The term ldquo;Ecologyrdquo; ws introduced by-E
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- Ecology is a science that studies:
The interrelationships among organisms and between organisms, as well as how organisms interact with their environment.
- The term “Ecology” was introduced by:
E. Heckel.
- Ecological law “Nature knows better” was proposed by:
Barry Commoner.
- Environment is:
Anything outside the individual organism in which the organism lives and which affect or could affect that organism, other organisms or life in general.
Is the set of conditions experienced by an organism or a group of organisms.
- Autecology – is a section of ecology that studies an effect of environmental factors to:
The ecology of individuals.
- Demecology – is a section of ecology that studies:
The ecology of populations.
- Synecology – is a section of ecology that studies:
The ecology of communities.
- Structure and functions of biosphere is studied by:
Global ecology.
- The physical area in which an organism lives is its:
Habitat.
- A position of an organism defined by its role in a biological community:
Niche
- The term “Ecosystem” was introduced by:
Tansley
- Ecosystem is:
Ecological unit that includes all the interacting parts of an environment in an area. (biotic and abiotic)
- A community includes:
All the populations in an area.
- Succession is a process where:
community change over time.
- Abiotic factors in an ecosystem can include:
Meteorological (climatic) (temperature, humidity, pressure, wind)
Geophysical (radiation, relief, magnetic)
Chemical (components of atmosphere, water, soil chemistry and structure, acidity)
- Biotic factors in an ecosystem can include:
Zoogenic (animals relationships)
Phytogenic (plants relationships)
Microorganismic (microorganisms relationships)
- The earth’s biomes are controlled primarily by:
temperature, precipitations(осадки)
- Regularity that suggests that organism growth is limited by the resource in the shortest supply is described by:
Liebig's Law of the Minimum
- Regularity that suggests that each environmental factor has limits of its positive influence on the organism is described by:
Shelfer`s tolerance principles
- Tolerance is:
A limit, beyond which a particular species cannot survive or is unable to reproduce. (пределы, в которых организм сможет выжить)
- Ecological factor that limits viability of organisms is:
Critical
- Eyrobionts are organisms with:
Species have wide tolerance ranges (eurytopic/ecologically tolerant species) and are found over a wide range of habitats and locations (i.e., have wider geographical ranges)
- Stenobionts are organisms with:
Species that have very narrow tolerance ranges (stenotopic/ecologically intolerant species) and are not widespread and very limited in their ranges.
- Xerophytes are organisms that:
Are able to survive in an environment with little available water or moisture, usually in environments where potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation for all or part of the growing season. (drought)
- Homeothermic organisms are:
Species that keep their body temperature at a roughly constant level, regardless of the ambient temperature.
- Poikilothermic are organisms with:
Internal temperature varying along with that of the ambient environmental temperature.
- Species that are localized and may have just one population that inhabit only a small area are called:
Indemetic
- Population growth rate is:
The change in the number of individuals in a population over time.
- Statistic characteristic of population is:
Population Number
Population Density
Population Demography Structure
- Dynamic characteristics of population is:
Population growth
Population growth rate
Biotic potential
Carrying capacity
Growth Curves
- The carrying capacity of a population does Not include the statement:
J-curve
- Population growth is exponential when:
grow biotic potential
- The sigmoidal growth curve is typical of a population that:
Density Dependent Factors
- The global human population grew very slowly until:
Industrial revolution
- A population with rapid growth includes the following age groups:
Prereproductive Reproductive and Postreprodictive.
- A volcanic eruption is an example of:
Density independent factors
- The area of the earth occupied with living things is called:
Biosphere
- The term “Biosphere” was introduced by:
Eduard Suess.
- The author of the study about biosphere is:
V.I. Vernadsky.
- The term “Noosphere” was introduced by:
Leroy
- Noosphere – is an evolutionary step of biosphere that:
Is transformed by people activity and changed by scientific consciousness.
- Environment that is changed by people is:
"Second Nature", or "Quasi-nature".
