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В практике преподавания иностранных языков, в частности английского, подлежащая усвоению лексика группируется по тематическому принципу. Но существуют темы, которые обычно не выделяются в качестве самостоятельных. Это темы, связанные с поведением человека, эмоциональной стороной его жизни, его мыслительной деятельностью. В ходе обучения лексика такого типа обычно никак не обобщается и не систематизируется.
В данном пособии представлены выражения-клише диалогического характера, необходимые для беседы на повседневные темы.
Цель пособия — помочь учащимся повторить и систематизировать встречавшиеся ранее речевые штампы, а также выработать автоматизм в их употреблении.
Каждый раздел пособия состоит из словаря с переводом и упражнений.
Вся отобранная лексика является принадлежностью свободного разговорного стиля.
Основу большинства упражнений составляет набор реплик, на которые собеседник должен отреагировать кратко и по принятой форме.
В разделе Get It Right даются пояснения по использованию некоторых английских слов с целью предупреждения типичных ошибок, вызванных влиянием родного языка учащихся.
Литература.
Moscow Higher School 1978
Moscow Higher School 1984
THANKS
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Thank you (very much) Thanks. Thank you for doing it. Thank you for coming. Thank you for telling me (about it). Thank you, you’ve been very helpful. It was very kind of you to do it. Thank you. Thank you for the trouble you’ve taken. Thank you, anyway. Thank you an advance. Thank you for a wonderful evening (for the pleasure of your company, for taking me out, etc.) |
(Большое) спасибо. Спасибо. Спасибо, что вы это сделали. Спасибо, что пришли. Спасибо, что сказали мне об этом. Спасибо, вы мне очень помогли. С вашей стороны было очень любезно сделать это. Спасибо. Спасибо за беспокойство, которое вы взяли на себя. Тем не менее, спасибо. Заранее вам благодарен. Спасибо за чудесный вечер (за удовольствие, которое доставило мне ваше общество; за то, что повели меня в театр, ресторан и т.д.) |
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You’re welcome. You’re always welcome. Don’t mention it (Not at all) I am the one who ought to thank you. No trouble at all. That was a pleasure. The pleasure was all mine. |
Пожалуйста. (Не стоит благодарности) . Пожалуйста. (Всегда к вашим услугам). Не стоит благодарности. (Не за что). Это я должен вас благодарить. Да что вы, какое это беспокойство! Мне было приятно это сделать. Это вы мне доставили удовольствие. |
GET IT RIGHT
Thank You
Thank you is used alone (or simply with very much or so much) mainly when the speaker has been given something, or when somebody has helped him in some way or addressed some good wish to him (for example, "Happy Birthday" or "Have a good holiday"). It is not enough in response to an offer, for example an offer of something to eat or drink. In this context "Thank you (very/so much)'" is ambiguous; it may be understood either as an acceptance or a refusal, depending on the tone of voice, although on the whole it is more likely to be taken for an acceptance (in contrast to the Russian “спасибо”). It is therefore better to use the responses "Yes, please" or "No, thank you” (with no pause after yes and no).
Thank you without no can naturally be used as one takes something or when one has already taken it, or, for example, when followed immediately by but...
For example:
Thank you alone should also be avoided when replying to inquiries about health, for example, "How are you?" or "How's your mother keeping?" To reply simply "Thank you (very much) " in such cases will create an impression of mystery about the person's health, because it avoids answering the question. Custom requires that some sort of answer, usually general, be given, followed by "thank you" if the answer is favourable. The most usual forms are:
Very/Quite/Fairly well'
All right, thank vou.
Not too/so bad,
Fine, thanks, (informal)
If the answer is unfavourable, "I’m afraid" (=unfortunately) is used instead: Not very/too well, I'm afraid.
I'm afraid she's got flu.
EXERCISES
I. Memorize the dialogues:
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I’m afraid I haven’t been of a great help to you.
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You ’re welcome. Don’t mention it.
You ’re always welcome. Not at all.
IV Give an appropriate response to the following questions and statements:
1. Would you like some chocolate? 2. Hallo. How are you? 3. Let me help you with your suitcase. 4. Have a nice weekend. 5. Do have some more cake. 6. How are the children? 7. Wait a minute. I'll open the door for you. 8. Would you like a rest now? 9. Happy New Year! 10. How is your brother now?
