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ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Кузбасский государственный технический университет»
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Контрольные работы № 1,2,3 и тексты для чтения.
Методические указания для студентов заочного отделения горных, энегетических и строительных специальностей
Составители: О.А. Ставцева
А.В. Астафьева
И.В. Батенко
В.А. Густов
Е.В. Пешкова
И.Г. Тимофеева
Утверждены на заседании кафедры
Протокол № 3 от 12.11.2008
Рекомендованы к печати
учебно-методической комиссией
специальности 130403
Протокол № от
Электронная копия находится
в библиотеке главного
корпуса ГУ КузГТУ
Кемерово 2008
Настоящие указания предназначены для студентов, обучающихся на заочном отделении по указанным специальностям. Они разработаны с учетом: а) требований Государственного образовательного стандарта по английскому языку в составе высшего профессионального обучения и б) направлений специализации студентов.
Цель указаний – обеспечение практического владения студентами английским языком на уровне умения самостоятельного чтения и понимания общенаучной и общетехнической (по широкому профилю вуза) литературы. Сопутствующая задача – обеспечить корректировку и выравнивание уровня знаний, умений и навыков студентов заочного отделения, приступающих к изучению иностранного языка в вузе.
Проработка практических материалов данных указаний обеспечивает необходимую и достаточную базу для перехода к работе с текстами по широким вопросам специальности студента.
Методические указания включают три раздела: собственно указания и рекомендации по подготовке к зачету по дисциплине «Английский язык»; контрольные работы с выделением необходимого для их выполнения языкового материала; тексты для самостоятельного чтения и для чтения и анализа в аудитории под руководством преподавателя.
I. Указания и рекомендации по подготовке к зачету
1. Требования для получения допуска к зачету
Для получения допуска к зачету по английскому языку от студента заочного отделения требуется:
1) выполнение и защита контрольных работ:
а) при обучении на базе среднего общего образования (полный курс) – контрольные работы № 1, 2, 3;
б) при обучении на базе среднего специального образования (сокращенный курс) – контрольные работы № 2, 3, если график работы по специальности предусматривает две работы, или контрольную работу № 2, если график работы по специальности предусматривает одну работу.
2) подготовка чтения и перевода текстов:
а) при обучении на базе среднего общего образования (полный курс) – тексты № 1-6;
б) при обучении на базе среднего специального образования (сокращенный курс) – тексты № 1-4;
3) подготовка разговорной темы «О себе и своей семье».
2. Выбор варианта и выполнение контрольных работ
1. Каждая контрольная работа представлена в пяти вариантах. Номер варианта определяется по последней цифре шифра зачетной книжки студента. Если шифр оканчивается на 1 или 2, вариант – № 1; на 3 или 4 – №2; на 5 или 6 – № 3; на 7 или 8 – № 4; на 9 или 0 – №5.
2. Работы выполняются в письменном виде и представляются в деканат за месяц до начала сессии. На обложке тетради должны быть четко представлены следующие данные: название языка (английский); номер и вариант контрольной работы; фамилия, имя, отчество (студента); группа и шифр.
3. Работы выполняются на развернутых листах (первая страница остается чистой), пишутся четко и аккуратно. По краям обеих страниц оставляются поля для замечаний и методических указаний рецензента.
Образец расположения материала контрольной работы
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Левая страница |
Правая страница |
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Поля |
Контрольная работа №1 |
Поля |
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№ задания и его формулировка |
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Английский текст |
Русский текст |
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I. ...................................... |
I. ..................................... |
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Необходимые по заданию объяснения |
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II. ..................................... |
II. .................................... |
4. При выполнении заданий необходимо пользоваться указанными в них разделами грамматического справочника, общими и отраслевыми двуязычными словарями.
5. Работы с пометой рецензента «К защите» остаются на кафедре и дорабатываются студентом во время сессионных занятий под руководством преподавателя. Исправление ошибок осуществляется на основе замечаний рецензента с помощью необходимого грамматического раздела учебника или самоучителя и словарей.
6. Работы с пометой «Незачет» возвращаются студенту до начала сессии на переработку. Работа, выполненная без соблюдения предъявлемых требований или не полностью, возвращается без проверки.
7. Отрецензированные и исправленные контрольные работы хра- нятся на кафедре иностранных языков до сдачи студентом экзамена.
3. Подготовка текстовых материалов
1. Текстовые материалы первого семестра построены на общенаучной и общетехнической лексике и являются переходным звеном к чтению во втором семестре текстов по широким вопросам специальности.
2. Тексты для самостоятельной работы в обозначенном выше (п. 1) количестве прорабатываются студентом зараннее и сдаются в устной форме на сессионных занятиях.
3. При работе над текстом необходимо составить список неизвестных слов, которым можно пользоваться при ответе.
4. Для получения зачета по тексту необходимо показать следующие умения: а) чтение текста на языке; б) перевод текста с правильной передачей на русский язык грамматических явлений, вошедших в материал контрольных работ. Для наиболее успевающих студентов возможна вопросно-ответная форма контроля.
4. Подготовка к зачету
1. На зачете осуществляется проверка умений читать и понимать иноязычные тексты, содержащие в основном изученный лексико-грамматический материал, а также умения вести беседу о себе. Поэтому для получения допуска к зачету, необходимо выполнить весь программный материал первого семестра изучения дисциплины «Английский язык».
2. При подготовке к зачету следует: а) повторно прочитать и пе- ревести тексты, предназначенные для устного ответа; б) повторить пройденный лексико-грамматический материал; в) выполнить отдельные упражения из учебника по наиболее сложным явлениям курса; г) подготовить разговорную тему.
5. Зачетные требования
Зачетные вопросы включают:
1) изучающее чтение незнакомого текста и его письменный перевод на русский язык со словарем. Норма чтения: 800 печатных знаков в час;
2) просмотровое чтение незнакомого текста без словаря с передачей его содержания на русском или английском языке. Норма чтения: 600-700 печатных знаков за 7-10 минут;
3) беседа по теме «О себе и своей семье» (Методические указания по обучению устной речи).
II. К О Н Т Р О Л Ь Н Ы Е Р А Б О Т Ы
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1
Для выполнения этой работы используйте следующие разделы курса.
1. Порядок слов в утвердительном, вопросительном и отрицатель- ном предложениях.
2. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и пред-логи – показатели существительного. Выражение падежных отношений посредством предлогов и окончания -s. Существительное в функции определения.
2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения. Конструкция the... the со сравнительной степенью.
3. Числительные: количиственные и порядковые. Чтение целых чисел, дат, дробей.
4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, указательные, неопре-деленные, отрицательные.
5. Спряжение глаголов to be и to have.
6. Значения there: местоимение и в обороте there + to be.
7. Видо-временные формы сказуемого в активном залоге.
8. Основные случаи словообразования.
Вариант 1
I. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на зна-чение слова there.
1. Only some years ago there was no a solution to this problem.
2. Our library is very large but there are no physics journals there.
II. Запишите и переведите предложения. Объясните, на что указы-вает в слове house окончание -s, как с апострофом (’), так и без него:
а) глагол-сказуемое в Present Simple в 3-м лице единственного числа;
б) множественное число имени существительного;
в) притяжательный падеж имени существительного, стоящего в единственном или во множественном числе
1. Practically every modern town has many nine- and twelve-storey houses.
2. This ancient building houses several shops and a restaurant.
3. The house’s roof is slanting in two directions because there is much rain in the region.
III. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода имени существительного с левым определением.
