because of their reliability.

Мы используем эти пленки, так как они обладают превосходными свойствами.

Инженеры предпочитают электронные приборы вследствие их надежности.

  1.  

Due to

  1.  Plastics are in wide use due to their light weight.

Пластики находят широкое применение благодаря их легкому весу.

For

  1.  For a long time wood was being applied for housing construction.
  2.  We could not translate this text for it contained unknown terms.

В течение долгого времени дерево использовалось для строительства домов.

Мы не смогли перевести этот текст, так как он содержал неизвестные термины.

Since

  1.  Man used wood for construction since ancient times.

  1.  Since the experiment was finished the students left the lab.

 С древних времен человек использовал дерево для строительства.

 Так как эксперимент был закончен, студенты ушли из лаборатории.

Both … and

1. Electronics helps us to study both the atomic nucleus and elementary particles.

Электроника помогает нам изучить как атомное ядро, так и элементарные частицы.

Either … or

  1.  Motors run on either direct or alternating current.

Моторы работают или на постоянном или на переменном токе.

Neither … nor

1. There is neither oil nor coal in region.

 В этом районе нет ни нефти, ни угля.

ВАРИАНТ 1

  1.  Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.
  2.  The engineer should know both the advantages and the disadvantages of the materials used.
  3.  Without mathematics there would be no science, no electronic computers, no atomic energy, no conquest of space.
  4.  If we placed this material in vacuum, its mechanical properties would be changed.

  1.  Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты в английском тексте соответствуют придаточным предложениям в русском.

  1.  The method used depends on the length to be measured.
  2.  Silicon is known to be the basic material for electronic industry.
  3.  Any element is characterized by a certain number of protons in the nucleus, this number being the same as the number of electrons in the atom.
  4.  Scientists today believe all substances to be made of one or more different kinds of atoms.
  5.  Unless treated this material must not be used in space technology.

  1.  Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

  1.  Radar is used in airplane and ship navigation as welt as in other fields of science and engineering.
  2.  The transformer is a device used for raising or lowering voltage.
  3.  The new plastics will be used as insulators both in electrical and electronic circuits.

  1.  Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

  1.  microcircuit - микросхема
  2.  operating current – рабочий ток
  3.  transistorized circuitry – цепь, собранная на транзисторах
  4.  tunnel diode – туннельный диод
  5.  ring radio set – радиоприемник, встроенный в кольцо

ELECTRONICS

  1.  To separate electronics from the concept of electricity is extremely difficult. The field of electricity is generally concerned with magnetism, light, heating and the production.
  2.  Electronics usually deals with the application of electricity in communications, in radio, television and other devices where microcircuits¹ and transistors are employed. We know and the transistor and the microcircuits to be major components of various electronic devices.
  3.  The transistor is known to have replaced the vacuum tube in many situations. The transistors  operates on minimum amount of electrical energy, emits very little heat and has a long life. The transistor is tiny compared to the size of the vacuum tube of equivalent energy output. This feature has permitted an electronic circuit to be so small that the electronic technician uses magnifying lenses to aid him in his circuit construction and repair.
  4.  Later research has revealed a device which has revolutionized the field of transistorized circuity3. A Japanese investigator, Lew Esaki, discovered a simple semiconductor class of crystal that is even more amazing than the transistor. The tunnel diode4, as it is called, operates on a negligible amount of electric current, its diameter being some few thousandths of an inch. With such a transistor man will be able to see telephones to be worn on wrists, pocket-size TV sets and ring radio sets5.
  5.  Several recent developments in the field of electronics have led to better ways to communicate efficiently over long distances. The maser and the laser permit man to beam extremely coherent and concentrated energy with almost no loss of intensity. Lasers and masers are known to have been used for transmitting power, radio waves and other waves used in communication.

  1.  Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

Where can lasers and masers be used?

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

  1.  Mention should be made that during the war the radar was being used for detecting airplanes.
  2.  Any explanation of how the sun generates heat by fission would have been impossible 60 years ago.
  3.  If we had used solar energy on a wide scale we should have found a solution to our energy problems.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

  1.  The atoms are usually combined chemically into groups called molecules, these molecules being in constant motion.
  2.  In order to calculate the volume of any object you must measure its height, width and depth.
  3.  The rays passing through the object being examined produce an image on X-ray film.
  4.  The engineers are interested in plastics because they offer a rare combination of properties found in no other materials.
  5.  Electrical forces seem to play a very important part in holding crystals together.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

  1.  As to this device it is capable to convert sunlight to another form of energy.
  2.  Neither plastic nor metals have all the desirable properties that the engineer looks for.
  3.  The structure of the atom is similar to a planetary system since electrons orbit around a central nucleus.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

  1.  Crookes tube – трубка Крукса
  2.  an X-ray film – рентгеновская пленка
  3.  forgery – подделка
  4.  strain – биологический штамм