APOLOGIES
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I’m sorry. I’m so sorry. I’m very sorry. I beg your pardon. Excuse me. Pardon me. Excuse my back. Excuse my disturbing you. Excuse my troubling you. Excuse my being late. Excuse my interrupting you. I must apologize (to you). Sorry I’ve kept you waiting. Apologize to Martin for me. I hope, I didn’t hurt you. I didn’t mean to hurt you. I meant no offence. Don’t hold it against me. Forgive me, please, I meant well. I’m afraid, I’ve taken up too much your time. |
Простите. Очень сожалею. Простите (извините). Извините, что я сижу (стою) спиной к вам. Простите за беспокойство. Извините за опоздание. Извините, что прервал вас. Я должен извиниться (перед вами). Простите, что заставил вас ждать. Извинитесь перед Мартином за меня. Надеюсь, я не ушиб (не обидел) вас Я не хотел сделать вам больно (вас обидеть). Я не хотел вас обидеть. Не сердитесь на меня за это. Простите, я хотел сделать как лучше. Боюсь, я отнял у вас слишком много времени |
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That’s all right. Not at all. Never mind. Forget it. You needn’t apologize. It’s my fault. No trouble at all. No harm done. No offence |
Все в порядке. Нисколько (совсем нет). Пусть это вас не беспокоит. Забудьте это (не думайте об этом). Не стоит извиняться. Это моя вина. Да что вы, какое же это беспокойство! Ничего страшного. Я не обиделся. |
GET IT RIGHT
When used as an apology or to attract someone's attention, the remarks Excuse me or Pardon me are pronounced with falling intonation. When pronounced with the rising intonation, they express a request to repeat the remark.
EXERCISES
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"Excuse my troubling you,"
"No trouble at all."
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"Forgive me, please. 1 meant well."
"Never mind. Forget it."
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"I beg your pardon. I'm afraid I've taken up too much of your time."
"Not at all I'm sure. You're always welcome."
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"1 must apologize to you."
"You needn't apologize. It's my fault."
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"Apologize to John for me."
"I will."
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"Excuse my going first. I'll lead the way."
"That's all right."
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"Excuse my back."
"That's all right."
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"No offence meant."
"No offence taken."
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B |
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Sorry I've kept you waiting. Excuse my interrupting you. Excuse my back. I hope, I didn’t hurt you. I didn’t mean to hurt you. I meant no offence. |
That's (perfectly) all right. Never mind. Forget it. No harm done. |
1. Sorry I've kept you waiting. 2. Don't hold it against me. 3. I'm afraid I've taken up too much of your time. 4. Excuse my troubling you. 5. Excuse my disturbing you. 6. No offence meant. 7.1 must apologize to you.
"Excuse my being. . . (doing. . .)".
Model: Sorry, I'm late. I'm sorry I mentioned it.
Excuse my being late. Excuse my mentioning it.
1. I'm sorry, it was rude of me. 2. I'm afraid I've been impolite. Excuse me. 3.I owe you an apology for being inconsiderate. 4. Sorry to interrupt you. 5.I hate to trouble you, but could you give me a hand with the book-case, it's so heavy. 6. Am I intruding? Pardon me. 7. I've got to apologize for interfering.
GREETINGS
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How do you do? Hello! (фам.) Hello, everybody! (фам.) Good morning! Good afternoon! Good evening! Hi! (амер. фам.) |
Здравствуйте! Привет! Здравствуйте (приветствие всем присутствующим). Доброе утро! Добрый день! Добрый вечер! Привет! |
GET IT RIGHT
How do you do
How do you do? is not a question but a greeting the customary reply to which is How do you do? It is now used almost exclusively in formal introductions.
For example:
Mr A: Mr Brown, I'd like to introduce/to meet you Peter Fry, a colleague of mine.
Mr B: How do you do?
Mr С: How do you do?
Although this sentence is in the form of a question, it has lost its interrogative meaning and requires no answer, except a repetition of How do you do? by the person to whom it is first addressed.
How do you do? is still occasionally used as a greeting addressed to someone whom the speaker already knows, but such usage is old-fashioned and not to be recommended. Here Good morning/afternoon/evening should be used in formal situations and Hello in informal style. Note that Good day is not used nowadays, either as a greeting or when leaving someone.