1. The wheel invention was one of the greatest inventions of mankind.
2. In this city the automobile traffic speed is very high.
3. All workers will take part in the discussion of our plant’s new pro-duction plan.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательного и наречия.
1. The more powerful the rays, the more damage they can do to living organisms.
2. The greatest advantage of this transport system is that it is much cheaper than the railway.
3. The most difficult thing in their experiment was to keep the temperature constant.
V. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Any of scientists can take part in this important experiment.
2. Only some years ago there were no high buildings in the city’s center.
3. These electric devices are very efficient but they have some drawbacks.
VI. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опре-делите их видо-временные формы и укажите их инфинитив. Пере-ведите предложения.
1. The Great Fire of London destroyed 3.000 houses and more than 90 churches.
2. The designers will try to do the research work in a very short period of time.
3. The invention of a steam engine has lead the mankind to a new in-dustrial epoch.
VII. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3, 4 и 5.
NEW ZEALAND
1. The country’s name “Zealand” takes its origin from a part of the Netherlands (the first white man to see this country was a Dutchman) which is called Zeeland and means “sea-land”. New Zealand comprises three islands. The land’s mass is longer than the British Isles but rather narrow – no part of it is wider than 280 miles. Almost one-quarter of the country is covered with forest.
2. The capital city is Wellington. A large proportion of its population work for the country’s Government. The largest city of New Zealand is Auckland with a great number of travellers, arriving, departing or passing through it. It is the leading commercial and industrial city and the biggest seaport, handling the largest tonnage of all the country’s ports.
3. The mineral resources of the country are not sufficient for heavy industry, the development of which greatly depends on import of raw materials: iron, steel, aluminium. About 40 per cent of all products available in New Zealand are imported from other countries.
4. Nevertheless, the country has established foundries (литейный завод) and machine-building enterprises. It is building locomotives and small ships, assembling motor cars and machines. Output of electrical goods has greatly increased since World War II. There has been an increase in other goods as well: the manufacture of textile, leather and rubber (tires, tubes and so on) products.
5. The primary industries are fishing and forestry. New Zealand is one of the world’s greatest exporters of diary products and the third largest producer of raw wool. Factories are much smaller than those in Britain but techniques are similar.
6. Improvement in national economy is associated with research which is carried out by various Government Departments, research associations, universities, agricultural colleges. They study the geological and geophysical structure of the country, its minerals, soil and vegetation resources. Every three years a New Zealand Science Congress is held. Its aim is to enable scientists of different fields to exchange opinions and to show the progress of science in New Zealand. Here are some topics of discussion: weather, cosmic rays, radioactive isotopes, science and education, Antarctic research, resources of the ocean, exploitation of mineral resources.
VIII. Прочитайте 6-й абзац и вопрос: What do Government Depart-ments, research associations and universities study? Выберите вариант от-вета, соответствующий содержанию текста. Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
1. They study the topics which are discussed at a New Zealand Science Congress.
2. They study the country’s geological problems and natural resources.
3. They study geological problems and natural resources of the world.
Вариант 2
I. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на зна-чение слова there.
1. There is no atmosphere on the Moon and because of this there is no life there.
2. There will be a number of tables, schemes and diagrams in this article.
II. Запишите и переведите предложения. Объясните, на что указы-вает в слове wheel окончание -s, как с апострофом (’), так и без него:
а) глагол-сказуемое в Present Simple в 3-м лице единственного числа;
б) множественное число имени существительного;
в) притяжательный падеж имени существительного, стоящего в единственном или во множественном числе.
1. There was something wrong with the front wheels of the car.
2. They used a very strong metal for the wheels’ spokes.
3. The boy wheels his bicycle into the yard in early spring.
III. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода имени существительного с левым определением.
1. Heavy automobile traffic ruined the road surface many years ago.
2. A new research program required carrying out numerous experiments.
3. The local government promises to begin the railway bridge const-ruction next year.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательного и наречия.
1. Rational use of natural resources is the most vital problem of the country’s national economy.
2. The heavier the bodies, the stronger will be the force of gravity between them.
3. The old microscope was more valuable for our research than the new one.
V. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Nobody knows anything about this problem.
2. Will you carry out any experiment in our research laboratory this year?
3. We invited some skilful workers for the construction of the sporting
complex.
VI. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опре-делите их видо-временные формы и укажите их инфинитив. Пере-ведите предложения.
1. At the meeting they are discussing the advantages and disadvantages of a new processor.
2. The more automation develops, the more important is the role of the machines.
3. Radar devices will find still wider application in airplane and ship navigation.
VII. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3 и 5.
CANADA
1. The land of Canada lies between the two oceans: the Atlantic and the Pacific. With the total area (land and fresh water) of 3.851.809 square miles, it is the largest country in the Western hemisphere. The country has two official languages: French and English.
2. Canada is a country with a well-developed educational system. There are about 300 institutions which provide courses of university standard. All the provinces have their own universities giving courses in science, engineering, medicine and so on. In 1882 the Royal Society of Canada was established. The Society consists of members belonging to the five sections: humanities and social sciences in French; humanities and social sciences in English; chemical, mathematical and physical sciences; geological sciences; biological sciences. The Society’s aim is to coordinate and stimulate Canada’s intellectual life and to assist the development of national economy.
3. Canada is the fourth largest trading nation in the world. It is world-known as a forest country because they cover more than half the land area of the provinces and extend to the Arctic Circle. About 17 per cent of production of all the primary industries – forestry, pulp-and-paper, mining, agriculture, fisheries – comes from the forests. The forests are the source of almost a third of all Canadian export, and of this third pulp-and-paper accounts for about 70 per cent.
4. Deep within the ancient rocks there are rich resources of iron, gold, silver, nickel, copper, platinum, cobalt and uranium. In the south of Quebec Province, the biggest of Canada’s ten provinces, there are the largest resources of asbestos in the world. As a result, asbestos industry became a many-dollar-a-year industry in Canada. Another province – Alberta – has tremendous oil fields and vast resources of natural gas and coal. Edmonton, its capital, is the oil centre of Canada.
5. The capital of Canada is Ottawa which is encircled and crossed by three rivers and a canal. It is a city where government and commerce intermingle. But the largest city is Montreal, which is built around a mountain on a green island. Although Montreal is situated 1,000 miles from the ocean, it is a seaport, one of Canada’s most important.
VIII. Прочитайте 4-ый абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Why does asbestos industry belong to the group of the most highly developed in-dustries of Canada? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 3
I. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на зна-чение слова there.
1. In this book there will be much information useful for our research work.
2. Many scientists think that there is no life on Mars because there is no water there.
II. Запишите и переведите предложения. Объясните, на что ука-зывает в слове cover окончание –s, как с апострофом (’), так и без него:
а) глагол-сказуемое в Present Simple в 3-м лице единственного числа;
б) множественное число имени существительного;
в) притяжательный падеж имени существительного, стоящего в единственном или во множественном числе.
