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AUSTRALIA
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Australia is located to the South of Asia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans and surrounded by three countries, Indonesia and New Guinea to the north and New Zealand to the south-east. It is the sixth largest country and the smallest continent in the world. The country combines a wide variety of landscapes. Australia is the world’s driest continent. Huge areas of land are so dry that they are uninhabited. There are rainforests in the north, snowfields in the south-east, deserts in the center and fertile croplands in the south and south-west. Captain James Cook discovered Australia in 1770. Founded in 1788 as a British convict colony, Australia was a place of banishment until gold strikes in 1851 opened floodgates of immigration. Independence came in 1901, with a constitution adapted in part from that of the United States. The population of Australia is 21,5 millions people. People from about 200 nations lives there. Canberra, the capital of the country (80 thousand people). Sydney is the largest city in Australia and is the capital of the state New South Wales. Brisbane is the capital of Queensland. Perth is the capital of the state of Western Australia. Australia’s official language is English. One of the states, Tasmania, is actually an island and is located south of the main continent. The capital of Tasmania is Hobart. Official language is English. Religion is Protestant, Roman Catholic. The national flag of Australia is the only one to fly over the whole continent. It is composed of three parts: The union jack is on the top left corner, the star of federation is on the bottom left corner, and the Southern Cross taking up the right half of the flag. The Union Jack shows the first colonisation by Europeans by Britain. The star of federation is a seven pointed star. The star has seven points, one for each state. As Australia has six states, the seventh point is for Australian Territories. The Southern Cross is a constellation that can be seen from all of Australia's states and territories. Australia’s coat of arms. The arms consist of a shield containing the badges of the 6 states. The supporters are native Australian fauna – a kangaroo and emu. A yellow – flowered native plant, wattle, also appears in the design. There is small Union Jack on the flag. The large 7 – pointed star represents the 6 states and the territories, the small stars from the Southern Cross.
Australia is a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain. The British monarch, Queen is also queen of Australia and the head of state. But the queen has little power in the Australian government. Federal Government works in Canberra in the government buildings. There are some political parties in Australia: the Liberal Party, the Labour Party and the Socialist Party of Australia. Now the Prime Minister of Australia is Kevin Rudd. He is a leader of the Labour Party. The Australian people vote for the leader of the party. Australia has six states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania and two territories.
Australia is an industrial country. It has coal, nickel, zinc, gold. Australia is one of the producers of metal and minerals. It exports: coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron, ore, meat, sugar, fruits. Agriculture: wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits, cattle. Currency: Australian dollar. |
Studying in Australia offers international students more than academic achievement and a globally recognised qualification. It is a once-in-a-lifetime experience through which a student can develop independence, maturity, an understanding of other cultures, and the ability to see issues from different perspectives. Study in Australia better prepares a student to work in today’s global marketplace. In Australia, international students can gain this experience in a safe, friendly environment and at an affordable cost.
Tasmania, the island south of Australia, is small. It’s the same size as England. It is also very different from the other states. There are no deserts in Tasmania. It often rains, both in winter and summer. Only a half of million people live in Tasmania, and a large part of the island is still covered with wild, beautiful wild forests. These forests are full of wonderful flowers and interesting animals.
In the Northern Territory you will find the red heart of Australia. And it really is red, with red rocks, red sand, and red skies in the evening. Every year, thousands of tourists visit Ayers Rock and a strange group of huge red stones called “the Olgas”. But these places are also holy to the Aboriginals. They believe that the land itself has life.
Sydney is the best known place in New South Wales. In fact, it’s the best known place in Australia. But New South Wales has more than cities. There are, for example, the Blue Mountains. They are covered with forests of blue colored eucalyptus trees. The air above the forest contains millions of microscopic drops of eucalyptus oil. When the sun shines, the air of the Blue Mountains is a real, beautiful blue.
Australia has the largest coral reef in the world. 1500 different kind of fish live there and more than 300 kinds of coral. It’s called the Great Barrier Reef. It is situated on the northeast coast of Australia, off the coast of Queensland.
Australia is sometimes called “the lucky country”. One reason is the wonderful riches under the earth: gold, silver, iron, coal and many precious metals. The Bass Strait, of the coast of Victoria, has been one of the country’s biggest oil fields for many years.
South Australia is the driest of all the states, but it does have Murrey River. The river brings greenness and life to the south-east corner. In the early of the Australian history, the Murrey River was South Australia’s main road. Before real roads and railways came, the river carried people and goods from the east up into the country. Some towns on the Murrey still keep the old river boats, and visitors can ride on them.
There are two kinds of gold in Western Australia. First, there’s real kind – the kind that comes out of the ground. Gold was found in Kalgoorlie in1893, and the “Golden Mile” was for a time the most expensive piece of land in the world. Kalgorlie still exports some gold, but new gold of Western Australia is wheat. Big farms grow millions of tones of wheat every year, and wheat has become Australia’s second biggest export.
Australia’s national day, Australia Day, on 26 January, marks the date in 1788 when Captain Arthur Phillip, of the British Royal Navy, commanding a fleet of 11 ships, sailed into Port Jackson (Sydney Cove). Phillip formally took possession of the eastern part of the continent for England and established a settlement, now Australia’s largest city,Sydney.
Holidays 1 January – New Year
26 January – Australia’s nation day 25 April - Anzac Day (День Австралийского и Новозеландского армейского корпуса)
1 May – Work’s day
14 July – Queen’s birthday
25 December – Christmas 27 December – Day of Christmas presents
The name Australia is derived from the Latin australis, meaning southern. Legends of an "unknown southern land" (terra australis incognita) date back to the Roman times and were commonplace in mediæval geography, but they were not based on any actual knowledge of the continent. The Dutch adjectival form Australische ("Australian," in the sense of "southern") was used by Dutch officials in Batavia to refer to the newly discovered land to the south as early as 1638. The first English language writer to use the word "Australia" was Alexander Dalrymple in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean, published in 1771. He used the term to refer to the entire South Pacific region, not specifically to the Australian continent. In 1793, George Shaw and Sir James Smith published Zoology and Botany of New Holland, in which they wrote of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland." The name "Australia" was popularised by the 1814 work A Voyage to Terra Australis by the navigator Matthew Flinders. Despite its title, which reflected the view of the Admiralty, Flinders used the word "Australia" in the book, which was widely read and gave the term general currency. Governor Lachlan Macquarie of New South Wales subsequently used the word in his dispatches to England. In 1817 he recommended that it be officially adopted. In 1824, the British Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.
It has the world’s largest sand island, snow capped mountains and the striking Ayers Rock (national park Urulu). In Sydney you can see art gallery, Australian nation museum, creative building of the theater; in Mellburn – Victoria’s national gallery, Olympic stadium, in Brisbane – botanic garden.