X-Rays

  1.  The modern atomic age which we live in began because of an accidental discovery. In 1895 a German scientist named Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays. Many scientists had studied these rays but no one had discovered that when these cathode rays struck the glass wall of Crookes tube1 X-rays were created.
  2.  Roentgen also revealed that these X-rays could pass through solid matter and expose an X-ray film2. This discovery led immediately to the use of X-rays in medicine, the use we are all familiar with.
  3.  Although Roentgen discovered the properties of X-rays he did not know what the rays were. He therefore called them X-rays, the X standing for their unknown nature. Today scientists know X-rays to be electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency and therefore of extremely short-wave length. X-rays are considered to be produced whenever rapidly moving electrons bombard any solid material. The greater the atomic weight of the material, the more plentiful the X-rays, the greater the speed of the electrons the higher the frequency of the X-rays.
  4.  As mentioned above X-rays were in a wide use for diagnostic purposes in medicine since their discovery. Industrial radiology has been discovered later particularly for inspecting welds and castings in the automobile and aircraft industries. Flaws and racks inside the metal are readily revealed due to the use of X-ray techniques. Famous paintings are often X-rayed to determine whether they are the originals or forgeries3.
  5.  Using X-rays irradiation the scientists have learnt to change structures of well-known materials such as metals, ceramics, etc. They could obtain materials of greater strength with higher melting point and particular electrical properties.
  6.  Radiation is known to be a mutagenic agent. In microbiology mutations are increased by irradiation. When a large-scale production of penicillin was introduced the best strain4 yielded 100 – 200 units of penicillin. Being irradiated with X-rays, the same strain produced more than 1,000 units. Many new uses have been found for this treatment in agriculture.

V. Прочитайте 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

What increase was obtained in the productivity of penicillin being irradiated with X-rays?

1. … a five-fold increase.

2. … a ten-fold increase.

3. … a hundred-fold increase.

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите предложения и. переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов  should, would.

1. Without progress in the field of electronics it would be impossible to develop either energetics or automation.

2. If we used new plastics materials we should reduce the weight of artificial satellites.

3. X-ray chemical analysis should be applied when the elements to be examined differ widely in atomic number.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствует придаточным предложениям.

1. Some materials undergo chemical changes when subjected to heat and pressure.

2. There are still many problems to be solved concerning radio, radar and television.

3. To make a radioisotope generally means to change the nucleus of a stable element.

4. Matter is said to exist in four states – solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma, the latter being a hot ionized gas.

5. The energy being released during the fission of one gramme of uranium is equal to the energy produced by two and a half tons of coal.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов

  1.  The speed of electrons is almost the same as the speed of light.
  2.  This metal possesses high strength due to the addition of tungsten.
  3.  Copper is in a wide use for cables because it is a good conductor of electricity.

IV Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3,5-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

  1.  to result from – происходить
  2.  internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
  3.  wasted heat – отработанное тепло
  4.  scarcity – нехватка
  5.  thermo-nuclear fusion – термоядерная реакция

ENERGY AND THE ENVORINMENT

1. Many of the most serious environment problems of the technological nations result from the use of energy. Every form of energy production is known to cause some damage to the surroundings. A large part of urban air pollution is probably caused by emission from internal combustion engines2. Other forms of urban air pollution result from the combustion of coal and low grade oil in thermal power plants.

2. Hydroelectric plants are considered to cause serious problems in the environment as well. One major problem of hydroelectric plants is the enormous weight of the water that fills the lake behind the dam rather quickly after the dam is constructed. The added weight places severe stresses on the geological formation, causing earthquakes in the area. The most severe earthquake – 6.5 on the Richter scale – happened as the lake behind the dam in Kogna (India) was filled.

3. Perhaps, the most tragic problem created by the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River was the increase of diseases. The still waters behind the dam proved to create a good ground for insects carrying diseases.

4. Another from of environment degradation common to electric power generation is thermal pollution – the dumping of wasted heat3 into streams of water or the atmosphere. The warmed water is rather quickly mixed with the streams of water in a lake, this having harmful effect upon ecological balance of the lake.

5. In order to obtain enormous amounts of energy we are building powerful atomic electric stations, which open up fine prospects in atomic power industry. However nuclear plants are capable of polluting the environment with radioactive atoms of various elements. Moreover, nuclear reactors of the types now being built are not widely used as a source of energy because of the scarcity4 of the isotope “U” which is used as fuel.

6. The largest potential source of nuclear energy is thermo-nuclear fusion5 by which the nuclei of small atoms are combined to form larger nuclei. However these power plants also contaminate the environment with radioactive elements that are released when the fuel is burnt.

  1.  Прочитайте 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

What substances do power plants contaminate the environment with?

  1.  … with radioactive elements.
  2.  … with wasted heat.
  3.  … with gases.

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. Without up-to-date crystallographic equipment it would be impossible to study the atomic structure of materials.

2. In order to satisfy the demands of comprehensive automation the output of automatic instruments should be greatly increased.

3. Had man learnt to control thermonuclear explosions he would have a practically inexhaustible source of energy.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. When developing space technology we are facing a number of difficult problems.

2. The main disadvantage of plastics is likely to be poor resistance to heat.

3. Scientists consider solar energy to be an ideal source of power for artificial satellites.

4. Liquid lubricants evaporating in vacuum, scientists developed solid lubricants for space engineering.

5. Wood was perhaps the first material to be used by man for building purposes.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. As matter and weight are closely connected we usually measure the amount of matter in an object by weighing it.

