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Egypt
Although it is difficult to say anything definite about ( events that look place so long ago, scientists have been able to suggest' some dates from the main stages in the history of humanity.
One of the most important stages in ancient history was the formation of the slave states in the countries of Asia and Africa. The primitive-communal system was heading inevitably towards its doom. However, the historically inevitable change of this obsolete system to a new, slave system did not at all mean that the new system would appear quite suddenly and would immediately change the old production relations. The slave system was gradually evolving and slavery became widespread!-.
The slave state and despotism began to form in Ancient Egypt towards
the end of the 4th raillenium B.C.1 This was the period of the Ancient Kingdom (3.000—2.400 B.C.), when the Egyptian slave-owners commanded great armies and carried on a systematic battle for new possesions.
Slaves were the basic source of manpower on the estates belonging to !he king, the temples, the big landowners and officials. The number of .laves kept growing steadily.
The Egyptian Pharaohs2 waged endless wars in the interests of slave-)wning class for the purpose of acquiring more slaves, cattle and wealth. The chief goal was to strengthen the rule of the slave-owners. The state vas centralised. Great wealth poured, into the royal coffers. Riches gained hrough warfare were further increakea by taxation, the chief source of ■evenue. Taxes were collected by a great army of officials. The courts vere established in the interests of the slave-owners. Judges appointed for he provinces also acted as local governors. The supreme judge was the 'haraoh's chief assistant in governing the country.
The Pharaoh was considered to be an embodiment of «divine» justice; he great pyramids of Egypt were constructed as a living tribute to the 'haraohs and the slave-owning class as a whole.
Britain
Iritain has been many centuries in the making.zThe first inhabitants the island were the Iberians^This race is supposed to have arrived ra the Iberian Peninsular (thT_North of Spain).i)Soon after 700 B.C. riiain was invaded by the СеЦЩ1л the 1st century B.C. when the Celts-ill lived under the primitive communal system, the Roman Empire became tne strongest slave-owning state in the Mediterranean. The Romans ruled aft the civilized world and in the 1st century A.D. they conquered Britain. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire for about four centuries.
There are today many things in Britain to remind the people of the Romans: towns, roads, wells and the words.
After the departure of the Romans Britain was attacked by the Germanic tribes of the Jutes, the Saxons and the Angels. The conquerors are generally referred to as the Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxons made up the majority of the population in Britain. The Anglo-Saxon language, or English, has been the principal language of the country since then. -
,In 793 the Danes from Denmark and the Northmen from the Scandinavian peninsular (frequently called as the Vikings) carried out their first raids in Britain. At last all England was in their hands. The Kingdom of Wessex alone was left to resist them. King Alfred (ruled 871-901) gathered his men and defeated the Danes.
In the 11th century England was invaded by the Normans. This was the fifth and the last invasion of England. The pretext for the invasion was the claims of Duke of Normandy, William, to the English throne. Hi gathered a numerous army and landed in the south of England. The battle between a numerous army and the Anglo-Saxons took place in 1066 at a little village near the town now called Hastings. The Anglo-Saxons were defeated. Thus the Norman Duke became king of England — William the Conqueror. He ruled England for 21 years (1066—1087). The Normans had to put down many rebellions in different parts of the country and the rebels were punished severely.
Gradually the Normans mixed with the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes and from this mixture the English nation finally emerged. For many centuries this country was simply known as England. To the west and north, Wales and Scotland fought for their independence so passionately that it look hundreds of years to bring them under English domination.
Chartism
. England embarked on the path of capitalist development before all other i^ijintries. That is why almost all feudal relations in the economic sphere ..fere liquidated, a bourgeois political system formed and a working class f^cjvenient developed. earlier in England than in the other countries.
j [The greatest popular movement in England was Chartism, the movement
Юг)the People's Charter1 . In.1837the London Working Men's Association2 uced a petition containing the six points which became known as the lijarter. Тле ^petition was taken'to all parts of the country "and in 1837 jer a hundred towns set up their own Working Men's Association on the jOfldon model! f he next year the six points which demanded introduction
of universal suffrage by secret ballot, equal division of districts, abolition of any and all qualifications for the members of parliament, reannual election of the parliament and pay for the deputies, were put into the Draft Bill which was to be presented to Parliament. But Parliament refused to donsider the Chartists' petition. The failure of the first petition did not discourage the workers. In 1840 the movement revived. A new campaign fur j signatures was organized and the petition, signed by more than 3 million people, was submitted to Parliament which again refused to consider iCThen a wave of strikes rolled all over the country and in 1847 Parliament was forced to pass' a law on a 10 hour working day.
TEXT B. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FEUDAL ELEMENTS WITHIN THE SLAVE SYSTEM
Task: read the text; find the answers to the questions given below.
Feudal relations evolved within the slave-owning formation just as slave owning relations had evolved within the primitive-communal system. The colonatus was a sign of approaching crisis in the slave mode of production
However, the elements of the new, feudal mode of production had no perspective for free development, since their growth was impeded by the prevailing slave-owning relations.
The period during which feudal relations were formed was the primary period in the development of feudalism and is known as the Middle Ages.
In Europe this period began approximately in the 5th century and lasted until the beginning of the 11th century; in Asia it began in the 3rd century (China), in the 4th-5th centuries (India), in the 7th century (Arabia) and lasted until the end of the 8th century in China and until the 11-12th centuries in most other countries.
The second period in the history of the Middle Ages is synonymous with the epoch of feudal development. This was a period of secondary division of agriculture and town crafts, a period during which the towns emerged as centres of crafts and trade. In Europe this took place between the 11th and 15th centuries; in Asia and North Africa between the 9th-Ilth centuries and the 15th century.
The third and last period is called the late Middle Ages. During this period feudal relations deteriorated and capitalist relations appeared. In Europe this period lasted from the 15th century to the middle of the 17th century.
As a result of the expansionist policy of the European colonialists, feudal relations continued to exist in Asia and Africa for a very long period of time.