Если у вас возникли сложности с курсовой, контрольной, дипломной, рефератом, отчетом по практике, научно-исследовательской и любой другой работой - мы готовы помочь.
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Подписываем
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное Государственное образовательное учреждение
среднего профессионального образования
Чебоксарский химико-механический техникум
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Английский язык |
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ
к контрольной работе для студентов заочного отделения
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Тема: |
Контрольные задания |
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Специальность: |
220703 «Автоматизация технологических процессов и производств»; 151031 «Монтаж и техническая эксплуатация промышленного оборудования»; 230111 «Техническое обслуживание средств вычислительной техники и компьютерных сетей»; 240113 «Химическая технология органических веществ» |
Новочебоксарск 2011
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«УТВЕРЖДАЮ» Руководитель службы по учебной работе _______________ А.И. Чучалина «____»______________ 2011 г. |
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Рассмотрено на заседании ПЦК общеобразовательных дисциплин |
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Протокол №___ от ________ |
Председатель ПЦК __________ В.В. Марченко |
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Автор-составитель: |
Васина Л.В. |
- преподаватель ФГОУ СПО "Чебоксарский химико-механический техникум" |
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Рецензенты: |
Степанова А.А. |
-преподаватель ФГОУ СПО «Чебоксарский электромеханический колледж» |
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Михеркина Т.А. |
- преподаватель ФГОУ СПО «Чебоксарский химико-механический техникум» |
© ФГОУ СПО Чебоксарский химико-механический техникум, 2011
Пояснительная записка
Обучение иностранному языку в среднем специальном учебном заведении завершает формирование основ владения иностранным языком, начатое в средней общеобразовательной школе, и закладывает основы практического владения иностранным языком в своей профессии и вообще основы делового языка
Цель и задачи обучения
Практическое овладение следующими умениями и знаниями:
в области грамматики:
усвоение грамматических правил по темам, относящимся к учебно-производственной деятельности студента и его будущей специальности
в области чтения:
умение читать со словарем тексты страноведческого общенаучного характера и тематически связанные с профессией студента:
в области письма:
уметь правильно писать слова и словосочетания входящие в лексический минимум, определенный программой
Данная программа составлена с учетом самостоятельной работы студента. Работа под руководством преподавателя рассчитана на 28 учебных часов в год, которые используются для групповых занятий: установочные контрольно-закрепительные и т. п. Студенты должны овладеть:
умением читать тексты общекультурного общенаучного характера и тексты по специальности;
переводом (со словарем) текстов с иностранного языка на русский и с русского на английский;
умением знакомится со способами поиска профессиональной информации на иностранном языке;
умением пользоваться общими и отраслевыми словарями и справочниками на иностранном языке.
Методические указания
Студенты самостоятельно изучают грамматический материал и выполняют письменно домашнюю контрольную работу.
Вариант контрольной работы выбирается по номеру в учебном журнале.
Контрольная работа выполняется в отдельной тетради с двухсторонними полями.
Студент сначала записывает задание, затем выполняет его.
Задания выполняются в последовательности, указанной в методических указаниях.
Контрольная работа должна быть представлена в учебную часть в указанные учебным планом сроки. Если работа не зачтена, она должна быть переделана полностью или частично и вновь представлена в учебную часть с пометкой «повторно»
Выполнение контрольных работ предусматривает самостоятельное изучение студентами лексического и грамматического материалов и ставит своей целью дальнейшее совершенствование навыков чтения и перевода текстов средней трудности с помощью словаря. Весь раздел разделен на 5 заданий, каждое из которых включает в себя следующие пункты:
1. В разделе «Грамматические темы» кроме кратких примеров выполнения задания даны упражнения по данному грамматическому материалу (см. учебник )
2. К текстам прилагаются некоторые объяснения, но предполагается, что перевод текста должен осуществляться с помощью англо-русского словаря.
3. В разделе 3 приводятся списки лексических единиц, которые студенты должны занести в свои тетради, перевести и выучить.
4. По вопросам для самоконтроля студенты должны проверить свои знания материала.
5. На основании приобретенных знаний студенты должны выполнить упражнения, построенные на материале данного задания.
Рекомендуем следующий порядок выполнения контрольного задания:
Письмо
Письмо как вспомогательное средство обучения при выполнении задания.
Требования к студентам: правильно писать на иностранном языке лексические единицы, входящие в лексический минимум
Вариант 1
Перепишите слова в тетрадь с переводом на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы для самоконтроля в письменном виде.
A. S. POPOV - INVENTOR OF THE RADIO
The wireless receiving set or radio is one of the greatest achievements of human genius. Priority in the invention of radio belongs to the Russian scientist Popov. On the 7th of May we celebrate Radio Day because on that day in 1895 the Russian scientist Alexander Popov demonstrated his first radio set to a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.