2. For a long time scientists dreamed to obtain electric power directly from the sun.

3. Through television we can see events as well as hear programmes even if they take place many kilometres away.

IV. Перепишите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3, 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту.

  1.  far side – обратная сторона
  2.  rock – горная порода
  3.  mantle – мантия
  4.  glassy globule – стекловидный шарик
  5.  melting point – точка плавления

Lunar exploration

  1.  The Earth’s nearest celestial neighbour - the Moon - is only 384,400 km away from us. That is why it appears sufficiently large and bright. Lunar exploration began in 1959 when the Soviet Union sent its Luna-3 spacecraft around the Moon. It radioed back the first photographs of the Moon’s far side1. In June 1969 two American astronauts landed on the Moon and carried out a variety of experiments on the surface of the Moon.
  2.   The kilometres of film exposed by the astronauts, the specimens of rock2 brought back to the Earth and other data studied by hundreds of scientists from countries all over the Earth have led to new views on several basic problems.
  3.  Before the Moon landings it was thought that the Moon was a simple body with the same composition throughout. But we now know it to be a body with a metallic core at its centre, a silica-rich mantle 3 and a crust. Lunar soils proved to contain a type of structure that is not common on Earth. Small glassy globules4 were present in the soil.
  4.   The types of rocks that were encountered on the Moon are familiar to our geologists. However, almost all of these rocks have lower proportions of elements with lower melting points5 than does the Earth. Detailed examinations of the lunar rocks indicate to relatively high proportions of elements with high melting points such as calcium, aluminium and titanium. So the Moon and the Earth seem to be more similar than had been thought for many years. None of the lunar rocks contain any trace of water bound inside their minerals. This ends all hope that water and life existed on the Moon at any time in the past.
  5.  Thus, due to the lunar exploration the scientists were provided with some information about the composition of the solar system, with the formation of the Moon and its relationship to the Earth. One day we may be able to use the far side of the Moon as a site for scientific observatories, for optical, ultraviolet or infrared observations. Twenty or thirty years from now we may be able to visit the Moon as researchers or even as tourists.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What purpose will the Moon’s surface be used in future for?

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. In the future new alloys and synthetic materials should replace the metals we use today.

2. If the voltage increased electrons would acquire an energy high enough to ionize neutral molecules which they collide with.

3. It would be impossible to simplify the production of aluminium without using the electrothermal method.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Many sources of X-rays are supposed to exist in the Universe but the technical difficulties of observing them are great.

2. Having subjected crystals to X-radiation the scientists could  obtain materials with special properties.

3. Welded joints were X-rayed to examine the strength of welding.

  1.  Architects have designed and built houses to be heated by solar radiation.

5. Radioisotopes being produced in atomic reactors, the engineers began to apply them for physical measurements and in radiography.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. Man has recognized that sunlight is a powerful source of energy since ancient times.

2. Hydroelectric energy requires no fuel  for electricity is produced from the energy of falling water.

3. In the field of chemistry lasers are used either for diagnostic purposes or for producing chemical changes.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзац текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту.

  1.  sophisticated – усложненный
  2.  cell – клетка
  3.  to afflict – страдать
  4.  despite – несмотря на
  5.  retina – сетчатка
  6.  storage capacity – объем памяти

Biochemistry

1. The chemistry of life, or “biochemistry” as chemists call it, is an area in which the classical fields of chemistry and biology meet. It can be called “molecular biology”. Biochemistry is the study of the structures and reactors of the thousands of compounds involved in life process. Biochemistry is considered to be the most complex area of chemistry.

2. Living things represent the most efficient, sophisticated1 compact chemical “factories” ever known. How, for example, do cells2 of the body know when to divide and multiply into new cells having the same characteristics as the original cells? When the body is afflicted3 by disease or by a wound how does the body protect itself and repair the damage? We know these processes to involve thousands of different chemical compounds.

3. When we compare the nervous system to man-made electronic computers the efficiency and complexity of the biological systems become even more impressive. Despite4 great advances in computer technology, the greatest computer ever built is almost insignificant being compared to a human brain weighing little more than a kilogram. A computer can perform mathematical operations millions of times faster than a person, but think of some of the things the nervous system can do. For example, it can cause your arm to reach out and touch an object. The brain can translate signals from the retina5 of the eyes into three dimensional colour images. It can translate a series of frequencies detected by the ear into thoughts whereas a computer can only perform operations being programmed by a person. As to the storage capacity6 the brain really wins out. The largest computers have storage capacity of about one million “words” but some experts believe the brain to store up all the signals it receives.

4. The chemical processes of our bodies involve enormously complex sequences of reactions, details of these processes being far from complete understanding. Nevertheless great progress has been made in our understanding of the processes that occur in the body.

5. The first half of the last century might be termed the Golden Age of Physics because so many discoveries in understanding the structure of molecules, atoms and nuclei were made. By the same virtue we may be in the midst of a Golden Age in Biochemistry. The next few years of research may bring much increased understanding of chemical processes in cells.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What phenomena are not yet understood in biochemistry?




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