- Anthropogenic sources(human activity) of pollution are:
Industrial Sources
Agricultural Sources
Domestic Sources.
- Competition, predation, and symbiosis are all types of:
Biotic relationships
- Example of interspecific competition is relationship between:
Interspecific competition, in ecology, is a form of competition in which individuals of different species vie for the different resource in an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space). The 5th form of competition is intraspecific competition, which involves organisms of the same species competing with one from the other. This is NOT an answer, just TRUE statement
- Type of biotic relationship when one species benefits and other one has neither harm nor profit:
Commensalism.
- An interaction between two species in which species benefit each other is:
Mutualism
- Two species that occupy a very similar niche are likely to be:
Competitors(соперники)
- The major producers found in aquatic ecosystems are:
Phytoplankton
- Define the right order of components in the trophic chain “tree – hare – fox”:
Tree(producer) – hare(1st consumer) – fox(2nd consumer)?
- Plants in an ecosystem play the following role:
Producers.
- Primary productivity is the energy contained in the trophic level of:
Producers. (превращают в органику из органики)
- Nitrogen in the atmosphere is captured by:
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
- Organisms that use ready food are called:
heterotrophy
- Heterotrophic organisms are:
Organisms that use organic carbon for growth.
- Autotrophic organisms are:
Organism that produce complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light (by photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions.
- The wolf and the fox are on the same trophic level because both animals:
They eat the same type of food
- Consumers that obtain their nutrients by eating producers are:
Herbivores.
- Consumers, such as wolves, that obtain their nutrients by eating other consumers are:
Carnivores.
- Consumers, such as humans, that obtain their nutrients by eating both producers and other consumers are called:
Omnivores.
- Amount of energy passing from one trophic level to the next one is:
10%
- The main characteristic of biomass pyramids of freshwater or marine is to be:
Возможность изменятся
- Nonrenewable resources include:
oil etc
- Renewable resources include:
water etc (Nitrogen from soil(humus))
- Organic garbage that is a subject to decay by microorganisms is called:
Biodegradable.
- Factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryo development are called:
Teratogens.
- Herbicides are chemicals that can control population growth of undesirable organisms such as:
Weed.
- Factors that specifically damage genetic material of organisms are:
Mutagens.
- The global warming is primarily caused by:
Greenhouse effect (Increased levels of CO2), human activity.
- Distribution of gas concentrations in the atmosphere in descending order is:
N2
O2
Argon
water steam
CO2
inert gases
Methan
- Scientists predict the global average temperature will rise by 2025 and by 2100 to:
1°C
3°C
- To reduce greenhouse effect it should be done:
Briefly: Population stability, Reforestation, Recycling, Energy efficiency, alternative energy technologies.
- Alternative sources of energy include:
The sun (solar power), the wind, waves and even hot rocks (geothermal energy).
- The greenhouse gases are the following:
Carbon dioxide
Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) and Halons
- The heights of troposphere and stratosphere above the earth:
0-15 km
- To stop ozone layer depletion it should be done:
Development and using alternatives (replacement) to ozone-destroying chemicals in the manufacturing processes and at home.
- Loss of ozone has serious effects in people because ultra-violet radiation can cause:
Aging, wrinkling of the skin, and even skin cancer, eye damage (cloudy vision, cataracts).
Also - living tissue to decompose.
- The chemical compounds that can cause acid rain:
Sulfur dioxide (802), Nitrogen oxide (NOX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
- Acid rain occur as:
Mist, fog, sleet, snow, gas and dry dust particles.
- The pH of acid rain is:
less than 5
- Acid rain is harmful because it can:
Damage and kill trees, fish and other wildlife, affect human health and corroded building stone, soil and water. It dissolves nutrients and toxic heavy metals in the soil, and these are then washed into water of rivers and lakes.
- The primary reason of acid rain is:
Pollution in the air(CO2), which comes from burning fossil fuels such as oil and coal.