1. Forest area covers about half the territory of this country.
2. Electricians use different kinds of plastic materials as covers for elec-tric wires.
3. The cover’s paper of this old book became yellow and torn, you must renew it.
III. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода имени существительного с левым определением.
1. This University offers a wide variety of higher education programs.
2. We know that the steam engine invention was made in 1763.
3. They plan to erect a 400-meter high television tower in the city’s center.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательного и наречия.
1. The more scientists work in studying the problem, the more reliable are the research results.
2. In gases the molecules have a greater freedom of movement than in liquids.
3. At present natural steam is one of the cheapest sources for power generation.
V. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. According to Albert Einstein nothing can move faster than light.
2. Any industry needs modern machinery to improve its production.
3. Some 250 scientists from more than 40 countries gathered for this in-ternational conference.
VI. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опре-делите их видо-временные формы и укажите их инфинитив. Пере-ведите предложения.
1. We have applied the latest devices and instruments for our expe-riments.
2. The Earth’s atmosphere takes a large proportion of the solar radiation.
3. The nearer the spaceship is approaching the Earth, the denser is be-coming the atmosphere.
VII. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3 и 5.
AUSTRALIA
1. Australia is an island country which consists of six states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and others. The country’s total area is equal to that of Europe. It is the country with great differences in climate which varies from the tropical to the cool and temperate. All the main towns have river and mountain areas, as well as the seaside within easy reach.
2. Because of frequent droughts Australia suffers with a shortage of water. That is why it is important for the country to conserve existing water supplies. Shortage of water resulted in one of the world’s largest projects, the Snow Mountains scheme. The aim of the project is to provide water to irrigate the plains and rivers’ valleys and to supply New South Wales and Victoria with electrical power.
3. The capital of Australia is Canberra. It is a garden city with millions of trees along its streets. The largest city is Sydney, the country’s main port. Its function is to provide the transport, commercial, financial and other services for the most efficient development of a huge area.
4. Much attention is paid to the development of education and science. State Universities usually consist of professional schools which provide courses in medicine, physical and social sciences. Australian universities regard research work as important as teaching. One of the country’s leading research organizations is the Scientific and Industrial Research Center established in 1926. It is carrying out important programs in various fields: meteorology, industrial chemistry, radio-engineering, metallurgy, atomic industry and others.
5. Australia is a highly developed industrial country. Its territory is rich in iron ore, zinc, copper, manganese, gold and silver, nickel and uranium, coal and natural gas and many others. The main industrial districts are along the eastern, south-eastern and south-western coasts. Australia has made great progress in chemistry, machine-building (manufacture of locomotives, agricultural machinery, etc.) and electronics. Agricultural products such as wool, wheat, cheese and sugar are among the chief Australia’s export goods. Among the main trading partners of the country there is Great Britain, Japan, the USA, Germany and New Zealand.
VIII. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и выберите из предложенных предложений вариант, соответствующий его содержанию. Запишите и переведите его.
1. Australian authorities pay equal attention to education and to research work.
2. Australian authorities pay less attention to education than to research work.
3. Australian authorities pay more attention to education than to research work.
Вариант 4
I. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на зна-чение слова there.
1. In Moscow there are many places of interest, that is why a lot of tourists come there every year.
2. In a month there will be an international conference on the problems of ecology.
II. Запишите и переведите предложения. Объясните, на что ука-зывает в слове pilot окончание -s, как с апострофом (’), так и без него:
а) глагол-сказуемое в Present Simple в 3-м лице единственного числа;
б) множественное число имени существительного;
в) притяжательный падеж имени существительного, стоящего в единственном или во множественном числе.
1. In the pilot’s cabin of a new airplane there is a lot of up-to-date de-vices.
2. The boy has dreamed to fly from his early childhood and now he pilots airplanes.
3. Many cosmonauts began their career as pilots of supersonic planes.
III. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода имени существительного с левым определением.
1. Modern house construction needs strong materials and skillful labor force.
2. The transport system improvement is necessary for every large city.
3. A high speed electronic machine has greatly changed the methods of their mathematical calculations.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательного и наречия.
1. The lowest temperature on the Pluto (Плутон) is below 200 degrees.
2. Radio devices are the most effective instruments for studying the outer space.
3. The higher the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, the more energy it must possess.
V. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. We needed some 20 minutes to check and adjust the measuring in-strument.
2. Anybody can explain you the operational principles of that apparatus.
3. Any skilled operator can easily start and stop the engine.
VI. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опре-делите их видо-временные формы и укажите их инфинитив. Пере-ведите предложения.
1. Our researchers have developed a new non-metallic, synthetic material.
2. No asphalt roads existed in this country until 1790s.
3. Astrophysicist M. Bobrov was studying the Saturn for more than 50 years.
VII. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3, 4 и 5.
GREAT BRITAIN
1. The United Kingdom or Great Britain consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is a highly developed industrial country. There is no other country in the world with such a small proportion of the population working in agriculture. The pattern of industry organization is varied. There are both very small workshops and huge organizations with a large number of workers.
2. Great Britain is not very rich in natural resources: most of the resources and raw materials for its industries are imported.
3. The capital of the country, London, is one of the most important financial centers and the largest ports in the world. It is also the center of light and food industries, of the production of precision instruments, furniture and many other goods.
4. Northern and Western England is the land of coal, metal and textile. The oldest centers of English iron and steel industry are Birmingham and Sheffield. Iron smelting is based on local ore deposits and has been practiced here since ancient times. In the period of industrialization these towns played the leading role in the creation of the country’s heavy industry.
5. The most important of the British extractive industries is coal-mining. Among the other highly developed industries there are ship-building and motor industries, the production of iron and steel. All of them play an important role in the world trade. Great Britain is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, electrical and navigation equipment, textile, aircraft, motor vehicles, chemicals.
6. Training of specialists is provided by different educational estab-lishments. Recently there has been a considerable expansion of scientific and technological training within the universities. Most of them have faculties providing courses for studying chemistry, aeronautics, production engineering (организация производственных процессов). All universities and colleges have laboratories and research departments and are closely associated with local industries. Great role in stimulating research work belongs to the Royal Society which was established in 1660. The Society’s activity includes organization of scientific conferences, publication of research work, delivery of lectures, presentation of medals.
VIII. Прочитайте 6-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Is the research work of Britain’s higher schools connected with the pattern of its industrial development? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 5
I. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на зна-чение слова there.
1. In this article there were some surprising facts on the nature of mag-netism.
2. Siberia is a highly developed industrial region because there are many natural resources there.
II. Запишите и переведите предложения. Объясните, на что указы-вает в слове plan окончание -s, как с апострофом (’), так и без него:
а) глагол-сказуемое в Present Simple в 3-м лице единственного числа;
б) множественное число имени существительного;
в) притяжательный падеж имени существительного, стоящего в единственном или во множественном числе.
1. You can get the plans’ details in the library of your Institute.
2. The chemical laboratory plans to expand its activity considerably.
3. At the next meeting we will discuss the laboratory’s plans to acquire new equipment.
III. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода имени существительного с левым определением.
1. The device installation will take our specialists several days.
2. The manager’s five-month business tour has come to an end.
3. Electric locomotive research institute will be working at a new prog-ram for three years.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательного и наречия.