A. S. Popov was born in 1859 in the Urals. While at school he spent all his free time on physics and mathematics He studied at St. Petersburg University and graduated from it with honors, but was not satisfied with the conditions of the laboratories of the University and ac cepted the post of teacher in the Mining School1 in Kronstadt. There he began his research in electrical engi neering.
The greater part of his life he devoted to the problem of the application of electromagnetic waves to wireless communication.
Popov worked on a sensitive receiving set which could pick up2 even the weakest radio waves. The year of 1895 is considered to be3 the date of the invention of the radio when Popov demonstrated his radio receiving set in operation. By the end of the year he improved his ap paratus. It was the first radio receiving set in the world.
Since then, the art of radio communication has progres sed a great deal.4 Many scientists and inventors made their contributions.
The radio has brought great changes to our life. At present the USSR produces equipment for powerful broad casting and television centers, and for radio-relay stations, electronic computers, radar stations, telecontrol and tele- metric systems, and other purposes.
NOTES
Ответьте на вопрос: What problem was Popov interested in?
Вариант 2
1 .She has … daughters. Her … daughters are students.
2. My friend has … car. … car is broken.
3…. butter is made of … milk.
Перепишите и письменно переведите второй, третий и четвёртый (до слов: The English System…) абзацы текста. Ответьте на вопросы для самоконтроля
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
1. Physics is a science based upon exact measurement, so you must be familiar with commonly used measuring devices and the units of measurements.
There are three basic concepts: length, mass and time. The units used to measure them are called fundamental units. All other units are called derived units because they can always be written as some combination of the three fundamental units.
To take a few examples
area = length x length
volume = length x length x length
speed = length\ time
density = mass\ length x length x length
2. There are two widely used sets of fundamental units: (a) the Metric System and (b) the English System.
The Metric System or the International decimal system of weights and measures is based on the metre and kilogram. Using metric units distance (length) is usually measured in millimeters, centimeters, meters or kilometers; time is measured in seconds, minutes, or hours; and mass is measured in grams or kilograms.
3. The English System uses the foot, yard and mile as units of length; the ounce, pound and ton as units of force and the second as the unit of time.
4. Тhе chief advantage of the Metric system over the English units is that all metric units are divided into 10 or 100 parts. This enables fractional distances and masses to be expressed as decimals. Decimals, it is well known, are easier to manipulate in the addition, subtraction, multipli cation, and division of two or more quantities.
5. The Foot-Pound-Second (F.P.S.) System is used in Great Britain and the United States of America. The Metric System (metre-kilogram-second) is invented in France and accepted universally in science but not in engineering or commerce.
Vocabulary
Ответьте на вопрос: What units are used to measure length, mass and time?
Вариант 3
THE CONCEPT OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT
In the beginning of the 17th century Sir William Gilbert discovered that many substances could
be electrified by friction. Gilbert named this effect "electric" after the word "electron" —the Greek name for amber. In 1756 the Great Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov was the first to make theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena.
At present the nature of electrification is explained by the electron theory. According to the modern theory all matter is composed of atoms or tiny particles. There are many kinds of atoms. Each atom consists of a nucleus, a small positi vely charged mass and a number of lighter negatively charged particles called electrons, which revolve around the nucleus. Normally each atom of a substance is electrically neutral, or it has equal amounts of negative and positive charges, i.e. produces no electrical effects. If the number of negative charges is not equal to the number of positive charges, the matter will produce electrical effects.
When an electric charge is at rest it is spoken of a static electricity, but when it is in motion it is referred to as an electric current. In most cases, an electric current is described as a flow of electric charges along a conductor.
Not all substances are good conductors of electricity, as a general rule metals are good conductors of electricity, whereas nonmetals are poor conductors. The poorest of conductors are commonly called insulators or noncon ductors. There are a large number of substances that are neither good conductors of electricity nor good insulators. These substances are called semi-conductors.
An electric current which flows in the same direction through a conductor or a current which does not change its polarity is called a direct current or a continuous current. Its abbreviation is D. C. An alternating current! (A. C.) flows first in one direction and then in the other.
An electric circuit is a path through which an electric current flows. This is a complete path along which electrons can transmit their charges. An electric circuit includes a battery, generator, or magnetic means for producing current flow. Some portion of the circuit is made to do useful work.
The circuit is said to be open when no charges can move due, to a break in the path. The circuit is said to be closed when no break exists — when switches are closed and all connections are properly made. Special symbols are used to show electrical systems.
Vocabulary
Ответьте на вопрос: How are the substances that are neither good conductors of electricity nor good insulators called?
