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Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941
The Declaration of Ukrainian Independence of June 30, 1941 was announced by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) under the leadership of Stepan Bandera, who declared an independent Ukrainian State in Lviv. The prime-minister was Yaroslav Stetsko, and the head of Council of Seniors was Kost Levitsky. The OUN intended to take advantage of the retreat of Soviet forces from Ukraine. Some members thought that they had found a new powerful ally in Nazi Germany to aid them in their struggle against t . Days after the Nazi invasion of Lviv, however, the leadership of the newly formed government was arrested and sent to concentration camps in Germany. Within two years of the declaration, the Nazis had imprisoned or killed 80% of OUN-B leadership.[he Soviet Union.
After World War I, Ukraine was divided into three parts: most of Central and Eastern Ukraine became the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921. The capital was Kharkiv.
The majority of current Western Ukraine became part of the Second Polish Republic. This included the city of Lviv, which at the time was the center of Ukrainian nationalist activity.
A small part of In 1929, the Ukrainian Military Organization became the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. The first leader was Bohdan Kravciv. The stated goal of the OUN was the creation of an independent Ukrainian State. current far Western Ukraine, the Zakarpattia, became part of Czechoslovakia.
By the will of the Ukrainian people, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists under the direction of Stepan Bandera proclaims the formation of the Ukrainian State for which have laid down their heads whole generations of the finest sons of U After the proclamation of the Ukrainian independence a government was announced. This government included politicians from various parties, as well as political ideologies. kraine. On the same day, a presidential election took place. All six candidates campaigned in favour of a "Yes" vote in the independence referendum. Leonid Kravchuk, the parliament chairman and de facto head of state, was elected to serve as the first Preside Ukraine was the second-most powerful republic in the Soviet Union both economically and politically (behind only Russia), and its secession ended any realistic chance of Gorbachev keeping the Soviet Union togethernt of Ukraine. From 2 December 1991 on Ukraine was globally recognized as an independent state.
Now independence Day is the the biggest and most important state holiday in Ukraine. People don't have to work, children don't attend school that day and if the holiday happens to fall on a weekend day the following Monday is usually declared a public holiday, too. If August 24 is a Tuesday or a Thu The celebration usually starts already the previous day, August 23 being the Day of the National Flag of Ukraine. The president then raises the Ukrainian flag and concerts kick off the festivities of the Independence Day. On August 24 various activities are offered to the people of Kiev and also to visitors. For children there are circuses in the cities, adults can enjoy the free markets where they can buy practically everything. Various sport events, exhibitions, concerts, and spectacles are organized during the day until at night impressive fireworks officially end Ukraine's biggest party of the year. For those who haven't had enough during the day, however, there are multiple parties going on all over the city where they can celebrate their country until the early (or not so early) hours of the morning.rsday the work day of the previous Monday or the following Friday respectively are transferred to Saturday.
The future of Europe
During the past year, when the multiple and increasingly political crises of the EU reached a peak, Euro-enthusiastic pundits started to tell us that Europe is in bad shape. After a long period of sleep, the social sciences and critical thinking woke up and raised the alarm about the future of Europe for good reasons, but maybe at the very last minute.
During the last year much has been said about the causal nature of the complex, puzzling and rapidly changing European landscape. Alternatives to the present misfunction were mostly confined to short term policies. Larger, more complex visions, and longer term solutions, are rare and have not reached a critical mass of the concerned public or the media. Why did the alarm come so late, and why are th I shall take a holistic approach to the future of Europe. I have developed a conceptual framework, which has guided me in my decisions throughout my adult life. The framework is much broader than the financial markets; it deals with the relationship between thinking and reality. What makes that relationship so complicated is that the thoughts and actions of participants are part of the reality they have to think about. Their thinking serves a dual function: on the one hand they try to understand the world in which they live – that is the cognitive function; on the other, they want to influence the events in which they participate – that is the manipulative function. The two functions interfere with each other – I call the interference reflexivity. The cornerstone of my conceptual framework is the human uncertainty principle, which is based on the twin pillars of fallibility and reflexivity. e suggested alternative therapies so vague and unconvincing? WHAT will become of the European Union? One road leads to the full break-up of the euro, with all its economic and political repercussions.
English is the language of communication
1.The English language is now the first language of about 400 million people, the native language of 12 nations and the official or semiofficial language of 33 more nations.