1. A wider applications of computers makes our labour easier and more efficient.
2. The colder the atmosphere, the louder are the echoes.
3. This book on physics gives the most detailed explanation of different laws.
V. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Will anybody analyze these data in your scientific laboratory?
2. Any body that is in motion usually travels to some object in space.
3. These researchers are doing some important work at our plant.
VI. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опре-делите их видо-временные формы и укажите их инфинитив. Пере-ведите предложения.
1. The managers and engineers of the plant will look for a new techno-logy to improve the production process.
2. We know that George Stephenson designed a locomotive in 1829.
3. Any researcher applies some safety measures in his experimental work.
VII. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 3, 4 и 5.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1. The USA is a belt country about 1,400 miles wide extending across the North American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. Its area is much larger than that of Europe. The main land mass of the country is in temperate zone. The climate conditions are under the influence of the great mountains and the winds. That is why the USA is simultaneously one of the hottest and one of the coldest, one of the wettest and one of the driest countries in the world.
2. The USA is largely an urban state. After the 1930s there was a steady decline in the number of people living on farms. Large-scale migration of population from the rural to urban areas has been one of the major population movements of the 20th century. The capital of the country is Washington, situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia, but there many towns, larger in size than the capital: New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, Los Angeles.
3. One of the main reasons of the USA’s industrialization and a high level of its economic development is the abundance of natural resources. The country is rich in iron ore, non-ferrous metals, coal, natural gas and other resources.
4. It is one of the world’s greatest manufacturers of power, coal and oil, motor vehicles and aircraft and some other products. Besides machinery, automobiles and other industrial goods, the USA exports agricultural products, especially cotton, wheat, maize.
5. Training qualified personnel for national economy is done by different higher schools. There is no national system of higher education in the United States. Its separate institutions range from two-year colleges to complex universities, from technical institutes to classical liberal arts (гуманитарный) colleges. The institutions may be small or large, rural or urban, private or public, highly selective or open to all. They offer courses in all fields and areas of national economy. Another function of universities is to organize a wide-scale research. There are even special research institutes within some of the universities. One of the main scientific centers is the National Academy of Sciences which is doing research in eleven areas: mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology and others.
VIII. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Why is there a wide variety of climates in the USA? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2
Для выполнения этой работы используйте следующие разделы курса.
1. Видо-временные формы сказуемого в пассивном (страдатель-ном) залоге. Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.
2. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
3. Грамматические функции и значения слова it.
4. Простые формы причастия (Participle I, Participle II) в самос-тоятельных функциях определения и обстоятельства.
5. Простая форма герундия (Gerund).
6. Придаточные предложения: определительные, дополнительные, обстоятельственные (времени и условия).
Вариант 1
I. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опреде-лите их видо-временные формы и залог. Переведите, обращая особое внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
1. The commission will consider this offer carefully before accepting it.
2. Science and engineering make a wide use of synthetic materials in electronic instruments.
3. Before the experiment the substances are mixed in a large cup.
4. The results of this research work were often referred to by the pro-fessor.
II. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них причастия, укажите их вид (Participle I или Participle II) и определите их самостоятельную функцию (определение или обстоятельство). Переведите.
1. Kerosene is the fuel used in jet engines.
2. The lecturer told the students about the laboratory’s staff experimen-ting with new plastic substances.
3. Solar batteries, when used in spaceships, convert solar energy into electricity.
4. While using this electronic device the engineer found a new solution of this complex problem.
III. Запишите предложения и подчеркните в них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите.
1. You should try to find out as many facts as possible about this expedi-tion to the Antarctic.
2. The team of experts is to analyze the present situation connected with our city’s ecological problems.
3. The young engineer was allowed to apply the mobile equipment in his field experiments.
4. This production process had to be further improved by new technical means.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова it.
1. It is said that the first settlement on the banks on the Moskva river was founded some 2,500 years ago.
2. It is Los Angeles which leads the world in measures to reduce smog.
3. When the wind blows over the ocean, it sweeps away pollutants.
V. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3 и 4.
JAMES WATT
1. James Watt (1736-1819), a Scottish inventor and mechanical engi-neer, is known for his improvements of the steam engine used at that time to pump out water from mines. He became interested in the engine of this type when working as an instrument-maker.
2. Watt determined the properties of steam, especially the relation of its density to its temperature and pressure, and designed a condensing chamber for the engine that prevented large losses of steam in the cylinder. Watt’s first patent (1769) covered this device and some other improvements on steam engine.
3. For some years he was working together with John Roebuck, another inventor, financing Watt’s researches. In 1775, however, Roebuck’s interest was taken over by the manufacturer and the owner of the Engineering (механический) Works at Birmingham. It was at this works where Watt and Roebuck began to manufacture steam engines.
4. Continuing his research Watt patented several other important in-ventions, including the rotary engine for driving various types of machinery, the double-action engine, and the steam indicator recording the steam pressure in the engine. Watt retired from the firm in 1800 and since that time he could devote himself entirely to research work.
5. The misconception that Watt was the actual inventor of the steam engine was because of his fundamental contributions to its development and improvement. The centrifugal governor invented by him in 1788, is of particular interest today. It is a device providing automatic regulation of the engine speed. It embodies the feedback principle of a servomechanism, linking output to input, which is the basic concept of automation. The watt, the unit of power, was named in his honor. Watt was also a well-known civil engineer. In 1767 by adapting telescopes he invented an attachment used in the measurement of distances.
VI. Просмотрите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Do James Watt’s numerous inventions belong to a single or to different areas of man’s activity? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 2
I. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опре-делите их видо-временные формы и залог. Переведите, обращая особое внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
1. Last month the workers fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule.
2. The delegation of German miners will come to our region to share ex-perience with our workers.
3. This unique apparatus has been invented by one of our engineers.
4. The discovery of protons in 1911 was followed by the attempts of dif-ferent scientists to explain the atom’s structure.
II. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них причастия, укажите их вид (Participle I или Participle II) определите их самостоятельную функцию (определение или обстоятельство). Переведите.
1. The students studying at Kuzbass Technical University are to have practical training at mines, construction sites, chemical plants and other enterprises.
2. When asked about the plan the chief engineer said that it had been fulfilled in time.
3. Working at the device in the laboratory, the engineers were regularly testing it at the plant.
4. Ultrasonic techniques used in industry opens wide possibilities for the automatic control.
III. Запишите предложения и подчеркните в них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите.
1. The mechanical shop of our plant was to be reconstructed.
2. He is a skilful worker who can operate practically any type of machine-tools (станок).
3. Everyone working at the plant should know safety rules.
4. In view of reconstruction works old equipment will have to be replaced within a month.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова it.
1. It is the country’s natural wealth that determines the structure of its national economy.
2. It was proved that wastes from industrial enterprises have a dangerous effect on the environment.
3. When the temperature had been measured it was written down in the table.
V. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3 и 4.
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
1. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879), a great physicist and mathematician, was born in Edinburg, Scotland. After school he entered the University of that city. Then he attended the University of Cambridge and graduated from it in 1854. When at the University Maxwell took great interest in mathematics and optics.
2. For two years after the University Maxwell worked at Trinity College combining lecturing and making experiments in optics. At the same time he studied much himself. He became a professor of natural philosophy (1856) and in some ten years a professor of physics and astronomy. When working at the King’s College (London) he met Faraday for the first time.