Вариант 4
THE CONCEPT OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT
1. In the beginning of the 17th century Sir William Gilbert discovered that many substances could be electrified by friction. Gilbert named this effect "electric" after the word "electron" — the Greek name for amber. In 1756 the great Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov was the first to make theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena.
2. At present the nature of electrification is explained by the electron theory. According to the modern theory all matter is composed of atoms or tiny particles. There are many kinds of atoms. Each atom consists of a nucleus, a small positi vely charged mass and a number of lighter negatively charged particles called electrons, which revolve around the nucleus. Normally each atom of a substance is electrically neutral, or it has equal amounts of negative and positive charges, i.e. produces no electrical effects. If the number of negative charges is not equal to the number of positive charges, the matter will produce electrical effects.
3. When an electric charge is at rest it is spoken of a static electricity, but when it is in motion it is referred to as an electric current. In most cases, an electric current is described as a flow of electric charges along a conductor.
4. Not all substances are good conductors of electricity, as a general rule metals are good conductors of electricity, whereas nonmetals are poor conductors. The poorest of conductors are commonly called insulators or noncon ductors. There are a large number of substances that are neither good conductors of electricity nor * good insulators. These substances are called semi-conductors.
5. An electric current which flows in the same direction through a conductor or a current which does not change its polarity is called a direct current or a continuous current. Its abbreviation is D. C. An alternating current! (A. C.) Flows first in one direction and then in the other.
6. An electric circuit is a path through which an electric current flows. This is a complete path along which electrons can transmit their charges. An electric circuit includes a battery, generator, or magnetic means for producing current flow. Some portion of the circuit is made to do useful work.
7. The circuit is said to be open when no charges can move due, to a break in the path. The circuit is said to be closed when no break exists — when switches are closed and all connections are properly made.
Special symbols are used to show electrical systems. There is a wide range of these symbols. There are some of them which are used when we draw circuits.
Vocabulary
Ответьте на вопрос: What materials are good conductors of electricity?
Вариант 5
TRANSISTOR RECEIVERS AND ENERGY TRANSFORMERS
Transistors and diodes, based on semiconductors, have replaced radio valves and made it possible to develop radio receivers working on low-power currents. This has enabled designers to make much smaller radio-sets using less power. USSR plants are producing now various types of transistor receivers. These include non-portable receivers, which are suitable for areas with no electricity supply. The portable "Spidola" transistor-set is convenient for home use, and for hikes and expeditions. Pocket transistor-sets have become very popular.
Transistor technology has opened up great opportuni ties for the direct conversion of solar thermal energy and of various fuels into electric power. Solar batteries con sisting of silicon photocells are installed in sputniks and automatic interplanetary stations and give reliable service.
Soviet scientists and engineers are developing other means of converting light and heat into electricity. They have developed solar thermoelectric generators, which in their simplest form consist of a battery of thermo-couples in which one set of junctions is heated and another set is cooled by air or water. The electric current starts up as a result of the difference of temperatures at the termi nals of the battery elements. The power of existing solar thermal generators reaches 1 kw. These installations are useful not only as a source of power for radio receivers but also for obtaining mechanical energy and, if accumulators are used, for interior lighting.
Vocabulary
Ответьте на вопрос: Where can solar batteries be installed?
Вариант 6
TINSLEY GALVANOMETER
A new Tinsley Galvanometer with new presentation de signed to blend with modern apparatus. This sensitive galvanometer is fitted with a tilt scale enabling the scale to be adjusted to various angles from the vertical. The galvanometer can be put in any convenient position on the bench and the scale tilted until the instrument is easily read from the operator's position.
The galvanometer projector lamp is easily replaced from the front of the instrument and no adjustments of the optical line-up of the galvanometer are required. The zero adjustment control is mounted on the front panel together with the sensitivity switch. The galvanometer may be fitted with any of the Tinsley 4500 suspensions.
Ответьте на вопрос: What kind of scale is sensitive galvanometer fitted with?
Вариант 1
Перепишите слова в тетрадь с переводом на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы для самоконтроля в письменном виде.
METALS
1. In general, metals are solids with a metallic luster, conductors of electricity, malleable, and of high physical strength. In compound form the metals have positive valences. Probably, their most important characteristic is that when used as a metal they are usually in elemental form or alloyed with other metals.
2. The metals long used by mankind — iron, copper, zinc, tin, lead, mercury, silver and gold — are those which exist as easily recognized minerals in large deposits and which are easily reduced from compounds to elemental form.
3. The most important metal, iron, is both prevalent an easily reduced to metallic form. In more recent times some оf the most naturally prevalent metals that are difficult to reduce have become common and readily available due to the development of electrochemical processes for their production. These include aluminum, magnesium and sodium.
