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Text 1
To an economist, economic society presents itself as a mechanism of survival – means whereby people are able to carry out the tasks of production and distribution. If we look at the different political and social structures which exist in the world today, and the way in which those systems have developed over the years, we are tempted to say that people have made use of, and are making use of, very great varieties of economic systems. In fact, in spite of the appearance of a great variety, it is possible to group these different economic structures into four broad categories. These basic types of economic organization are usually described as Traditional economies, Market economies, Command economies and Mixed economies.
Traditional economies
The oldest and until fairly recent times by far the most common way of solving economic problem was that of tradition. In traditional societies, people used methods of production and distribution that were devised in the distant past and which have become the accepted ways of doing things by a long process of trial and error.
In these societies we find that the division of land among the families in the village or tribe, the methods and times of planting and harvesting, the selection of crops, and the way in which the produce is distributed among the different groups are all based upon tradition. Year by year little is changed; indeed a change in working procedures may well be regarded as an affront to memory of one’s ancestors or as an offence against the gods.
The basic economic problems do not arise as problems to be discussed and argued about. They have all been decided long ago. One follows the path that one was born to follow; a son follows the footsteps of his father and uses the same skills and tools. A cast system provides a good example of the rigidity of a traditional society. The production problems (i.e. What? and How?) are solved by using land as it has always been used and the worker carrying out the traditional skills according to his or her fixed place in the traditional structure. The distribution problem (i.e. For whom?) is solved in a similar manner. There will be time –honoured methods of sharing out the produce of the harvest and hunt. The elders, the heads of families, the women and the children will receive shares according to the ancient custom.
Traditional solutions to the economic problems of production and distribution are encountered in primitive agricultural and pastoral communities. But, even in advanced countries, tradition still plays some part in determining how the economy works. We are familiar with industries in which it is customary, for the son to follow his father into a trade or profession, and in Britain equal pay for women didn’t obtain legal sanction until the 1970s.
Vocabulary
carry out – выполнять, осуществлять
determine – определять
devise – придумывать, изобретать
distribution – распределение
equal pay – равная оплата
fixed – закрепленный, постоянный
legal – законный, юридический
market – рынок
obtain – получать, достигать
process of trial and error – путь проб и ошибок
rigidity – жесткость
share – доля, акция
share on – распределять
trade – занятие, ремесло
land, long, path, presents, arise, solved, shares, similar, custom, distribution, tasks, used, as
3. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb:
4. In traditional societies, people … (to use) methods of production and distribution that … (to devise) in the distant past and which … (to become) the accepted ways of doing things by a long process of trial and error.
5. A change in working procedures may well … (to regard) as an affront to memory of one’s ancestors.
6. The basic economic problems do not … (to arise) as problems … (to discuss) and … (to argue) about.
7. Traditional solutions to the economic problems of production and distribution … (to encounter) in primitive agricultural and pastoral communities.
5. Match the following words:
production and distribution
to solve a problem
tribe
economic structures
variety
an offence
ancestors
process of trial and error
путь проб и ошибок
племя
разнообразие
обида
решить проблему
предки
экономические структуры
производство и распределение