3. In 1871 Maxwell became professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. At that time students could not have such subjects as electricity or magnetism as there was no laboratory for studying them. Such a laboratory organized by Maxwell made Cambridge world-known.
4. This was a very fruitful period of Maxwell’s life. He was engaged in studying the problems of electromagnetism, molecular physics, optics, mechanics and others. The most outstanding investigations, however, were made in the field of the kinetic theory of gases and electricity. Maxwell is called the founder of the electromagnetic field (together with Faraday) and the electromagnetic theory of light. His famous work on electricity and magnetism was published in 1873. During these years he also wrote his classic “Matter and Motion”, a small book on a great subject, and many articles on other problems.
5. Maxwell wrote his first scientific work when he was fifteen. Since that time he published a great number of works based on the results of his experiments and calculations. Maxwell’s works on the kinetic theory of gases, the theory of heat, dynamics and the mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism are monuments to his great genius.
VI. Просмотрите 5-й абзац текста и закончите предложение James Clerk Maxwell became a world-known scientist..., выбрав вариант, соот-ветствующий его содержанию. Запишите и переведите полученное предложение.
1. … because he developed theoretical principles of experimental physics.
2. … because his scientific works were based on his own experiments.
3. … because he published his first scientific work at the age of fifteen.
Вариант 3
I. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опреде-лите их видо-временные формы и залог. Переведите, обращая особое внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
1. Ruserford’s lectures were always attended by a great number of students and young scientists.
2. Electric power will flow over the electric transition lines all over the country.
3. Ultrasonic techniques is being widely used to identify defects in metal products.
4. They will have completed the construction of a deep-level tunnel by autumn.
II. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них причастия, укажите их вид (Participle I или Participle II) и определите их самостоятельную функцию (определение или обстоятельство). Переведите.
1. When put into operation the atomic power station had a capacity of 1,500,000 kilowatt.
2. Designing new mining machines engineers should pay attention to geological conditions of mines.
3. Lava was flowing down the hill destroying everything in its way.
4. The problem discussed at the conference is of vital importance for our region.
III. Запишите предложения и подчеркните в них модальный гла-гол или его эквивалент. Переведите.
1. As a skilled worker he could easily start and stop every kind of engine.
2. This research work may require much money and time.
3. Such instruments were to be used to make measurements and to ex-press these measurements in physical units.
4. Chemists will have to use new ultrasonic instruments to accelerate che-mical reactions.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на раз-ные значения слова it.
1. When the pressure had been increased it exceeded the technological limits.
2. Nylon was obtained in 1938. It is a synthetic material and it is widely used for making fabrics.
3. It was necessary to review some aspects of the problem once again.
V. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 4 и 5.
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
1. Rutherford’s 42 years of active research work, which only ended at his death in 1937, resulted in important advances in the theory of “atomic energy” as we know it today. It all began with Becquerel’s accident discovery of radioactivity in 1896, which was soon followed by the Curies’ isolation of polonium and radium. The whole scientific world knows that this great discovery opened up new scientific fields awaiting to be conquered.
2. Many scientists from different countries became interested in the new field of radioactivity. One of them was the young New Zealander, Ernest Rutherford, who at the age of 27 (1898) was appointed to the chair of physics at the University of Montreal. It was him who made a great number of really important discoveries.
3. The first of his great researches was made in Montreal and led him to formulate the laws of radioactive transformations. Perhaps the greatest of all Rutherford’s discoveries was made at Manchester, where he went in 1907. This was the nuclear model of the atom.
4. The main part of the radioactive transformation theory was the spontaneous transformation of one nucleus into another but the artificial transformation of nuclei was achieved only in 1919. This experiment, marking the beginning of modern nuclear physics, was made by Rutherford himself with simple apparatus and one assistant.
5. The splitting of atom has opened to man a new and enormous source of energy because in the splitting process the nucleus matter is converted into energy. But before nuclear energy (now officially miscalled atomic energy) could be used, two more major discoveries were needed. These were the discovery of the neutron and of the fission (деление) of uranium nucleus made by James Chadwick (Чедвик) and Otto Hahn (Ган), respectively. The last one was made after Rutherford’s death.
VI. Просмотрите 1-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Was Becquerel’s discovery of radioactivity based on the Curies’ discovery of radium? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 4
I. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опреде-лите их видо-временные формы и залог. Переведите, обращая особое внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
1. Many scientists from different countries entered the new field of radio-activity.
2. Automation is being increasingly used in all branches of national economy.
3. It is not surprising that every great discovery is much spoken about.
4. High speed electronic machines have introduced great changes in making mathematical calculations.
II. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них причастия, укажите их вид (Participle I или Participle II) и определите их самостоятельную функцию (определение или обстоятельство). Переведите.
1. It took the builders three years to complete the construction of the channel linking the two seas.
2. The results received will be of great importance for their further work.
3. When studying elements Mendeleev found that they could be divided into nine groups.
4. If mixed together these substances give a compound (сложное ве-щество) with the properties not found in any natural matter.
III. Запишите предложения и подчеркните в них модальный гла-гол или его эквивалент. Переведите.
1. Our laboratory has to investigate a series of accidents that have taken place in the locality within the last three months.
2. Every future electrician should know such terms as elecrtric current, voltage, electric motive force and resistance.
3. Pressures in our experimental work will not be allowed to exceed 5,500 psi (pounds per square inch).
4. For a long time scientists were unable to discover the secret of the atom.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова it.
1. The Sun is a huge source of energy; it produces all our food and fuel.
2. It is obvious that we have to do all possible to reduce atmospheric pollution.
3. It was Sergei Lebedev who worked out the method for the industrial production of synthetic rubber.
V. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 4, 5 и 6.
PYOTR KAPITSA
1. The name of Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa speaks for itself: in history of physics there are few scientists that can be placed next to him.
2. Kapitsa was the son of a general, a famous military engineer who had built the Kronstadt fortress. He graduated from the electromechanical faculty of the Petersburg Polytechnic Institute – perhaps the best technical educational establishment in Russia at that time. It was there that he took interest in physics.
3. In 1921 Kapitsa was sent abroad to continue studying. The young physicist attracted universal attention at the world-famous Cavendish Laboratory headed by Ernest Rutherford, the founder of experimental nuclear physics. Very soon Kapitsa established an unusual record – he completed the laboratory course in two weeks instead of the usual two years. After that, Rutherford took personal interest in him and Kapitsa became his favorite pupil.
4. In 1934 Kapitsa returned to Russia and was appointed a director of the Institute of Physical Problems. During the war years he began to work in an entirely new field of science and technology – high-power (высоковольтный) electronics.
5. It is known today that electronics means small currents. Electronic devices – electronic tubes, for example, – operate on electrons, that is, particles having a very small mass and a very high mobility. At that time scientists thought that it was impossible to transmit great amounts of power over long distances by means of electronics. Kapitsa disproved this “axiomatic truth” and showed that the electrons were able to transmit millions of kilowatts of energy over great distances.
6. Kapitsa’s high-power electronics has a fantastic future. Electric power will flow all over the country. Using waveguides (волновод) mankind will be able to send it directly to Earth satellites and orbital stations in space.
