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17.Word-building. Affixation. Composition.Shortenning.
The unit of morphology – morpheme (minimal meaningful unit of a lang-ge) it`s a non-independent part of a word.
Morphological structure:1) form: free (word,morpheme – sport)/bound (morpheme – er). 2)Morphemes root (like, heart)/affix (-re,-able)
Root – a morpheme which remains after removing all the affixes.It forms a word family.
Free form (-kind-)/bound form (tolerable).
Stem – element which remains after removing an affix. Simple stem (hearty), derived stem (heartien)
Affix – derivational (forms new word by supplying the stem with components of lexical and lexico – grammatical meaning), functional (forms a word form, by serving to convey a grammatical meaning).
Affixation – a type of morph-l derivation when new words are built by adding an affix to a stem.
Classification of affixes:
1)According to position – suffix (follows the stem, creates diff part of speech:kind-kindness), prefix (before a root, modifies the mean-g:like-dislike), infix (placed within the word – stand)
2)Ac to productivity: productive (able to build new word: ness, ism,y, ish, ly)/ non-productivity (used to be productive: th, hood, en, ous)
3)Ac to origin – native (ness)/borrowed(tion)
4)Ac to parts of speech they form – noun-forming (dom,ant), adjective-f (able), numeral-f (fold), verb-f (ate), adberb-f(ly)
Allomorphs – positional variants of morphemes occuring in the specific environment and characterized by complementary distribution (infirmation, irregular, illegal)
Composition –a type of morphological derivation in which new words are produced by combining 2 or more stems (seaman,spaceship)
Structure of a compound word:sunbeam: sun – determinant, beam – determinantum
Endocentric com-s – the elements are clearly determinantum and determinant (night-club)
Exocentric com-s – the det-tum isn`t expressed but emplied (killjoy)
Relations b/w elements of comp-s:purpose (textbook), place (garden-party), comparison (blockhead,goldfish), material (silverwear), temporal (summer-house), sex-denoting (she-dog,tom-cat)
Classification of comp-s:
1)Ac to the part of speech they belong to (compound nouns, c.adjective, c.verb)
2)Ac to the structural pattern (adj stem+noun stem, adj stem+adj stem, noun stem+vrerb stem, noun stem+noun stem)
3)semantic: transparent (non-idiomatic) –the mean-g of a compound is the sum of the mean-s of its elements (airmail): idiomatic – the mean-g of a compound is different from the mean-g of the corresponding free phrase (blackmail).
4)structural: endocentric, exocentric
5)Ac to the type of composition: neutral (without any connecting element – headache), morphological (with a vowel or a consonant as a linking element – speedometer), syntactical (with a preposition or a conjunction as a linking element – up-to-date)
6)Ac to the structure of immediate constituents: simple stem (film-star), derived stem (chain-smoker), clipped stem (x-mas), compound stem (wastepaper-basket).
Characteristic features of Engl compounds: the immediate constituents are free forms; the regular pattern is a two-stem compound; the attributive syntactic function of compounds (we`ve done last-minute changes)
Shortenning (clipping) – derivation of a new word in the same part of speech by a significant substraction in which the original part of a word or a word group is taken away. (demo-demonstration; fridge-refrigerator)
The main reason of shortening is its tendency to mono-syllabism. It may be also as a result of assim-n.
Correlation of shortenings:
1)quantative – a shorted word functions as a variant or a synonym of the prototype. There are no changes of mean-g (doc,exam). They demonstrate interchangebility but shoted words are usually stylistically coloured.
2)qualitative – the words have diff mean-s, they don`t interchange, their connection is established etymologically (fan, chap) The majority of words demonstrate quantitative shortening. The generally excepted of shortened words is based on the position of clipped part.
Classification:
1)Final clipping – happens when the beginning of the prototype is retained (gym)
2)Initial clipping – the final part of the prototype is retained/ the problem of IC is the majority of correlations are qualitative (tend-attend, story-history)
3)Middli clipping – the middle part of the word is substracted (maths)
Class-n (the structure of prototype): - correlated with words (gym); - correlated with phrases (vac – vacuun cleaner).