2.There are many reasons for its popularity.
3.First, English is easier to learn than most other languages. Second, it borrows words and phrases from the very countries into which it expands.
4.Eighty percent of all English vocabulary comes from other languages.
5. English is so widespread nowadays because it has become the standard language for all kinds of international communication: 80% of all information in the world’s computers is in English; nearly 50% of all the companies in Europe communicate with one another in English; 75% of all international letters and telexes are in English.
6.English is also the international language of businesspeople, pilots, diplomats and politicians, sportsmen and scientists, doctors and students, musicians and singers.
7.Nowadays in Russia the English language has become the most popular among foreign languages.
8.There are many very good reasons to learn this language.
9.Our country is a part of Europe and the world.
10.Very little clear and detailed communication can occur among people who don’t have a common language.
11. Learning English helps in talking to people, in reading and writing, in understanding TV and films from other countries, and opens up much a wider range of sources of information.
12.Then when you travel in different countries you can manage a lot better if you understand and people understand you.
13.When you speak English to people, they’re often a lot more friendly and helpful.
14. English is the language of communication between different peoples and countries. Learning English broadens your mind and way of thinking.
15.So English is a global language nowadays.
16.I think that English is going to become even more important as a global language, dominating world trade, computers and media, while other languages will become localised or just die out.
17.English will help me everywhere in my life.
English has now achieved the status of an international language. It is now used between speakers from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds who bring with them their cultural norms such as norms of politeness into the interaction. Therefore, knowledge of the way English is used and cultures from different countries is essential in international communication settings. This unit examines in detail this issue and the complexity of communication in English in international contexts. English is the language of diplomacy and international communications, business, tourism, education, science, computer technology, media and Internet. Because English was used to develop communication, technology, pro The English language came to British Isles from northern Europe in the fifth century. From the fifteenth century, the British began to sail all over the world and became explorers, colonists and imperialists. They took the English language to North America, Canada and the Caribbean, to South Africa, to Australia and New Zealand, to South Asia (especially India), to the British colonies in Africa, to South East Asia and the South Pacific.gramming, software, etc, it dominates the web. 70% of all information stored electronically is in English. The future of English as a global language will depend very largely on the political, economical, demographic and cultural trends in the world. The beginning of the 21st century is a time of global transition. According to some experts, faster economic globalization is going hand in hand with the growing use of English. More and more people are being encouraged to use English rather than their own language. On the other hand, the period of most rapid change can be expected to be an uncomfortable and at times traumatic experience for many people around the world. Hence, the opposite view, that the next 20 years or so will be a critical time for the English language and for those who depend upon it. The patterns of usage and public attitudes to English which develop during this period will have long-term effects for its future in the world.
An outstanding places of LONDON
If tourists only take one photograph in London then it’s invariably this one – Big Ben. ‘Big Ben’ is actually the name of the bell, rather than the clockface, and it stands in the Elizabeth Tower at one end of the Houses of Parliament. Houses of Parliament are home to the UK government. It is made up of two chambers, the Lords and the Commons, and both are open to the public. St. Paul’s Cathedral is arguably London’s most beautiful building, by the country’s greatest-ever architect – Christopher Wren. Every tourist should definitely make sure they visit the famous Whispering Gallery. Buckingham Palace is the Queen’s official London residence. The ‘Changing the Guard’ ceremony – which takes place on the forecourt – is a favourite photocall for tourists.
The Tower of London is one of London’s most important and historic landmarks, begun by William the Conqueror in the 11th-century and added to ever since.
London may not be the best place in the world to live (apparently that’s Vienna), but it is one of the most interesting to visit. Even if you’ve never been and have no intention of going, you can’t escape its influence on world history, culture and language. English language materials our students are exposed to (and I don’t just mean course books, but newspapers and other media) will contain cultural references. It’s good for us to be aware of them so here are some of the most famous places in London. The Tower of London
The Tower of London bleeds history, indeed as the site of many executions over the centuries it has often been at the very centre of England’s most grisly past events. Commissioned by William the Conqueror and standing for almost a thousand years, the Tower is one of the most popular places in London to visit. You can poke around the prisons, languish in the cells or just stare in wonder at the vast value of the crown jewels…
2. The London Royal Air Force Museum
An underrated gem on the outskirts of the city, the RAF Museum is often overlooked by standard lists of what to see in London. But with huge hangers packed full of famous fighters and colossal bombers as well as interactive exhibits & virtual reality theatres, this is one of the most fun things to do in London, particularly for kids.
