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Text 6.
Dynamics: Musical Volume
The term for gradations of amplitude (loud and soft) in music is dynamics. Dynamic levels are often "interpreted" by performers who add subtle dynamic "shading" to music. Dynamic levels are a natural indicator for emotional mood. Loud dynamics are associated with vigor, turmoil, conflict, and valor, et al. Marches, fanfares, and triumphal music tend to be loud. Soft dynamics are associated with tranquility, repose, calmness, sensuality, et al. Love songs, lullabies, wistful and melancholy songs and certain sacred music tend to be soft. The wrong dynamic level has the effect of making a piece of music ineffective and illogical as an indicator of mood.
Dynamics are a part of the articulation of "accent" in music. Dynamic accents (accents of loudness) breathe life into all musical passages. Agogic accents (accents of length) draw attention to specific tones and clarify those tones as distinct from other surrounding tones in a melody.
Dynamic levels are a factor in the repetition - variation - contrast process of music. Patterns of dynamic levels may be repeated in corresponding repeated melodic patterns. This supports the profile of the melodic pattern itself. As with tempo, spoken and written terms relating to dynamics are expressed mostly in the Italian language. These terms include:
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pianissimo (pp) - very soft piano (p) - soft mezzo piano (mp) - moderately soft mezzo forte (mf) - moderately loud forte (f) - loud fortissimo (ff) - very loud crescendo - growing louder decrescendo or diminuendo - growing softer sforzando (sf, forced) - sudden stress - accent on a single note or chord |
Dynamics contribute to the effect of motion in music. Dynamic levels that contrast between motives or phrases of music contribute to the sensation of motion and movement in music. A contrast of dynamic levels creates a state of change in musical material which automatically produces the effect of motion in sound. Goal-oriented motion through dynamics may be created by levels of dynamics that successively become louder, phrase after phrase, or by a gradual increase in loudness through a more subtle technique known as crescendo (the Italian term for "gradually louder").
Crescendo and diminuendo are among the important expressive effects available to the composer. Through the gradual swelling and diminishing of the tone volume, the illusion of distance enters music. It is as if the source of sound were approaching us and then receding.
Crescendo in conjunction with accelerando (louder and faster) creates excitement as surely as decrescendo together with ritardando (softer and slower) slackens it.
Devices of this kind never fail in their effect upon audiences, which would seem to indicate that they are not the arbitrary procedures of a single imagination but are rooted in certain basic responses inherent in our nature.
Key terms:
dynamics – – динаміка
pianissimo (very soft) – – піанісимо (дуже тиxo)
piano (soft) – – піано (тихо)
mezzo piano (moderately soft) – меццо піано (помірна гучність звучання)
mezzo forte (moderately loud) – меццо форте (середня гучність звучання)
forte (loud) – – голосно, сильно
fortissimo (very loud) – – дуже голосно, дуже сильно
crescendo – – поступове збільшення інтенсивності, кульмінація
accelerando (louder and faster) – – аччелерандо (поступове прискорення темпу)
decrescendo – декрещендо (музична фраза з поступово згасаючим звуком)
ritardando (softer and slower) – рітардандо (поступово зупиняючись)
volume – – сила (звука)