4. The metals occur most commonly as oxides or sulphides in ores that contain such materials as clay, silica, granite, etc., from which the metallic compounds must be separated. Since only a few of the metals, such as copper, gold, silver, platinum and bismuth, exist in elemental form, the chief problem is that of reducing them from compound to elemental form.
5. Some of the more common reduction methods include: a) pyrometallurgical, b) electrolytic, c) metal replacement.
Vocabulary
Ответьте на вопрос: What problem was Popov interested in?
Вариант 2
LUBRICATION OF BEARINGS
1. The shafts which carry the power from the motors to the machines need some kind of support to keep them steady. We call these supports bearings. There are different types of bearings which we classify according to whether they take the load on the shaft thrust it along the axis of the shaft. The former type is known as journal bearing and the latter type as a thrust bearing.
The rotating shaft bears on a stationary bush or tube. We therefore have two metal surfaces in close contact with eac2. h other, and sliding over each other often at high speed. This causes friction and the bearing will become heated. So we have to protect the metal surfaces from overheating and damage. First of all, we avoid making the shaft and the bush of the same material. The shaft itself is generally of steel, so we use another metal such as cast-iron or bronze or white metal for the bush and this will prevent damage to the shaft. But of course it will not prevent overheating.
3. We can reduce the danger of overheating by using lubrication - a thin film of oil between the two metallic surfaces to keep them apart. The internal friction of oil is much less than the friction between two solids, and generates less heat. Lubrication also offers another advantage. A film of oil on the metal surfaces will prevent them from corroding by protecting them from the air.
4. The rotation of the shaft carries the film of oil round the inside of the bearing and keeps the shaft from contact with the bearing. We can feed the oil into the bearing in several ways. Sometimes we allow it to drip down under the influence of gravity. More commonly, a pump feeds it in under pressure. In motor-car and other engines, we half cover the bearing in an oil-bath, and oil splashes up into it. The amount of friction can be reduced even more with ball or roller bearings with some grease as lubrication.
Vocabulary
Ответьте на вопрос: What have we to protect the metal surface from?
Вариант 3
WELDING
1. There are a number of methods of joining metal articles together depending on the type of metal and the strength of the joint which is required. Soldering gives a satisfactory joint for light articles of steel, copper or brass, but a joint is brazed, riveted or welded for strong permanent joints.
2. The simplest method of welding two pieces of metal together is heating. The ends are heated to a white heat (for iron, about 1300°C) in a flame, when the metal becomes plastic. The ends are then pressed or hammered together. Care must be taken to ensure that the welded surfaces are clean, for dirt will weaken the weld. A high temperature causes oxidation, and a film of oxide is formed on the heated surfaces. For this reason, a flux is applied to the heated metal. At welding heat, the flux melts, and the oxide particles are dissolved in it together with any other impurities which may be present. The metal surfaces are pressed together, and the flux is squeezed out of the weld. A number of different types of weld may be used, a vee-shaped butt weld normally employed. It is rather stronger than the ordinary lap weld.
3. The heat for welding is generated in several ways, depending on the sort of metal which is being welded and on its shape. An ex tremely hot flame can be produced from an oxy-acetylene torch. For some welds an electric arc is used. In this method, an electric cur rent is passed across two electrodes, and the metal surfaces arc placed between them. The work itself constitutes one electrode and the other is an insulated filler rod. An arc is struck between the two, and the heat which is generated melts the metal at the weld. A different method known as spot welding is usually employed for welding sheets or plates of metal together. Two sheets or plates are placed together with a slight overlap, and a current is passed between tin' electrodes. Today the new welding methods include laser welding and electronic beam welding.
Vocabulary
Ответьте на вопрос:
What kind of weld is stronger: lap or vee-shaped?
Вариант 4
CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNORS
1. Most engines in industrial use have to run at a constant speed, irrespective of the load they carry. In order to keep the engine speed within the limits which it was designed for, a device which is known as a governor is incorporated in the engine. Its function is to control the running speed under all conditions of load.
2. The simplest form of governor consists of two balls which are attached to a vertical shaft by means of arms. These balls act as weights. While they are stationary, they are acted upon only by gravity. The vertical shaft is geared to the engine, and rotates with it. When the engine starts, it causes the shaft to rotate, and this forces the rotating balls outwards under the influence of centrifugal force. This movement of the balls at the end of their arms is trans mitted to a sleeve which is free to slide up and down the shaft. As the engine increases speed, it rotates the shaft more quickly, and the weights rise further against the force of gravity. The sleeve also rises up the shaft, and when it rises beyond a certain point, it operates a throttle valve lever, and so reduces the flow of steam. The engine speed will then decrease, and as the sleeve slides down, it opens the throttle valve again. Governors which are required to work at very high engine speeds are normally weight-loaded. A weight is attached to the sleeve, and prevents the sleeve from rising too far.
