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Introduction
Polyphagous pests or polyphagous, feeding on many species of plants belonging to diverse botanical families. They often have no shortage of food, so they often breed in large numbers and are dangerous agricultural pests. Most harmful to crops and vegetable crops, some representatives of the class of insects are Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.
Polyphagous pests
Polyphagous pests include insects that feed on plants that belong to different botanical families . This group is represented by troops of Orthoptera , grasshoppers , crickets , beetles and butterflies.
Orthopterans
Common Mole (GryllotalpagryllotalpaL.). They have an underground lifestyle, and only occasionally appears on twilight and night. The natural habitat - moist and rich in humus or humus habitats , floodplains , coastal areas of lakes , marshes , ponds, soils with a high groundwater table , irrigated and well- fertilized fields . Among the most commonly colonizes agrocenoses garden plots . While making the moves in the upper layers of the soil, mole crickets gnaw the roots of plants. Polyphagous , feeding on field and vegetable crops , seedlings of forest and fruit crops. Overwinters in the larval and imaginal stages to a depth of 1 meter spring the female lays up to 360 eggs in a nest chamber at a depth of 10 to 20 cm The larvae live in the nest 20 to 30 days. The complete cycle of mole crickets lasts about two spring- summer seasons . Control measures . Each year, in deep autumn they plow between the rows and vegetable crops. Laid poison baits boiled grains of corn, wheat or barley. 1 kg of grain take 30 g of sunflower oil and 50 g of insecticide ( metaphos , HCH ) . Corn oil is first treated and then pesticides and then thoroughly mixed and introduced at the rate of 60 to 80 kg / square meter at a depth of 3 cm in a large number of pests and use of appropriate granular insecticides. In home gardens Medvedka can catch by trapping pits with manure . Well ( 50X X50X50 cm) digging after harvest, stuffed them with manure and cover the ground.
Click beetles
The fauna of beetles steppe of Ukraine , there are about 82 species , of which the most common arable land not more than 10 species. Females lay their eggs in an amount of from 30 to 500 (depending on species) . In the initial period of development of the eggs they absorb water , so the lack of moisture die. Larvae ( wireworms ) are developed for four years. Eat only liquid food factions , due to their having oral filters that are no larger than 3 microns. This explains the great voracity beetles , as they have to crush and squeeze in a few more times the mass of food than they need for normal life . Feature of the distribution of wireworms is focal , characterized by a relative territorial consistency. Tangible damage to the cause in the years preceding the flight , when the population is dominated by older larvae , intensive feeding before pupation . In general, the population of beetles number of different stable within a certain habitat . Chuck, sowing (AgriotessputatorL.). The most popular type of field agricultural lands whose density increases dramatically during irrigation . Overwinter in the soil seed chuck, in the pupal cells at a depth of 10 cm, and its larvae of all ages - to a depth of 50 to 80 cm of beetles starts at period I- III of April and lasts 60 to 70 days. Females appear on the 10 to 14 days later. Adults are active in the morning ( 7 to 9 hours) and evening ( 17 to 20h ) . To attract males, females actively secrete a pheromone . Beetles in the inactive period of hiding under the cover. They feed on pollen in dry years biting leaves cereals. Females lay eggs in the soil near the roots of the grass plants. Despite the fact that the larvae can damage many crops ( vegetable , corn, Root crops ) , for their normal development is required power grass vegetation . Chuck, steppe (AgriotesgurgistanusFald.). After planting the most numerous species of wireworms in field crop rotations . Wintering larvae of different ages to a depth of 1 m, pupate in early June. Year starts in July and lasts II decades 30 to 40 days. The beetles fly well and fly to the light. Males attracted to the smell of sex pheromone . Especially larvae cause severe damage to corn, vegetable seedlings and seeds of melons . From most types of beetles , they differ in that the hot dry period are found in the upper layers of the soil. There are usually big pockets . Schelkunburonogy (Melanotus brunnipes Germ.). Beetles in the pupal cells and