Если у вас возникли сложности с курсовой, контрольной, дипломной, рефератом, отчетом по практике, научно-исследовательской и любой другой работой - мы готовы помочь.
Предоплата всего
Подписываем
Unit 16
|
MICROORGANISMS МІКРООГРАНІЗМИ |
Text: MICROORGANISMS.
Grammar: Modal Verbs – Present, Past and Future.
PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:
Exercise 1. Learn the following new words:
|
['spiʃiz]] [kə:vd] [saitəu 'skelitən] ['feivərəbl] [in'vaiərənmənt] [ə'tætʃ] [ə 'kwaiə] [mʌltiplai] [ə 'kə:] ['tetənəs] [kemikəl] [pə 'sist] [mjukəs] [im'peə] [ə' lau] ['modifai] |
|
Exercise 2. Pay attention to the Singular and Plural forms of the Nouns:
|
species –['spi:ʃɪz] bacterium – [ bæk 'tɪərɪəm] coccus –['kɒkəs] bacillus – [ bə 'sɪləs] spirillum –[spaɪ ' rɪləm] vibrio – ['v(a)ibriəʋ] flora – ['fl ɔ: r ə] viscus ['viskəs] atrium–['eitiəm] |
species ['spi:ʃɪz] bacteria [] cocci [] bacilli [] spirilla [] vibrios['vaibriəus] florae (s) ['fl ɔ : ri:] viscera – ['visərə] atria ['eitriə] |
Exercise 3. Give the Plural of the following Nouns:
Microflora, analysis, index, process, library, foot, bacterium, species, mouse, tooth, nucleus, ray, atrium, policeman streptococcus, viscus, child, datum, formula, mycobacterium, tooth, fungus, abscess, phenomenon, basis, leaf, fish, series, coccus, vibrio, vertebra, life, diagnosis, box, mouth, ganglion, speech, family.
Exercise 4. Make adjectives from the nouns and translate them into Ukrainian:
Atmosphere, mucosa, biology, infection, bacterium, patients, cell, parasite, pathogen, tuberculosis, membrane, environment, genetics, therapy, nutrients.
Exercise 5. Translate the word-combinations:
Unfavorable reactions; atmospheric free oxygen, life and growth of microorganisms, slightly curved in shape, the wide variety of shape, to acquire nutrients, the conditions of the environment; the process of bacterial division, to divide extremely rapidly, persisted pains; to increase in size up to a certain limit, to cause skin infections, the major cause of human death, to impair the health; to secrete chemicals, mucous membrane, a branch of microbiology: to occur often.
Exercise 6. Match the terms with their explanations:
|
|
Exercise 7: Read and translate the text:
MICROORGANISMS
A microorganism (from the Greek: "small" and "organism") or microbe is a microscopic organism, which may be a single cell or multicellular organism. All the existing microorganisms can be divided into two main groups – aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic microorganisms must have atmospheric free oxygen for their life and growth. However one knows that free oxygen is not favourable for the development of anaerobic microorganisms.
Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (from Greek kokkos, grain, seed) or rod -shaped, called bacilli (from Latin baculus, stick). Some rod-shaped bacteria, called vibrios, are slightly curved or comma-shaped; others, called spirilla, can be spiral-shaped.
This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and it is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids etc.
The growing organism increases in size up to a certain limit and in due time divides. The process of division depends on the conditions of the environment. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial population can double as quickly as every 9.8 minutes.
If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and diseases and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, cholera and tuberculosis. Some organisms, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, can cause skin infections, pneumonia, and meningitis.
Other bacteria are the essential part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or mucous membrane without causing any disease at all.
Bacteria frequently secrete chemicals into their environment in order to modify it favourably. The secretions are often proteins and may act as enzymes that digest some forms of food. The understanding of bacterial metabolism and genetics allow the use of biotechnology for the production of therapeutic proteins, such as insulin.
The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.
POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:
Exercise 8. Choose the Noun from list B to modify the verb from list A so as to make sense. Translate the word combinations into the native language and make the sentences of your own:
|
List A |
List B |
|
|
Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with the words and word-combinations from the box:
On 17 March 2013, _____ reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, the_________ spot on the Earth. Other researchers reported related studies that __________thrive inside rocks up to 1900 feet (580 metres) below ________under 8500 feet (2590 metres) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. _________ to one of the researchers,"You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to_____, and survive wherever they are."
|
According; microbes; conditions; deepest; the sea floor; researchers |
Exercise 10. Fill in prepositions from the box below where necessary
Microorganisms live in every part of the biosphere including soil, hot springs, …. the ocean floor, high in the atmosphere and deep inside rocks …. the Earth's crust . Microorganisms are crucial … nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers. As some microorganisms can fix nitrogen, they are a vital part … the nitrogen cycle, and recent studies indicate that airborne microbes may play a role in precipitation and weather.
Microbes are also exploited …. people in biotechnology, both in traditional food and beverage preparation, and in modern technologies based on genetic engineering. However there are many pathogenic microbes which are harmful and can even cause death in plants and animals.
|
within; of; to; by; on |
Exercise 11. Complete the sentences:
Exercise 12. Find corresponding equivalents:
Вільний кисень; сприятливий для розвитку; види бактерій; паличкоподібні бактерії; вигнуті або у формі коми; спіралеподібна бактерія; поживні речовини; прикріпити до поверхні; впливати на здатність бактерій; розмножуватися та ділитися; збільшуватися у розмірі; процес поділу; подвоюватися кожні 2 хвилини; умови навколишнього середовища; слизова оболонка; галузь мікробіології; причина смерті людини; перетравлювати їжу.
Exercise 13. Answer the questions:
GRAMMAR IN USE
Modal verbs
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
|
Can |
Could [kud] |
- |
|
May |
Might [mait] |
- |
|
Must |
- |
Exercise 14. Make the sentences interrogative and negative. Translate them.
Exercise 15. Read and translate the sentences. Put the predicates into the Past:
Exercise 16. Choose proper variant of Modal verbs. Read and translate into native language:
In 1876, Robert Koch (1843–1910) established that microbes can/could cause disease. He found that the blood of cattle that were infected with anthrax always had large numbers of Bacillus anthracis. Koch found that he can/could transmit anthrax from one animal to another by taking a small sample of blood from the infected animal and injecting it into a healthy one, and this caused the healthy animal to become sick. He also found that he can/could grow the bacteria in a nutrient broth, then inject it into a healthy animal, and cause illness. Based on these experiments, he devised criteria for establishing a causal link between a microbe and a disease and these are now known as Koch's postulates. Although these postulates cannot/could not be applied in all cases, they do retain historical importance to the development of scientific thought and are still being used today.
Exercise 17. Put questions to the underlined words:
Exercise 18. Translate into English using Modal verbs and their equivalents:
Exercise 19. Make up the situation using the following word-combinations:
Exercise 20. Explain the terms: microorganisms; bacteria; bacteriology.
Підготовка до диференційованого заліку
|
1. Перекладіть та вивчіть наступні словосполучення:
2. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання:
3. Поясніть наступні терміни у 5ти реченнях:
|
Test:
a. microorganism
b. spirilla
c. pathogen
d. bacillus
e. coccus
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
e. five
a. multiplies it divides.
b. multiplying it dividing
c. multiplied it divided
d. multiply it divide.
e. to multiply it to divide
a. in
b. on
c. upon
d. on
e. up
a. 8.9
b. 8.8
c. 9.8
d. 8.0
e. 0.8
a. classed
b. class
c. be classed
d. are classing
e. are classed
a. to modify
b. to change
c. to multiply
d. to divide
e. to classify
a. can to cause
b. can causes
c. cause
d. ton cause
e. can cause
a. from
b. for
c. out
d. through
e. throughout
a. microorganisms
b. bacteria
c. pathogens
d. bacilli
e. cocci
PAGE 8