3. Both the simple and weight-loaded governors depend on gravity and must therefore be kept in a vertical position. This is often a disadvantage overcome by the use of a spring instead of a weight. The spring performs the same function as the weight, and keeps the sleeve depressed. It can be mounted in any position. By making simple adjustments to the loading on the spring, the governor speed can easily be altered. Ball bearings at the pivots and at the top of the spindle serve to reduce wear and friction.
Vocabulary
Ответьте на вопрос: What do the weight-loaded governors depend on?
Вариант 5
CRANES
1. Cranes are of many different kinds, depending on the purpose for which they are intended and on the magnitude of the loads to be handled. They may be mobile or stationary. The load is picked up by means of such attachments as hooks or tongs (for individual loads) or by means of buckets, skips or grabs (for bulk materials). A special lifting attachment, used mainly for the handling of scrap iron, is the lifting magnet. These attachments are usually suspended from wire ropes which pass round various pulley systems and are wound on hoist drums which are driven by electric motors.
2. A major distinction can be made between bridge cranes and jib cranes. A crane of the bridge type has a trolley, or crab, which travels along a track and carries the winch that lifts the load. The commonest form of bridge crane is the overhead traveling crane used in factories, workshops, etc. Such a crane usually consists of a "bridge", comprising two girders, each end of which is mounted on a truck which travels on an overhead track along the length of the building. The crab can travel to and fro on a transverse track installed on these girders. The combined movements of the crab and of the crane as a whole enable the lifting hook to be brought into position at any desired point in the building.
3. A jib crane has an arm — called the jib or boom—which can usually perform a "slewing" motion, i.e. rotate horizontally about a vertical pivot mounted in the substructure of the crane. In addition, the jib is often able to perform a "luffing" motion, i.e. it can be raised or lowered by varying its angle of inclination. The combination of these two motions enables the hook to be brought into position at any desired point within a certain radius. A type of jib crane used on construction sites for tall buildings is the tower crane.
4. Every crane has a certain lifting capacity, ranging from a few tons to many hundreds of tons, depending on the type of crane and the purpose for which it is intended. In jib cranes the capacity usually varies with the radius, which depends on the slope of the jib. When the latter is raised to a steep slope, the crane can carry a heavier load than when the jib is lowered to its farthest extent and the radius is large. This difference in lifting capacity at differ ent radii is determined by the stability of the crane, i. e. its safety against overturning. The weight of the load (suspended from the jib) multiplied by the radius constitutes the overturning moment. The latter is balanced by a heavy counterweight.
5. Besides hooks, a variety of lifting and handling devices can be attached to cranes. An important device for picking up bulk mate rials such as coal, ore, etc., is the grab. It can open and close to pick up the load and discharge it. These movements are produced by working the holding and closing ropes.
Vocabulary
Ответьте на вопрос: What is the load picked up with?
Вариант 6
LIQUID FLOW AND METERING
1. The behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped. Below a certain critical speed, the flow is smooth, but when the speed is increased beyond this value, the fluid becomes unstable, eddies being formed which give rise to turbulence and loss of kinetic energy. The speed at which this occurs varies both with the internal diameter of the pipe and with its surface characteristics. Small roughness on the pipe walls do not materially affect the flow. But heavy roughness increases the tur bulence with more of the kinetic energy of the fluid being dissipat ed as heat.
2. Liquids flowing through pipes are subject to loss of head due to frictional forces at the surface of the pipe.
3. An accurate estimation of the loss of head in a pipe is important, since it will determine the horse-power required to ensure discharge at the required rate and pressure. To calculate the frictional pres sure drop in a given length of pipe of a given diameter and rough ness the following data are necessary: the rate of flow of the fluid, its viscosity and density, losses due to the presence of sharp bends or elbows in the pipe, if they impede the normal flow.
4. The rate of flow at any section of a pipe can be measured by a variety of metering devices. In a Pitot-tube, a small fluid is brought to rest in a small-bore tube, the impact pressure being measured against the static pressure of the fluid in an outer tube. In other instruments, the stream is accelerated through a Venturi or nozzle. Its kinetic energy is thereby increased, and the rate of flow can again be determined from the pressure difference.
Vocabulary
Ответьте на вопрос: When does the fluid become unstable?
Вариант 1
1. Which is (long) day of the year?
2. Mary is as (young) as Ann.
3. This road is (bad than any other.
Перепишите слова в тетрадь с переводом на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы для самоконтроля в письменном виде.
SUBSYSTEM CONTROLLERS
1. Some parts of the computer are able to transfer data to and from the computer's memory without passing through the CPU. This operation is called direct memory access, or DMA, and it is handled by а chip known as the DMA controller. The main purpose of the DMA controller is to allow disk drives to read or write data without involving the microprocessor. Because disk I/О is relatively slow compared to CPU speeds, DMA speeds up the computer's overall performance quite а bit.