larvae of different ages spend the winter at a depth of 50 to 80 cm beetles fly from mid-May to mid-June . Feed on pollen , but often prey in the colonies of aphids . The larvae are omnivorous , prefer necrophages predation and , in the absence of food of animal feed on seeds and underground organs of plants. They live mainly in the soil of heavy texture . Wide chuck, (SelatosomuslatusF.) occurs on cropland and virgin lands . Overwinters in the pupal cells at a depth of 10 to 12 cm, and its larvae of different ages - at a depth of 25 to 35 sm. Beetles begin in the second half of April and continues until the first decade of June . Feed on pollen and flowers. Eggs are laid in driven. Fecundity - 200 to 500 eggs. The larvae prefer soils of heavy texture , loamy and clayey , sandy loam to a lesser extent , but always with high connectivity . Measures against wireworms . Combine complex agricultural practices with chemical remedies. Of farming practices are most effective inter-row treatments , confined to vulnerable stages of development ( molting , pupation , egg) . Loosening the soil in the period issushivaet its upper layer , leading to the death of pests. Planning of protective measures should begin with the establishment of population density of wireworms . Determine the number of plants for the larvae of click beetles steppe by using pheromone traps with drugs PLC -5 and PAC- 6. The traps are placed on Iole staggered basis of one trap on K) to 15 hectares. Calculation of the number of wireworms carried by the formula: C = V • M, where N - the number of larvae of click beetles , spec./m2 ; V- number of males caught in the first 20 days of sustained summer , M - constant coefficient ( 0.03 - for seed and 0,006 - for the steppe beetles ) . Another way of determining the number of click beetles are early-spring soil excavation, carried out by the standard method described in the second chapter . If the number of beetles on crops sowing solid 5 to 8, Row 3 to 5 spec./m2 is necessary to conduct combat chemical method , one way of which is to pre-sowing seed treatment of the following medications : gammageksanom , 50 % wp - 2 , bazudin , 50 % wp - 2; tigamom , 70 % wp - 2 kg / t; fentiuramom , 65 % wp -2 to 6 kg / ha. The biological efficacy of this method is low and when the pest population above the threshold of economic damage are making granular preparations: bazudii , 10% grain . - 15 to 20 kg / ha for potatoes, 40 to 50 kg / ha of maize , beet, barley ; bazudin 5% Hex. - 50 kg / ha; volaton 15% gran. -50 kg / hectare, Dursban , 10 and 5 % gran. -50 kg / ha on phosphamide superphosphate 1.6% grai . - 100 to 150 kg / ha 25% of the phosphate mixture hexachlorane flour - 6 to 8 kg / ha. When applying drugs HCH for four years can not grow root crops and potatoes. High efficacy against wireworms Furadan , 10% grain . (15 to 20 kg / ha). However, the drug is very highly toxic , so make the soil only with the help of applicators and forbidden to perform manual work within 45 days after application. On the plot against wireworms when planting to the soil diazinon ( bazudin ), 5% grain , the rate of 30 g per 10 m2. Deters beetles Welsh onion , planted among the strawberry plants . The positive results in the fight against click beetle mass trapping methods give males ( elimination ), and disorientation. Accommodation 4 - 5 feromonpyh traps per hectare with the drug PAC- 6 reduces the number of hatched larvae by 75 to 85 %. The high level of disorientation male steppe beetles ( about 90 % ) is achieved when you make 25 g / ha of pheromone deposited on the rubber crumb.
Darkling
Larvae ( lozhnoprovolochniki ) of a number of species that cause damage to the crop , similar to injuries inflicted by wireworms . Slowpoke sand (OpatrumsabulosumL.). Beetles live 1 - 2 years of winter crop residues and in the upper layer of the soil. Appear on the surface of the soil in mid-April. The female lays eggs at a depth of 2 to 8 see a very extended period of lay . The larvae feed on decaying plant in soil residues for 35 to 40 days. Polyphagous beetles and damage a variety of crops , but the most dangerous to seedlings cultivated and vegetable crops.
Slowpoke steppe (BlapshalophilaFiesh.). Beetles overwinter under the shelters and kukolochiyh cradles larvae - in the soil. Beetles come to the surface of the soil in April , eat seedlings of various weed beet plantations prefer to eat wilted plants, serious damage to crops not usually cause . The larvae feed on the seeds sown maize , wheat, sunflower, sugar beet. Develop in the soil for two seasons .