- The major component of photochemical smog is:
Nitrogen oxide (NOx)).
- The main physical reason of the photochemical smog is:
Temperature inversion
- To prevent or reduce waste it should be done:
Recycling
- Biological magnification is the process of:
Increasing in concentration of a substance, such as the pesticide DDT. (Hazardous is an answer)
- The primary cause of species extinction is:
Destruction of habitats caused by human activities.
- Industries contribute to habitat damage and destruction if they:
Use raw materials from threatened species (habitats)
Use the products of any endangered species
Develop land that has not been built on before, but which is rich in species.
Contribute to pollution of the environment in ways that are harmful to the processes that support life.
- Land area of the Earth occupied by the forest (including tropical, moderate, boreal) is:
25 %
- Land area of the Earth occupied by the rain forest is:
5%.
- The world amount of fresh water is:
3%.
- The amount of the earth’s water supply available to land organisms is:
Less then 1%.
- The average renewal rate of rivers is:
12-17 days.
- Eutrophication of water is accompanied with:
Algal blooms.
See handout 11, section 2 for details.
- The main source of water pollution is:
Industry (chemicals the most).
- Industries can help to mitigate problems with water supply by:
By treating effluent and reducing the number of pollutants that might be released into the water system.
By not allowing dangerous chemicals into the water system.
By installing monitoring equipment to prevent incidents of accidental pollution.
By recycling water during industrial operations. This is possible with many processes such as cooling. "Closed" systems, which reuse the same water, are the best.
By making sure that when they release used water back into a river, they release it at a point upstream of where they took it out, rather than downstream. This maintains the flow a river and is a form of recycling. The water re-enters the system and is not hurried straight out to sea.
By using more efficient methods and equipment in order to reduce water consumption.
By making products which use water efficiently, whenever possible. Washing machines, dishwashers, toilets, soaps and washing powders are all examples of products that can be improved in this way.
By making sure that any environmental review they carry out includes the use of water, in order to identify how they can reduce water consumption.
- The largest landscape zone of Kazakhstan is:
Desert.
- External cost is:
Harmful environment on social cost burnt by people, not directly involved in buying or selling products
- Ecological footprint (of a country or each person) is:
A measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems.
Correct answer begins: The average amount…..
- The main reason of Aral Sea catastrophe is:
Wrong usage
- A special protected territory that is completely removed from an economical use is:
Preserve.
- The numbers of plants and animals species included in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan are:
404 species of plants and 309 species of animals.
- Percentage of Kazakhstan’s soil that is undergone to desertification:
~70%
- The main anthropogenic cause of desertification is:
Overgrazing, over-cultivation, increased fire frequency, water impoundment, deforestation, overdrafting of groundwater, increased soil salinity, and global climate change. EXCESSIVE LIVESTOCK (ЧРЕЗМЕРНЫЙ РАЗВОД СКОТА)
- The natural reason of desertification is:
erosion
- Erosion is the loss of soil that results from:
abiotic factors
- The organic part of the soil that helps it to retain its moisture and nutrients is:
humus
- Term “Sustainable development” referred to ecology was first introduced at:
Earth Declaration (Rio-de-Janeiro, 1992)
- The primary body responsible for nature protection in Kazakhstan is:
Ministry of Environment Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan
- Sustainable use of natural resources means that they should be:
Used in such a way as to ensure the durability of those resources for future generations.
- The basic nature protection law of Kazakhstan is:
Ecological codex
- The basic national current document about environment safety of Kazakhstan
The answer will be contain this numbers: 2004 - 2015
- The International basic document about ozone layer safety is:
Montreal protocol
- The International basic document about greenhouse gases control is:
Kyoto protocol
- The International Convention on control of persistent organic pollutants is:
Stockholm convince
- The International Convention about wildlife protection is:
convention of biological diversity
- According pyramid tropic level number…..(Полный вопрос не успел записать, но ответ будет «уменьшается»)
Decreasing