EXERCISES
1. You meet a friend in the street. 2. You are introduced to a friend's parents. 3. You come home in the evening. (Your family is there.) 4. You meet a senior member of the university staff at about 3 p. m. 5. You meet a neighbour of about your own age while shopping in the morning. 6. You meet one of your teachers, whom you know rather well, at a concert. 7. You meet your neighbour’s son, aged 9, when leaving home. 8. You introduced to a friend’s sister at a party.
CONGRATULATIONS AND WISHES
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I congratulate you. My congratulations to you. May all your dreams come true. Happy birthday to you! Many happy returns! Happy New Year! Merry Christmas! I wish you good luck! Good luck (to you)! Have a nice holiday! A happy weekend to you! Have a good time! Have a nice trip! Have a comfortable journey! Happy landing! |
Поздравляю (вас). Желаю исполнения всех ваших желаний. Поздравляю с днем рождения! С Новым годом! Счастливого Рождества! Желаю удачи! Желаю хорошо провести отпуск! Желаю хорошо провести выходные дни! Желаю хорошо провести время! Счастливого пути! Счастливого пути (морское путешествие). Счастливого пути! (путешествие самолетом). |
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Thank you. Thank you. The same to you. Happy Ney Year! Merry Christmas! |
Благодарю вас. Спасибо. И вам желаю того же. С Новым годом! Счастливого Рождества! |
GET IT RIGHT Congratulate, Congratulations
Congratulate and congratulations are used when a person has been successful or fortunate in something, for example, if he has passed an examination, or won a prize or sporting event, been promoted at work, got engaged to be married, or married.
For example:
passing your exam.
Congratulations on winning the competition.
your promotion.
your engagement.
Note that I congratulate you (on ...) is not usual in colloquial speech, although the verb occurs widely in formal style,
For example:
Note the use of the preposition on in all these sentences.
Congratulate and congratulations may also be used with reference to birthdays, but (A) happy birthday or Many happy returns (of the day) is more common,
For example:
Congratulate and congratulations are not used with reference to festivals and public holidays. In Britain there is a special greeting (not congratulation) for each important traditional festival, usually with the word happy.
These are: (A) Happy/Merry Christmas!
(A) Happy New Year!
(A) Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!
(A) Happy Easter!
These greetings are used in sentences as follows:
For example: 1. He wished them all a happy Christmas.
2.1 should like to wish you a (very) happy New Year.
There is no general greeting which can be used for any festival (like the Ukraine «С праздником!»). The only solution to the problem of finding suitable greetings for festivals which are not observed in Britain is to use the word wishes, for example, as follows:
Best wishes Woman’s Day
Very best wishes for Victory Day
My (our) best wishes Christmas Day
On is sometimes used instead of for, particularly if the greeting is spoken or received on the day itself.
In many cases no verb is necessary with these expressions. We can say (or write) simply, for example:
(Very) best wishes for Victory Day.
If a verb is needed, give is probably the best choice:
For example: The students gave the teacher their best wishes for Women's Day.
Greetings may be used in writing for some festivals.
For example: May Day greetings
Victory Day greetings
The verb send occurs with greetings.
For example: We send May Day greetings to all our readers.
EXERCISES
I. Memorize the dialogues:
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"Leaving?"
"Yes, in an hour."
"Have a comfortable journey."
"Thank you."
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"Are you flying to Florida?" "We are."
"Happy landing!"
"Thank you."
"Have a nice holiday!
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"When are you sailing off?"
"In a few hours."
"Have a good crossing!"
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"We're going to a party."
"Are you? Have a good time!”
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"We're going to Brighton Saturday afternoon."
"A happy weekend!"
"The same to you."
"Happy New Year!"
"Happy New Yearl"
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"Merry Christmas!"
"Merry Christmas!"
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"I hear you've been promoted."
"Yes, I have."
"My congratulations."
"Thank you."
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"You don't look quite yourself today. Anything wrong?"
"Yes, looks like I'm falling ill. I think I'd better go and lie down."
" I wish you a speedy recovery."