2. The clock generator supplies the multiphase clock signals that coordinate the microprocessor and the peripherals. The clock generator produces а high-frequency oscillating signal. For example, in the original IВМ РС, this frequency was 14.31818 megahertz (MHz, or million cycles per second); in the newer machines, the frequency is higher. Other chips that require а regular timing signal obtain it from the system clock generator by dividing the base frequency by а constant to obtain the frequency they need со accomplish their tasks.
3. The programmable interval timer generates timing signals at regular intervals controlled by software. The chip can generate timing signals on three different channels at once (four channels) and more in other systems.
The timer's signals are used for various tasks. One essential timer function is to generate а clock-tick signal that keeps track of the current time of day. Another of the timer's output signals can be used to control the frequency of tones produced with the computer's speaker.
Vocabulary
Ответьте на вопрос: What is an essential timer function?
Вариант 2
SUBSYSTEM CONTROLLERS
1. The programmable interval timer generates timing signals at regular intervals controlled by software. The chip can generate timing signals on three different channels at once (four channels) and more in other systems.
The timer's signals are used for various tasks. One essential timer function is to generate а clock-tick signal that keeps track of the current time of day. Another of the timer's output signals can be used to control the frequency of tones produced with the computer's speaker.
2. The many video subsystems available with the PCs and PS/2s present а variety of programmable control interfaces со the video hardware. For example, аll РС and РS/2 video subsystems have а cathode ray tube (CRT) controller circuit to coordinate the timing signals that control the video display.
Although the video control circuits can be programmed in application software, all video subsystems have different programming interfaces. Fortunately, all PCs and РS/2s are equipped with basic video control routines in the ROM BIOS.
3. PCs and РЫ2б have several input/outрut subsystems with specialized control circuitry that provides an interface between the CPU and the actual 1!О hardware. For example, the keyboard has а dedicated controller chip that transforms the electrical signals generated by keystrokes into 8-bit codes that represent the individual keys. А11 disk drives have separate controller circuitry that directly controls the drive; the CPU communicatio with the controller through а consistent interface. The serial and parallel communications ports also have dedicated input/output controllers.
Vocabulary
Ответить на вопрос: What is the main purpose of the direct memory access controller?
Вариант 3
COMPUTER AND CYBERNETICS
1. The computers or high speed electronic machines of today have created entirely new technical possibilities in automatic control of industrial processes. First designed for solving mathematical problems, they soon paved the way for а new field of science — cybernetics that studies general principles of control both in live and non-live systems.
2. The importance of cybernetics is particularly great in the sphere of engineering .sciences. А newly developed field of knowledge is technical cybernetics. Its objectives аге to control automatic industrial processes, to study problems of transmission of information and to develop new principles of automatic control.
3. The development of а control computer begins with the study of the objects or units to be controlled This is followed by the development of working hypotheses about the character of processes taking place in the units, and finally, elaboration of control algorithms.
4. The quantitative relationships of the process being controlled are described by mathematical equations linking together certain functions, some of which are known and others are to be found
Vocabulary
Ответить на вопрос: Do the mathematical equations link certain functions?
Вариант 4
COMPUTERS AND CYBERNETICS
1. The computers or high speed electronic machines of today have created entirely new technical possibilities in automatic control of industrial processes. First designed for solving mathematical problems, they soon paved the way for а new field of science — cybernetics that studies general principles of control both in live and non-live systems.
2.. The computing device is inserted into the automatic control circuit and made to find optimum solutions to the above-mentioned equations, and control the process, securing the most efficient operation on the basis of computed results.
3. The unit being controlled has transducers which determine the initial conditions and values in the equations being solved.
4. Using the optimum solutions the computing unit of the machine produces the data necessary to form the control signals. The control elements are actuated by operational units specially designed for the purpose. The modified process variables are again fed to the computing device and the cycle of control is repeated.
Vocabulary
Ответить на вопрос: What were computers first designed for?
Вариант 5
COMPUTERS AND CYBERNETICS
1. One of the main problems of technical cybernetics is the development of control algorithms to be used in processing and control of information flows. The algorithms worked out for employment in control machines are called programs. These are based on subdivision of the computation process into simple arithmetical operations and on determination of the logical operations to be performed with а view to fulfill the program which gives the sequence of the machine's operations, and must be coded or expressed in the adopted code system.
2. Two systems of computers are now created for control computer design. One of these is the development of general-рuгроsе control machines which may have much wider application but require тоге complicated logical circuitry and а greater number of instructions and commands employed in the computer. This approach permits control of а great variety of industrial units with the aid of one and the same computer.
