Если у вас возникли сложности с курсовой, контрольной, дипломной, рефератом, отчетом по практике, научно-исследовательской и любой другой работой - мы готовы помочь.
Предоплата всего
Подписываем
Section 3. Supervision activity
Words and Terms to be Remembered
|
classification society |
withdrawal |
Read the text and find the answers to the following questions.
1. What is a classification society?
2. What does classification imply?
3. What principle classification societies in the world are known?
4. When are classification certificates issued?
CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES
Every ship is designed and constructed to the certain class and is operated in the conditions related to the given class. Class means the character assigned to a vessel by a classification society, depending on the design of the vessel, the quality of materials employed, the scantlings of the various structural members, and the outfit and equipment, all of which should be up to the standard specified by the society's rules. To ensure that the condition and seaworthiness of classed ships are maintained they are examined periodically and upon the result of such survey depends the continuance of the class.
Classification society is a special institution which has as its purpose the supervision of vessels during their construction and afterwards, in respect to their seaworthiness and upkeep, and the placing of vessels in grades or "classes" according to the society's rules for each particular type of vessel. The principle classification societies are: Lloyd's Register, London; American Bureau of Shipping, New-York; Bureau Veritas, Paris; Germanischer Lloyd, Berlin; Norske Veritas, Oslo; Japanese Marine Corporation, Tokyo; Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, St. Petersburg. Lloyd's Register of shipping is the largest and oldest British classification society, established in 1834.
The Classification Societies are known to have a profound influence on shipping, ship design and ship safety. The fundamental purpose of classification is to ensure maintenance of seaworthiness of all classed ships. Withdrawal of a class means cessation of the Register supervision when renewal of a class seems impossible for the Register. The class might be withdrawn by the Register at the shipowner's desire as well. The Classification societies operate throughout the world and publish rules and regulations directly related to the structural efficiency of the ship and the reliability of the propelling machinery. Classification implies the ship and the machinery to conform to the standards published in the rules of the Society.
Classification societies' rules are not absolutely rigid in every detail, as the progress of shipbuilding methods and materials makes it necessary that a certain amount of latitude be allowed. They represent the minimum standards which the society considers necessary for a particular type of vessel. In classed vessels the materials and the actual construction are under the supervision of the society's surveyors. At the completion of the building and after trials at sea, classification certificates are issued and handed to the owners.
Classification certificate states that the ship has been found to comply with the rules of the society. It also mentions the class granted to the ship and the conditions which have to be complied with if the class is to be maintained. The record in the Register Book is given in symbols.
100A.1. indicates the highest class for steel ships and is assigned to all vessels built under survey and in accordance with the society's rules and regulations. The figure 1 after letter A indicates that the anchors and cables have been tested by the society's surveyors and are in accordance with the rules and in good condition. If there is anything amiss, it is replaced by a dash, so "100A.1." and "100A.-" respectively. The class 100A.1. is followed by the descriptive notation, such as "oil tanker", "bulker", etc. The Maltese cross indicates that the vessel has been built under survey.
L.M.C. signifies that a "Lloyd's Machinery Certificate" has been granted.
Surveys, repairs and any alterations to the hull or machinery of the vessel are mentioned on the certificate. Two certificates are issued to the mechanically propelled vessels, one for the hull and another for the engines and/or boilers.
Exercises and assignments
Ex. 1. Form the nouns from the following verbs. Find them in the text and translate the sentences in which they are used.
|
Assign; |
comply; |
Ex. 2. Arrange the given words into the pairs of synonyms. Find in the text the sentences in which they are used and translate the sentences into Russian.
|
continuance supervision surveyor profound conform (to) assign amiss signify class withdrawal notation |
cancellation comply (with) inspector maintenance grant deep denote designation grade survey wrong(ly) |
Ex. 3. Find in the text the equivalents for the following Russian word combinations:
нормы, установленные классификационным обществом;
надзор над судном;
освидетельствование судна;
содержание в исправности;
присвоить судну класс;
правила и предписания;
в соответствии с правилами и в хорошем состоянии;
сохранить класс;
аннулировать (снять) класс;
возобновление класса;
под надзором сюрвейера;
регистровая книга;
предоставить свободу.
Ex. 4. Review the vocabulary items. Match the explanations with vocabulary items.
|
I |
II |
|
1) an organization publishing the rules for classification and construction of ships |
a) survey |
|
2) a document issued by the classification society on the ship's complying with the rules of the society |
b) upkeep |
|
3) conforming of ship's condition according to certain rules established by a classification society |
c) classification society |
|
4) examination or inspection of a ship to determine its condition |
d) classification |
|
5) keeping something in good order and repair |
e) classification certificate |
Ex. 5. Translate into English.
Безопасности судов, их экипажей, пассажиров и грузов придается большое значение. В разных странах создавались правила проектирования и постройки судов. В середине 19 века было образовано классификационное общество "Регистр судоходства Ллойда", которое наблюдает за постройкой судов, присваивает им класс, издает соответствующие документы. В других странах также возникли подобные классификационные общества. В России Главное управление Морского Регистра судоходства (Russian Maritime Register of Shipping) находится в Санкт-Петербурге, а на бассейнах его инспекции.
Регистр может присвоить класс судну с постройки, а также присвоить или возобновить класс судну, находящемуся в эксплуатации. Снятие класса означает прекращение надзора Регистра.
Классификационные общества издают систематически обновляющиеся Правила, другие нормативные документы, свидетельствующие о безопасности судна и удовлетворяющие различным требованиям, ведут исследовательскую работу по совершенствованию Правил.