Broad- ballad (BlapslethiferaMarsh.). The cycle of development and way of life is the same as the steppe and Slowpoke . Corn ballad (PedinusfemoralisL.). Wintering beetles and larvae of different ages : the beetles in the upper layer of the soil and under the cover, the larvae - at a depth of 20 to 40 cm Beetles have 2 - 3 years , the larva develops 12 to 14 months. Females lay up to 500 eggs during the laying period is very stretched. Beetles are hidden lifestyle , eating mostly weeds . The main stage is harming the larva , which feeds on corn , sunflower , tobacco, potatoes. Control measures . Weed control and crop residues , careful treatment between rows of cultivated crops . In the fight against lozhnoprovolochnikami used the same drugs as against larvae of click beetles . If there are two or three ballads of 1 m2 are sprayed one of the drugs : metaphos , 40 % ec - 0.25 to 0.75 l / ha; Ambush , 25 % ec , vofatoksom , 18% ri -0 , 4 to 1 kg / ha; decis , 2.5 % ae , -0.25 to 0.5 L / ha. In the fight against bugs using poison baits . Per 1 ha laid out 50 to 100 piles of green baits treated hexachlorane , heptachlor , vofatoksom , Diloram or other insecticides . One bait spent 2 to 10 g insecticide.
scoops
Butterflies mostly medium-sized , dark - colored . Caterpillars grayish -brown , brown or green in color with longitudinal stripes. By way of life , eating habits and the severity of the scoop distinguish two main groups : gnaws and leaf-eating (aerial ) . Caterpillars cutworms are hidden life in the surface layer of the soil, feed , podgryzaya plants at the root collar at ground level or in the ground. These include winter , shovels and other exclamatory . Caterpillars live aboveground scoop on plants , feed on leaves , stems and generative organs of plants. These include scoop -gamma , alfalfa scoop . Winter moth (ScotiasegetumSchiff.). Caterpillars overwinter in the soil of the sixth age at a depth of 10 to 25 cm They carry lowering the temperature to -11 °, and the low humidity and sometimes up to -18 ° C. In spring caterpillars climb to the upper layers , where they pupate in the smooth-walled cave . Winter moth produces two generations . Years of the first generation occurs in May - June and usually lasts more than 30 days. For the maturation of butterfly eggs in need of supplementary feeding on nectar . Males are actively involved in the pheromone . Intensive years , mating and egg- laying occurs in the evening. Females lay eggs on the undersides of the leaves , stalks of weeds and soil . Fruit and vitost - 470 to 2200 eggs. Larvae develop 24 to 36 days are crepuscular and nocturnal. Damage crops, sugar beets , potatoes , hemp , sunflower, vegetables and melons . Caterpillars often make a hole in the leaves and gnaw the plants at the soil level . Can damage the seeds and tubers, in sugar beet often eat away at the neck of the root. The second generation of butterflies years usually starts from late July to mid-September. Exclamatory scoop (ScotiaexclamationisL.). By way of life and damage is similar to the winter moth. Measures against cutworms . Cultivation of vapor in the period of mass oviposition , intercropping row hoeing and vegetable crops and weed control . At the beginning and during the mass production of egg-laying in the field of Trichogramma rate of 30 to 40 thousand individuals per 1 ha. To determine the number of observations of the population and should be used pheromone traps . Economic threshold depending on the culture - 0,5 to 5 tracks per 1 m2 . If it is exceeded, use one of the insecticides : bazudin , 10% gran. -15 to 20 kg / ha, gamma- HCH , 50 % wp - 0.8 kg / ha, gamma- HCH , 16 % m.m.e. - 2 to 2.5 l / ha, gamma- HCH , 2% gran. -50 kg / ha on phosphamide superphosphate , 1.6 % gran. - 100 to 150 kg / ha; Furadan , 10% grain . - 15 kg / ha. On the plot against young larvae use one of the insecticides : anometrin H, 25 % ae - 10 g benzofosfat , 10 % ec and sp - 60 g; malathion , 10 % ec and sp -60 g; kizlar , 5 % ec and sp - 50 g permethrin 10 % ec and sp - 25 g; Fox, ipsektofoksim , 5 % ec and sp -100 to 150 g per 10 liters of water. Scoop -gamma (AutographagammaL.). Wintering larvae , pupa and butterfly. Moths fly from late April to November , with the years of different generations often overlap. Butterflies need the extra power . Fertility - 500 to 1,500 eggs . Young caterpillars skeletonize leaves , caterpillars older or develop holes devour them from the coasts . Damage of about 100 species of plants. Development of one generation 25 to 45 days. Produces two generations per year . By the number of scoops -gamma affects lowered humidity , disease and infestation by parasites. Economic threshold - 1 to 5 copies per plant at 5% occupancy. Scoop with -black (Amathesc-nigrumL.). In Ukraine, found everywhere . Damages , vegetable, beet , perennial legumes, peas , corn , grains, berries , fruit and other crops. Caterpillars overwinter past ages under plant residues. In the spring of continuing food , eating leaves, shoot tips , beets under " wishbone ". Pupate in May in a loose cocoon in the surface layer of soil or under plant debris . After 15 to 25 days fly butterflies and additionally feed on nectar on the flowers of various plants. Eggs are laid in groups on the ground. Fecundity - 800 to 950 eggs. After 6 - 7 days caterpillars hatch , develop about a month , passing six ages. Initially caterpillars skeletonize leaves, coarsely later devour them , leaving intact only the central vein . They feed at night , hiding during the day under the clumps of soil. The second generation develops in August - September.