3. The second system utilizes modern microcomputer techniques to develop special purpose machines designed to control а particular process. This leads to the creation of тоге easily operated. And low-cost control computers. Tests of some control computers manufactured for specific industrial units have shown their efficiency and quite sufficient reliability.
Vocabulary
Ответить на вопрос: What does the second system of computers lead to?
Вариант 6
COMPUTERS AND CYBERNETICS
1. In our country, both systems of control are applied. Extensive work is carried out in research and design to create special purpose control computers. Centralized systems .of automatic control for industrial plants by means of general-purpose computers are being created.
2. Electronic digital computers perform both arithmetical and logical operations, making it possible to govern processes. under rather complicated conditions. Mathematical devices of continuous action are employed in control machines to direct various technological processes.
3. Application of control computers in industry calls for а great advance in all related branches of science and engineering. Modem measuring instruments must ensure the desired speed and accuracy of measurement of all process variables and initial data necessary for solving а problem.
А considerable increase in the number of variables to.be measured and exacting requirements of speed and accuracy of their measurement call for entirely new physical methods and astrological instruments, Control computers signify а tremendous advance in the development of automatic control systems for industrial processes.
Ответить на вопрос: What are mathematical devices of continuous action used for?
Вариант 1
Перепишите слова в тетрадь с переводом на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы для самоконтроля в письменном виде.
PERIODIC LAW
1. One of the cornerstones of modern chemical theory is the Periodic Law. It can simply be stated as follows: The proper ties of the elements are a periodic function of the nuclear charges of their atoms.
2. In 1869 the great Russian scientist D. Mendelyeev arrived at the conclusion that by the arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic weight the similarity and pe riodicity of properties of various valence groups of the ele ments were -clearly seen.
3. There were several vacant spaces in Mendelyeev's period ic table. This allowed him to predict the existence of six undiscovered elements (scandium, gallium, germanium, po lonium, etc). His confidence in the new classification was clearly expressed in the predictions which he made of the chemical properties of these missing elements. And within fifteen years, gallium, scandium and germanium were dis covered.
4. The periodic table has been modified hundreds of times. Many new discoveries, isotopes, rare gases, atomic numbers, and electron configurations have strengthened the idea of the periodicity of the properties of the elements.
Vocabulary
Periodic Law - периодический закон
cornerstone - крае угольный камень
to state - формулировать
as follows - следую щим образом
function - функция
nuclear - ядерный
charge - заряд
to arrive at a - рас положение
in order of increasing atomic weight - в порядке возрастания атомного веса
similarity - сход ство, подобие
periodicity - перио дичность
various - различный
valence group - валентная группа
clearly - четко, отчетливо
vacant - свободный
space - место
to predict - предсказы вать
existence - существо вание
scandium - скандий
confidence - уверен ность
to express - выражать
prediction - предсказа ние
missing - отсутствующий
within - в течение
to modify - видоизме нять
discovery - открытие
isotope - изотоп
rare - редкие га зы
electron configuration - электронная конфигурация
to strengthen - укреп лять
Ответьте на вопрос: How can the Periodic Law be simply stated?
Вариант 2
FERTILIZER
1. A fertilizer is a chemical substance which contains plant food. Plants take many different foods from the soil. Вut they often need more nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium than it supplies. So these substances are given in fertilizers.
2. Some fertilizers are prepared from natural substances found in the Earth's surface and mined for this purpose. Some are made in fertilizer factories and some are the waste products, or by-products, of the manufacture of other articles.
3. Although plants need nitrogen, they do not take it from the soil as pure nitrogen. They take nitrogen compounds that is, nitrogen combined with other substances. Therefore all nitrogenous fertilizers are compounds, such as calcium nitrate, nitrate of soda, etc. Nitrate of soda comes from great mines in Chile, South America, and other countries. Sulphate of ammonia is the most widely used of these fertilizers. Different amounts of these nitrogenous fertilizers are applied to different crops.
4. Phosphorus is also taken in as a compound. The most common phosphatic fertilizer is superphosphat. It is prepared from the calcium phosphate that is mined in the USSR North Africa and the United States.
5. Another phosphatic fertilizer comes from the manufacture of steel. It is called basic slag.
6. Potassium, the third important material for fertilizer, is mined in many parts of the Soviet Union.
Vocabulary
Ответить на вопрос: Which is the third most important material for fertilizer?
Вариант 3
CERAMICS
1. Ceramics is an applied science dealing with the prepara tion and application of a great number of organic chemicals. Until recently, ceramic materials were primarily silicate- bearing compounds. Now they include oxides, graphite, car bides, borides, silicides, nitrides, and systems compounded of these groups. Typical ceramic products are pottery, porce lain, enamels, refractories, glass, insulators, cement, bricks and building materials, and abrasives. Clay is still the basis of most commercial ceramic products, despite recent devel opments of new types of ceramic materials.