VI. Просмотрите абзац 3 и выберите из предложенных вариантов правильное продолжение предложения: A lot of scientists were interested in Kapitsa ... . Запишите все предложение и переведите его.
1) because he was Rutherford’s favorite pupil.
2) because he needed only two weeks to complete his study.
3) because he was the head of the Cavendish Laboratory.
Вариант 5
I. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опреде-лите их видо-временные формы и залог. Переведите, обращая особое внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
1. The splitting of the atom has opened to man a new and enormous source of energy.
2. The colour of petrolium varies from light yellow to red.
3. The development of this hypothesis was undertaken by numerous investigators.
4. The chemical properties of this substance are greatly affected by solar radiation.
II. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них причастия, укажите их вид (Participle I или Participle II) и определите их самостоятельную функцию (определение или обстоятельство). Переведите.
1. Doing the research you must follow the recommendations given in this handbook.
2. The figures mentioned in his report will be published in the next issue of this scientific journal.
3. When measured the pressure was much higher than it was expected.
4. The experiment marking the beginning of modern nuclear physics was made by E. Rutherford.
III. Запишите предложения и подчеркните в них модальный гла-гол или его эквивалент. Переведите.
1. Statistical analysis is used when the facts can be presented in numbers.
2. These researchers will have to use piezoelectric substance (quartz crys-tals) in their ultrasonic generator.
3. As the construction of the sporting complex was an international pro-ject, scientists from different countries had to take part in the experiments.
4. The foreman is the person who gives instructions how the work is to be done.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова it.
1. It was important to test the properties of the material before using it as a protective coating.
2. These substances remain in water making it poisonous for many forms of life.
3. It is light weight of this metal which made it possible to use it for ro-cket construction.
V. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3 и 4.
ACADEMICIAN LAVRENTYEV
1. No problem in physics, mechanics and many other branches of science can be solved without mathematics. One of the brilliant representatives of this field is the Russian mathematician Michail Lavrentyev. As his father was a mathematics lecturer the boy often heard scientific conversation at home. This, he said, was the stimulus for his first interest in science.
2. Studying at Moscow University he came under the influence of a leading Russian mathematician N.N. Luzin whose research formed the basis for a new school of mathematics. It was that school which greatly influenced M. Lavrentyev’s life.
3. He was teaching practically all his life, combining it with research work. One of his theoretical studies led to an unexpected result which could be applied to the problem of cumulative (кумулятивный, направленный) explosions. Thanks to a theory of controlled explosions developed by Lavrentyev it became possible to predict how much and where rock and soil which were to be exploded could move. This theory was applied when damming a river to prevent the floods damaging Alma-Ata.
4. A special creation of the Academician was the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences or Academgorodok as it is more known. Lavrentyev is often referred to as ‘father’ of Academgorodok because it was him who flew around Siberia in the 1950s and chose the spot for the new science town near Novisibirsk. There were good reasons for the town’s location in Siberia because this area was potentially very rich and needed a scientific and technological base for its development.
5. Today Academgorodok is based on a triangle which is organically linked with Lavrentyev’s own life. His personal experience showed that successful research was impossible without its high quality, close links between science and industry, training of the next scientific generation.
VI. Просмотрите 5-й абзац теста и ответьте на вопрос: Why is the basis of Academgorodok called a ‘triangle’? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3
Для выполнения этой работы используйте следующие разделы курса.
1. Грамматические функции и способы перевода слов that, one.
2. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
3. Простая форма инфинитива (Infinitive) и его функции: подле-жащее, составная часть сказуемого, дополнение, определение, обстоя-тельство цели.
4. Бессоюзные дополнительные и определительные придаточные предложения.
Вариант 1
I. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опреде-лите их видо-временные формы и залог. Переведите.
1. Great efforts have been undertaken by man in the area of the envi-ronment protection.
2. They could not solve this complex problem without applying digital computers.
3. The development of automatic control systems is being paid much attention to.
4. The worker was told to increase the pressure up to 25 atmospheres.
II. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов that (those) и one (ones).
1. This cleaning device is much more efficient than that one.
2. The word “power” means energy that can be used for doing useful work.
3. In those days there was no radio, flying was a dream, and cinema was only one year old.
4. One must know these laws and be able to use them in practice.
III. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. This polymer was being widely used as a building material.
2. In order to get reliable data the technologist will have to do calcula-tions once more.
3. The lasers used to perform welding operations can be also applied for cutting metals.
4. The engineer did not refer to the new techniques applied at our plant.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзные дополнительные и определительные придаточные пред-ложения.
1. Everyone knows electricity produces heat.
2. The device the engineer is speaking about will be used for water puri-fication.
V. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива (Infinitive).
1. Throughout human history man has invented tools, machines, materials and techniques to make his life easier.
2. To explain this process was to demonstrate some schemes, tables and diagrams.
3. To reduce pollutants from enterprises, industry was forced to change combustion processes and to add controllers.
4. The properties of polymers to be applied as protective films are being constantly improved.
VI. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепbшите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2 и 3.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
1. Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, acid rains and the global warming connected with the ‘greenhouse effect’.
2. The seas filled with poison – industrial and nuclear wastes as well as chemical substances – are in danger. The Mediterranean Sea is already nearly dead, the next are the North and the Aral ones. Scientists say every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done, one million species that are alive today will disappear in twenty years from now, nothing will be able to live in them.
3. A very serious problem is air pollution. We know industrial enter-prises emit tons of harmful substances. Being the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains these emissions have disastrous consequences for the whole planet. Of special danger is carbon dioxide (Co2) working as follows: it lets the sunlight in but does not let the heat out. In Cairo even to breath the air is life threatening. One may say the same of Mexico City and 600 cities of the former Soviet Union. An even greater environmental threat is presented by atomic power stations. Everyone knows the consequences of the Chernobyl and other atomic stations’ tragedies.
4. The poisoning of the Earth’s land, air, and water results in the fast-spreading disease of civilization. It is probably not less dangerous than wars, earthquakes and floods, it is one of history’s greatest dangers to human life. If present trends continue for the next several decades, our planet will become uninhabitable. Understanding that environmental problems are their own problems people are beginning to join and support various international organizations and green parties.
VII. Просмотрите 4-й абзац и ответьте на вопрос: Why does the author compare the planet’s pollution with wars, earthquakes and floods? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 2
I. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опреде-лите их видо-временные формы и залог. Переведите.
1. The solar eclipse is always being watched with great interest.
2. We expect that the technology used at our plant will have been greatly improved.
3. Every living organism is affected by the level of the air, water and soil pollution.
4. The man testing the engine belongs to the team responsible for the equipment.
II. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов that (those) и one (ones).
1. If nothing is done about ecology, one day nothing will be able to live in the world.
2. One should know that there are two things that do not belong to any one country: air and ocean water.
3. Britain has a number of highly developed industries – shipbuilding and machine-building are among the leading ones.
4. We should combine the old methods with those presented by the chief engineer last month.
III. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. The scientific revolution of the 16th century was the first time when science and technology began to work together.
2. The results of their experiments with these substances have not been published.
3. They had to increase the efficiency of this power plant by applying new steam boilers.
4. In order to get strong material some more aluminium is to be added.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзные дополнительные и определительные придаточные пред-ложения.
