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Work of trnsporttion systems lthough we hve now fster nd more modern mens of communiction nd trnsport rilwys re still the sfest nd the most populr mens of trnsporttion

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FROM ТЛЕ HISTORY OF RAIL WA YS

I

We usually think of railways as a means of travel. It is true that railways are often used for travel, but their most important function is to carry freight.

Railways play a very important part in the nation al economy of a country

Because the economic and political development of a country depends on a wide

network of transportation systems. Although we  have now faster  and more modern  means of communication and transport,  railways are still the safest and the most popular means of  transportation.

 The early railways were not like the railways we have today. The very first railways used horses for drawing trains and were put into operation for transporting such products as coal, ore and timber. Later on, the horse railways were used as passenger transport in large cities. But these railways did not last long.

          One of the first attempts to use the steam engine to draw passenger and freight trains was made in 1808 by Richard Trevithick, an Englishman, who demonstrated , his working model in London. This locomotive was looked at with great interest when Й ran on a circular track of iron rails. For a shilling the public could travel in a carriage drawn by. the steam engine. The locomotive was called "Catch-me-who-can", and people could really catch it cause it developed only 12mpn. But one day a rail broke and the locomotive overturned, ending Trevithick's career as' an inventor.

  In 1829, George Stephenson, an English inventor engineer, built a successful steam locomotive which he called the "Rocket". This locomotive was much smaller

and lighter, than the steam locos developed later on, and   it was much slower. However, it could draw a small train loaded cars on the railway and developed an

unheard-of d of 13 mph (21 kph). The invention of the steam locomotives made the ' railway the most important of all means of transportation.

Stephenson not only constructed the world's first steam locomotive' but he was

also the builder of the first public railway in England—the Stockton and Darlington

railway using both steam and horses as tractive power. This rail way was a success

and Stephenson was asked" to build   another railway, now steam-powered, between Liverpool and Manchester.

It is difficult for the people living in the second half of the 20th century to imagine the opposition to the building of the early railroads. Most people did not believe that it was possible to make locomotives suitable for serv ice. Many of them were afraid of the railways when they first appeared and did all in their power to stop railway construction. However, in 1824 the steam-powered railways were already in wide use in England.                                                                              

In Russia, many people also had doubts about the possibility of using steam engines in the Russian winter. Nevertheless, the first railway using steam traction was put into service at the Nizhni Tagil metallurgical works. It was a short distance line covering only 854 metres. This railway was soon followed by another one constructed in 1837. It was a 15-mile public railway between St. Pe tersburg and Tsarskoye Selo.                                                                                                       

  The first steam locomotive in Russia was built by the Cherepanovs, father and son,   who  were  talented   and   skilled   workmen of  their time.   Thanks   to   the Cherepanovs our country may be placed among the countries which were the first to use steam as tractive power.

  Since that time many changes have taken place on railways. Still greater changes will take place in the future. We shall run more powerful locomotives and have more comfortable cars. Greater speeds will be developed by diesel and electric locomotives. Railways will soon be op erated by means of electronic computers. Д great number of other developments which were not heard and thought of before will be introduced.




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