1, "A happy weekend!" "... ." 2. "Merry Christmas!" "... ." 3. "... ." "Happy New Year." 4. "Are you going there by sea?" "We are." "... ." 5. "... ." "Happy landing!" 6. "... "Have a good time." 7. "It's time to get aboard. The train's leaving in two minutes. Good-bye!" "Good-bye!" "...."
IV Greet one of your fellow students (referred to as X) in an appropriate way.
1. X has just passed an exam. 2. It's Christmas Day. 3. It's X's birthday. 4. It's Women's Day. 5. X has just been promoted at work. 6. X has won a skiing competition. 7. It's New Year's Day. 8. X has just got married.
RECEIVING VISITORS AND PLAYING HOST
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Come in, please. Won’t you come in? This way, please. Won’t you sit down? Make yourself comfortable. Have some ... Help yourself to … Will you some salad (pudding, etc.)? Have some more jam (ham, etc.). Have another cup (some more ice-cream, etc.). Shall I fix you a drink? |
Заходите, пожалуйста. Проходите сюда, пожалуйста. Садитесь, пожалуйста. Располагайтесь поудобнее. Чувствуйте себя, как дома. Возьмите, пожалуйста ... Кушайте, пожалуйста ... Хотите салата (пудинга и т.п.)? Возьмите еще варенья (ветчины и т.п.). Выпейте еще чашку (съешьте еще мороженого и т.п.). Выпьете чего-нибудь? |
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Thank you. No, thank you. Yes, please. No, thanks, no more. I’ve had enough, thank you |
Спасибо. Нет, спасибо. Да, пожалуйста. Нет, спасибо, больше не нужно. Достаточно, спасибо. |
GET IT RIGHT
Please
Please is used mainly with requests. It may either precede or follow the verb.
For example: 1. Sit down, please.
2. Please sit down.
Please in initial position tends to be more emphatic, less of a formality. Note that it is not usually followed by a comma and there is no pause after it. The sentence is spoken as a single sense group. The same is true of requests with please at the end, in spite of the fact that please is usually separated by a comma.
Although the imperative with please is the most common way of formulating small, routine requests, such as those given above, more polite forms are to be preferred in many cases. The most common of these are:
Will you ..., (please)
Would you ... , (please) — more polite
Would you mind ...ing, (please) — even more polite
Will you open the window, please.
Would you sign this form, please.
Would you mind waiting a moment, please.
Please is used alone only with reference to a request already made.
For example: - Mummy, can I have some more chocolate?
Here please is pronounced with a very long vowel and a rise-fall-rise.
When accepting offers, please alone is occasionally used, but Yes, please is clearer. (In spite of the comma there is no pause.)
For example: — Would you like another cup of coffee?
In other situations, for example, letting someone go first (for instance, through a door) or handing someone something, please is not used. Here the appropriate word(s) depend on the situation.
Here it is or:
Here's the ... you asked for.
Have a/some ...
For example: — Would you like an apple?
Don't mention it.
You're welcome.
EXERCISES
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"Come in, please. This way."
"Thank you."
"Won't you sit down? Make yourself comfortable.”
"Thank you very much."
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"Won't you come in?"
"Thank you."
"Take a seat and make yourself at home.”
"Thank you."
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"Have some apple-pie."
"Thank you. It looks delicious."
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"Have some more fish."
"No, thanks, no more. I've had enough.”
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"Have another cup of coffee."
"Thank you."
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"Will you have some fruit?"
"No, thank you."
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“Shall I fix you a drink?"
“Yes, please."
Thank you. Yes, please. No, thank you. No, thanks, no more.
l. Have some fish. 2. Have some more juice. 3. Care for a cup of tea? 4. Have another coffee, will you? 5. Help yourself to the salad. 6. Shall I fix you another drink? Will you have some chicken? 8. Will you have some turkey?
IV. What would you say in the following situations?
1. Someone asks you if you would like a cup of tea. 2. You need some sugar for your tea. 3. You want someone older than you to go into a room first. 4. You have brought the dictionary your friend asked for. 5. A tourist thanks you for showing him the way. 6. You want your teacher to repeat a word you have not heard properly. 7. You want your guests to take some cake. 8. You hand the newspaper to a friend who wanted to read it. 9. You want someone (an older person) to open the door for you. 10. You want a group of tourists to take their luggage with them.