Control measures . Weed control , inter-row cultivation of tilled crops , deep plowing . For the destruction of one of the tracks used insecticides : Ambush , 25 % ec - 0.4 l / ha; anometrip H, 50 % ec - 0.25 l / ha; metaphos , 40 % ec - 0.5 to 0.75 l / ha methyl parathion , 50 % BC -0 , 2 to 0.4 l / ha trichlorfon , 80% of the so-called , sp and g . - 2 kg / ha; tsimbush 25 % ae - 0.16 l / ha dendrobatsillin - .. 1 , 1.5 kg / ha; lipidotsid - 0.5 to 1 kg / ha. On private land use mc same drugs as against cutworms . Effective broth topped tomatoes.
Moth
Meadow moth (PyraustasticticalisL.). Caterpillars overwinter in the soil in a cocoon. Life expectancy of 13 tracks to 32 days , feeding on aboveground parts of the plant , eating the leaves , stems, flowers, and ovaries , entangling the damaged part of the web. Adults fly from May to early September . Develops in two generations. Moths are active during twilight , need supplementary feeding. The female lays on the underside of leaves 120 to 650 yaits.V drought conditions frequently observed infertility butterflies. Feature types - periodic , sometimes through a long period of time outbreak . Control measures . Deep plowing land inhabited by webworm caterpillars , weeding , inter-row cultivation and vegetable crops cultivated in the period of the first generation of caterpillars pupate . In the presence of 10 oviposition per 1 m2 of cultivated crops release of Trichogramma (30 to 40 thousand per 1 ha ) , repeated after 6 - 7 days. Spraying the crops of the following medications: Ambush , 25 % ec - 0.25 l / ha; anometrinom H, 50 % ec - 0.12 l / ha; ox - tone , 50 % ec - 1.5 l / ha; vofatoksom , 18 % wp - 0.35 to 0.7 kg / ha; metaphos , 40% of BC -0, 5 to 0.75 l / ha; metilnarationom , 50 % ec -0, 4 to 0.8 l / ha; nurellom , 20 % ec - 0,4 l / ha tsimbushom 10 % ae - 0.8 l / ha etafosom 50 % ae - 1 l / ha. On private land are using the same drugs as against cutworms . Against the larvae of the first -and third- ages - effective bitoksi batsillin - 40 to 50 g or Lepidocide - 20 to 30 g per 10 liters of water and broth topped tomatoes. Stem borer (Ostrinianubilalislib.). Caterpillars overwinter in the stems of affected plants . A few days after hatching penetrate the stalks , vagina, inflorescence apex of stems, later introduced into the stalk and cob . Damage the corn , hemp, millet , hops , sunflower, kartofel.Babochki fly in the twilight . Additionally feed and need moisture to drip . Females lay eggs in groups on plants with thick stems and fill them quickly solidifying zhidkostyu.Razvivaetsya in two generations . The number of pests can grow in wet years and the use of treatments including subsurface soil . Control measures . Reproduction Pest restrict agricultural practices : the destruction krupnostebelnyh weeds , deep plowing fields. During the period of lay hold release of Trichogramma (30 to 40 thousand / ha). Treatment with chemicals of : Metaphos 40% AD -0, 6 to 1.25 l / ha metilnarationom 50% AD - 0.48 to 1 l / ha. Spraying is carried out twice : at the beginning of caterpillars and after 12 to 14 days. Biologicals may be used : gomelin ( 0.8 to 1 kg / ha) dendrobatsillin (0.5 to 1 kg / ha) Lepidocide ( 1.5 to 2 l / ha). On the plot using the same drugs as against webworm .
Conclusion
There are almost everywhere pockets with increased number of crop pests threaten crops, so it is important to make a phytosanitary diagnostics, planning in advance the volume, range and timing of protective measures. Climate change is occurring in recent years, manifested through changes in mean annual temperature, the amount and duration of rainfall, increasing the amount of effective temperatures, which leads to changes in the optimum ecological and geographical conditions of the development of different types and species composition to the restructuring of certain entomokompleks.
Reference:
http://www.uaseed.com/Sad/432.htm
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