2. Ceramic products are usually man-made, although a num ber of ceramic products exist in a natural state, e.g. diamond, graphite, mica, and marble. Ceramic products can be classi fied by the method of preparation into two groups: sintered and fused.
Silica (Si02) is the main ingredient of most ceramic prod ucts. Its most common form is quartz. Kaolin or clay miner als are" compounds of silica and other metal oxides, particu larly aluminium and magnesium, and are used in pottery manufacture. Mica minerals also consist of complex silicates. Mica is used as an insulator in electrical and electronic equip ment.
3. An extensive technology is now developing around newer ceramics. Oxides have great potential because of their resist ance to high temperatures and their electrical (insulation) properties. Graphite, because of its high melting point and liigh temperature strength, is finding wide-spread use in rocket building.
4. Ferrites (mixed oxides of iron and other metals) have magnetic properties which are of interest for computer com ponents. Titanates, sapphire, ruby, and garnets are finding application in advanced communication equipment and ener gy- and power-conversion equipment.
Cermets (combination of metals and ceramics) are becom ing important ceramic systems.
Vocabulary
Ответить на вопрос: Which are the typical ceramic products?
Вариант 4
RADIOISOTOPES
1. An isotope is one of two or more atoms having the same number of protons in the nucleus (i.e., a number of the same chemical species and therefore exhibiting the same chemical properties), but having different atomic weights and some times exhibiting different radioactive properties. Isotopes are either radioactive, in which case they dissipate energy through the emission of radiation, or stable, i.e. non-radio active.
2. Physicists have identified more than 800 radioisotopes. Some of them occur naturally. Most of radioisotopes are pro duced artificially by bombardment stable isotopes with beams of neutrons from nuclear reactions or with beams of protons or other light nuclei from particle accelerators. When a stable nucleus absorbs one of the incident particles, it becomes a different, usually radioactive nucleus.
3. Radioisotopes are widely used in industry and research. In some cases the radiation is used as a source of energy (as in nuclear batteries), as a thickness-measuring instru ment, as a food sterilizer, as a "super X-ray" to detect flaws in metal castings, and in medicine. Since radioisotopes are chemically identical with stable isotopes of the same ele ment, they are widely used as "tracers" in biochemical re search. The tracers can be followed through the organism by means of a radiation detector.
Vocabulary
Ответить на вопрос: In what way are most of the radioisotopes produced? Where are radioisotopes widely used?
Вариант 5
5. Прочитайте и переведите текст устно. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы.
ELECTROLYSIS
1. Electrolysis is a process by which a chemical reaction is carried out by means of the passage of an electric current. The electrical energy enters and leaves the electrolytic me dium through electrodes which usually are pieces of metal. The electrode where electrons enter the solution is the cath ode; the electrode where the electrons leave is the anode. Negatively charged ions (anions) are attracted to the anode. Positively charged ions (cations) are attracted to the cathode.
2. The process is generally used as a method of depositing metals from the solution.
3. The relation between the quantity of material undergoing reaction and the quantity of electricity used in this reaction was discovered by M. Faraday, a famous English scientist (1791-1867).
4. Passing an electric current through solutions of copper, zinc, nickel, lead and silver salts, as well as some others, causes deposition of pure metal at the cathode. Passing cur rent through salt solutions of alkali and alkaline earth met als results in liberation of hydrogen at the cathode.
Vocabulary
Ответить на вопрос: What metals are generally won from ores or compounds by electrolysis? What does passing current through solutions of alkali and alkaline earth salts result in?
Вариант 6
BUTLEROV AND HIS THEORY OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
1. A. M. Butlerov, one of the greatest scientists, was born In 1828 in the town of Chistopol, Kazan Region. In 1849 he graduated from the Kazan University where he studied under the prominent Russian chemists K. Klaus and N. Zinin. After graduation A. M. Butlerov was left at the University, and soon he began to deliver lectures in chemistry. For his prominent scientific merits Butlerov was elected Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
2. From the very first steps of his scientific activities, But lerov showed himself as a great experimentator. He carried nut many remarkable syntheses. Butlerov put forth a number of profound and daring ideas in the field of theoretical chem istry.
3. The essence of Butlerov's theory consists in the statement I hat the properties of substances depend not only on their qualitative and quantitative composition, as was thought previously, but on their internal molecular structure as well. The properties of substances also depend on how the atoms that make up the molecule are linked with each other. But Butlerov called this internal arrangement "chemical structure". Butlerov's theory of chemical structure of molecules is the; theoretical foundation of organic chemistry.
Vocabulary
Ответить на вопрос: Where did Butlerov work after graduation from the University?
Учебники и учебные пособия
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