1. The properties of materials the designers use for space technologies do not react on temperature changes.
2. We know some territories are considered dangerous for living in them.
V. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива (Infinitive).
1. Ultrasonic waves are used to detect defects inside metal parts.
2. To gain control over nature means to know its laws and not to break them.
3. In order to maintain electric current, a steady electric field has to be provided.
4. The method to be introduced at our plant was developed some years ago and proved very efficient.
VI. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3 и 4.
WATER AND AIR POLLUTION
1. We cannot live without water and air, the pollution of which is the factor destroying the environment in big cities. Even Paris where there is no heavy industry is to protect its water resources. The problem is being solved by building pollution-control stations. To clean the water from admixtures and gases before it goes into the water supply systems both mechanical and biological means have to be used. The atmosphere is polluted mainly by heating systems and cars. Smoke from factories and cars in combination with natural fog forms smog which is recognised as a potential cause of death.
2. It is known that factories and transportation have to burn huge amounts of fuel: billions of tons of coal and oil are consumed around the world every year. When burning these fuels throw off smoke and other by-products into the atmosphere. The accumulation of pollution is a serious threat to humans and the environment. To protect the air it is necessary to switch industry to more clean fuels than coal or oil.
3. Some scientists are of the opinion that at present the world’s number one polluter is the car. The production of one car results in 1,500 kilos of waste and 75 million cubic metres of polluted air. Taking into account that there are now about 500 million cars on Earth it is impossible to estimate a quantity of pollution. Even when you throw the car away it is still polluting the earth with dangerous metals (like cadmium) and other chemicals. Moreover, to drive a car you need roads, motorways and car parks the construction of which also produces a large quantity of pollution.
4. A wide understanding of the pollution threat dates from 1950s but still little has been done by man in the area of environmental protection.
VII. Просмотрите 1-й абзац и ответьте на вопрос: Is the protection of air as important for man as that of water and why? Запишите и переве-дите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 3
I. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опреде-лите их видо-временные формы и залог. Переведите.
1. They will start the construction of a 3,000 km long gas pipeline in a month.
2. The chief engineer was informed of the changes made in the pro-duction cycle.
3. Scientists of different countries were working hard to discover the secret of thermonuclear reaction.
4. The results of the experiment could not be relied upon because of some fault in the engine.
II. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов that (those) и one (ones).
1. One of the most serious pollution problems is associated with the oceans.
2. The inventor described all features of the new method that were different from those of similar methods.
3. One cannot predict all the results of the investigation that is being carried out now.
4. Chemists say that the strength of some plastics is higher than that of iron or steel.
III. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. Every citizen of the country has the right to any type of education.
2. Air is polluted mainly be heating systems and cars.
3. Thomas Edison and his working group had to create a safe electric system.
4. People do not know more terrible mysteries than that of the Bermuda Triangle.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзные дополнительные и определительные придаточные пред-ложения.
1. We were told the experiments with these alloys had been completed successfully.
2. Cars and industrial enterprises pollute the air and water we cannot live without.
V. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива (Infinitive).
1. Our intention was to expand the production and to increase the output of products by 20 per cent.
2. The formula to be used for this synthetic material was being developed for several years.
3. To explain the problem the professor mentioned some facts from his life.
4. People use discoveries to satisfy their needs and to improve the envi-ronment they live in.
VI. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 4 и 5.
WATER POLLUTION
1. City growth has always concentrated in the areas near some water supply – rivers, canals, lakes, seas and oceans – because man cannot live without water. The greater is the number of population, the more water it needs. The increase in water consumption on the planet may result in a water shortage in the near future.
2. Since the beginning of civilization, water has been used to carry away different kinds of wastes and garbage. Water has the capacity to dissolve many substances. When dissolved these substances are less dangerous to the environment than metals or plastics. Nevertheless, remaining in the water they can make it poisonous for many forms of life.
3. Huge consumers and polluters of water are industry and agriculture. It has been estimated that about 85 per cent of the water is consumed by industry. To manufacture a ton of paper it needs 100, and a ton of synthetic fibers – from 2,500 to 5,000 cubic meters of water.
4. Industrial and agricultural development is accompanied with the increasing amount of waste materials. It should be mentioned that rivers and lakes are also used as transportation routes, fishing and recreation areas. As a result, more and more waterways are becoming polluted. Lakes are especially affected by pollution because they cannot cleanse themselves as rapidly as rivers or oceans. The wastes are the “food” for water plants which, when growing, reduce the amount of open water and result in drying up of a lake.
5. People have long recognized that we all depend upon the earth environment. But to understand the problem is not to solve it. So, some decisive measures have to be taken to protect the earth’s wonderful and complex environment system which is so easily damaged by man’s activity.
VII. Просмотрите 2-й и 3-й абзацы и ответьте на вопрос: How many sources of water pollution are mentioned there and what are they? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 4
I. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опреде-лите их видо-временные формы и залог. Переведите.
1. Experts in construction technologies have been shown some types of new building materials.
2. The water will pass through steam generators producing saturated steam with a pressure of 29 atmospheres.
3. The results of calculation are influenced by the calculation method.
4. The operator had to replace only one part in that device.
II. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов that (those) и one (ones).
1. The price of tin is higher than that of copper.
2. There are many factors that destroy the environment but the main one is water and air pollution.
3. We know that many of the Kuznetsk coals are easier to mine than the Donetsk ones.
4. One could use two types of the reactor to obtain the desired results.
III. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. The exploitation of water resources is growing due to the development of industry and expansion of agricultural lands.
2. Thomas Edison was a true genius but he had never attended any college or university.
3. In what way does science help keep peace in the world?
4. The staff of the laboratory had to test the equipment within a week.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзные дополнительные и определительные придаточные пред-ложения.
1. Many problems we are solving today have been caused by man’s economic activity.
2. Scientists believe this protective coating will withstand solar radiation without changing its properties.
V. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива (Infinitive).
1. The temperature to be measured with this thermometer cannot be lower than 50 degrees by Centigrade.
2. The principle of radar is to send out an impulse of energy and then listen to the echo.
3. To make accurate measurements several parameters must be known.
4. To see extremely small objects is impossible without modern micro-scopes.
VI. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2 и 4.
SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
1. There are natural and artificial sources of atmospheric pollution. The former include active volcanoes, dust storms, forest fires and some other factors. Artificial sources appeared due to the development of cities and industry. Because of its heating system every industrial enterprise as well as automobile pollutes the atmosphere and influences the local climate. Scientists have established that the larger is the population of an urban area, the greater is the level of air pollution.
2. Any industrial process is accompanied with emission of dangerous gases and industrial dust. Daily emission of an electric power plant, for example, burning 2,000 tons of coal a day, is about 400 tons of SO2 gas. One can name such great air polluters as thermal power stations, metallurgical, chemical, cement and many other plants.
3. A very serious source of atmospheric pollution is the automobile. Being a very convenient means of transportation, the automobile at the same time emits huge amounts of fumes. To make them less toxic special measures have to be taken. We know engineers are working at such problems as development of more efficient carburetors and less toxic fuels, neutralization of fumes, development of electric automobiles and others.