3. Westminster Abbey
One of the most famous places in London, Westminster Abbey is known for the plethora of royal events to have taken place here over the centuries, most recently the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton. Boasting impressive architecture and famous burials – including Mary Queen of Scots, Elizabeth I and Henry III – as well as Poets’ Corner and even the Coronation Chair, Westminster Abbey has loads on offer.
4. Kelvedon Hatch Nuclear Bunker
Now here’s a hidden gem if ever I saw one. So hidden in fact it was originally only known to those select few who ran the country, and perhaps whispered about in dark corners by the locals… An enormous Cold War nuclear shelter, Kelvedon contains a labyrinth of underground tunnels, plotting boards and telecommunications apparatus. It even had its own BBC studio – presumably designed to tell everyone who wasn’t in the bunker that they had approximately four minutes to live. When considering interesting places to visit in London, this is certainly one for your left-field list.
5. Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace is a staple entry on every list of London's top places to visit. Though it’s usually featured in the top three, we’ve relegated it slightly as we feel it can be a little over-hyped and overrun by tourists. That’s not to say it’s not worth a visit, there are still some great things to see, including the changing of the guards, the nineteen State Rooms and the Royal Collections.
6. St Paul’s Cathedral
Among the most iconic buildings in the city, St Paul’s is an architectural masterpiece which is carved into the London skyline. Among the many draws on offer is the famous Whispering Gallery, known for its mysterious acoustics, as well as its burial crypt which houses a host of celebrated British luminaries including Nelson, Wellington and Sir Christopher Wren, designer of the Cathedral. It ranks high on most visitors’ lists of things to see in London, so a visit here is not a tranquil experience, but definitely one worth undertaking.
7. Leeds Castle
For those willing to venture beyond the centre of London, Leeds Castle offers some of the most majestic sights available. A stunning Norman castle, a visit here offers tree-top adventures, hot air ballooning, flower gardens & afternoon tea. On a nice day, its sheer beauty makes it one of the best things to do on your trip to London.
8. British Museum
Pretty much everyone who comes to this city has the British Museum on their to-see list. A world-famous museum of history & culture, it’s constantly chosen as one of the top 10 places in London to visit. It contains some of the largest and most revered collections in the world, from Babylonian stonework to artefacts from the Roman Empire and of course its world-famous Egyptian collection. A must see for your visit to Britain’s capital
9. Houses of Parliament
When people think of London they often picture the Houses of Parliament and the iconic Big Ben. Indeed it is one of the most famous places to visit in London. For those who visit Britain’s capital, these famous landmarks are often top of the sightseeing list. Visitors can attend debates and take a tour through this sprawling complex as well as seeing Big Ben
10. Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle is one of the most famous draws that Britain’s capital city has to offer and remains a key entry on any list of places in London to see. The oldest occupied castle in the world and covering approximately 13 acres, Windsor Castle contains a wealth of great sights to explore, including the state rooms, the red-coated guards and even the royal kitchens!
My family
My family is not big, but also is not small: Dad, Mom, me, my sister. My parents live in Nadlak. My Mum is forty-three, she is a teacher in the kindergarden. My Dad is forty-four, he is a worker, and he works in a private firm. My parents both like their work very much.
My name’s Viktoria, I’m sixteen. I am a student. My favourite lessons are English and a Low. I like foreign languages , and I like dance and sing songs.
My elder sister Yana is twenty two, she graduated from Kirovohrad state Pedagogical University, and she is a teacher of foreign languages. Now, she lives in Kirovohrad ,together with he husband, and works in a private firm like an interprite.
Also she likes spending time outdoors, playing computer games and watching TV.
My grandparents are retired. They spend a lot of their time in the garden, growing vegetables and fruits.
We have united family and always help each other. Everyone in my family is my best friend. I love my family very much/
The recepe of my favourite dish.
Potato with nuts.
Ingredients- 6 potatoes, a cupfulos shelled nuts (walnuts or hazel nuts) , breadcrumbs, salt,pepper, oil. Boil the potatoes to readiness without peeling them. After the potatoes cool off, remove the skinfrom the jacket potatores, slice them, sprinkle with salt and papper and warm up in a little oil. Crush, grind or mince the nuts and sprinkle them on the potatoes.