4. The problem of atmospheric pollution by radioactive elements dates back to the atomic bombs dropped on the Japanese cities (1945). Although released into the atmosphere, the radioactive products fall on the earth, spreading over many kilometers. That is why we face a global “Man and the Biosphere” problem which cannot be solved by the efforts of any one country.
VII. Просмотрите 3-й абзац и ответьте на вопрос: What are the main advantage and disadvantage of the automobile? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 5
I. Запишите предложения. Выпишите из них сказуемые, опреде-лите их видо-временные формы и залог. Переведите.
1. The scientist was speaking of new ultrasonic instruments used for welding metallic tubes.
2. The situation in the area of environment protection is regularly reported in the regional paper.
3. Chemists and physicists make a wide use of radiation for changing the molecular structure of substances.
4. The participants of the conference were told about the latest achieve-ments in power generation.
II. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов that (those) и one (ones).
1. It is impossible to increase productivity without improving the existing devices and developing the new ones.
2. Plastic materials that are widely used for different purposes are reinforced with various fibers.
3. We heard that this method of water purification is not as effective as that one.
4. In those days one could not even dream of transmitting electricity over long distances.
III. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. A lot of man’s diseases are directly linked with the level of air pol-lution.
2. Did the investigators have any difficulties in solving this problem?
3. Electronic equipment of special design has been manufactured.
4. The production of rubber with higher resistance to friction is to be in-creased considerably.
IV. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзные дополнительные и определительные придаточные пред-ложения.
1. It is well-known electronics has made great progress over the last decades.
2. The amount of the pollutants the enterprises throw into water streams depend on the quality of purifying installations.
V. Запишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива (Infinitive).
1. The only way to study cosmic ray particles is to send instruments into space.
2. One can use different means to measure high temperatures.
3. The machine to be inspected by the operator is located in a mechanical shop of our plant.
4. To design and develop automatic control systems is the responsibility of an engineer.
VI. Прочитайте весь текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2 и 3.
RATIONAL USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
1. The problem of rational use of natural resources is closely connected with environmental protection. Today industrially developed countries ex-tract about 30 tons of minerals a year for each person, but only 1.0-1.5 per cent of them are consumed in different products. So, man’s economic acti-vity results in huge amounts of wastes polluting the atmosphere, water resources, soil.
2. Further increase in world population needs the development of in-dustry which is impossible without development of new deposits of natural resources. As we deplete the existing deposits, we begin to exploit the deeper ones, those lying at greater depths of the earth. Scientists are working at the technical aspects of their development. But one should remember that the exploitation of one resource must not affect and damage the others.
3. To meet our needs new materials are created by industry every year. According to the statistics 40,000 chemical substances produced are dange-rous for the human organism. New chemicals and types of energy as well as physical radiations give rise to new diseases. Moreover, the production of each new substance is accompanied by new wastes.
4. To decrease these wastes is, first of all, to improve the efficiency of using natural resources. Everyone knows that coal, oil and gas are not only energy sources but raw materials for valuable chemicals. Oil is used to produce petrol, kerosene, masut, paraffin and other substances. Natural gas is a raw material for plastics and fertilizers. Thus, we are to produce as many different substances from each mineral as possible.
5. Rational use of natural resources providing their conservation is an integral part of the society’s development. A huge work has been done in this direction but still more is to be done.
VII. Просмотрите 4-й и 5-й абзацы и ответьте на вопрос: What should be done to achieve ‘rational use’ of natural resources? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
III. ТЕКСТОВЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ
Тексты для самостоятельного чтения
1. SIBERIA AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
Siberia, the eastern part of Russia, is very rich in natural resources: it has fifty to ninety percent of the country’s minerals, fuel and energy resources, fresh water and forests. That’s why Siberia plays a great role in the national economy of Russia.
Siberia’s territory is greater than that of the USA. But before the Re-volution of 1917 it produced less than two per cent of the Russian Empire’s industrial output. At present the area is divided administratively into several territories and regions, with various natural and climatic conditions, as well as economic structures. One of the administrative units is Kuzbass.
In the level of industrial development, population density, and ecolo-gical problems the Kemerovo region may be compared with Western Europe or the USA. The Kuzbass extracts more tons of coal a year than Great Britain, produces more electricity than Denmark and as much steel as Belgium. The share of the chemical, machine-building and some other industries is also high.
The Krasnoyarskaya and Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power stations, the Kuznetsk and West Siberian metallurgical combines, the ma-chine-building plants in Kemerovo and Novosibirsk, the Omsk petroche-mical plant, the timber-processing complex in Bratsk, the cellulose plant in Ust-Ilimsk – all these are the indication of the Siberia’s industrial potential.
Along with its successes in industry Siberia has a number of serious problems associated with its infrastructure, organization of trade and services, construction of housing. Special attention should be paid there to ecology – the atmosphere, soil, and water protection.
Today it is often said that we live in the age of science and technology. On the other hand, scientific and technological achievements would be im-possible without an intensive research work which is carried out both by individuals and various organizations. One of such organizations in Canada is the National Research Council.
The National Research Council (NRC), closely associated with the higher levels of scientific investigation, was founded in 1916 to stimulate and coordinate scientific and industrial research all over the country. Among its major activities there is the provision of grants for research. A grant to an individual research worker or institution serves to establish and encourage permanent research centers in some of the smaller universities.
Within the NRC’s structure there are eleven laboratories across Ca-nada, each one having its own research program. One of the Council’s most important functions is to organize and coordinate national cooperative research, in which a number of government departments and organizations may have an interest. This function is realized by means of specially-organized committees composed of the leading experts in each field of research. These committees seem to be a Canadian invention and have proved to be very effective.
More recently there have come into existence the Canadian Social Sciences Research Council and the Humanities Research Council of Canada, their purpose being to provide stimulus and encourage research in their respective disciplines.
3. UNITS AND SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT
Measurement unit is a quantity or dimension adopted as a standard measurement. Measurements of physical quantities are widely used in phy-sics and include those of length, time, area, velocity, mass, density, tem-perature, energy, the most fundamental units being length, time, and mass.
The idea of a universal system of measures and weights dates back to far-off times but it was created only in 1791 by the French Academy of Sciences.
Two scientists were given the task to define the units for length and weight. They took one fourth of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator on the geographical meridian which is running through Paris (the distance from Dunkirk [Дюнкерк] in France to Barcelona in Spain) and divided it into ten million equal parts. One of these parts was called a meter or “measure”. For shorter measurements the meter was divided by ten, for longer ones it was multiplied by tens. It was not difficult to use the same meter for measuring volumes. The weight of one cubic centimeter of water was called a gram. Thus the metric or decimal system was created.
In Russia the system was adopted in 1918 only, although Russian scientists had been addressed by D.I. Mendeleyev to take part in its spreading as early as 1867.
It should be said that different units of measurements were used in the world till the end of the 19th century. Today there are three main systems: the metric system, the British system (with its inches, feet, yards, pounds) and the more recently adopted SI Units (System of International Units). However, nearly all the nations of the world use the metric system as the MKS’s (meter-kilogram-second) system is the simplest and most logical one.
Scientific and technological progress has drastically changed our life as well as our views both of ourselves as individuals in society and of the Universe as a whole.
Science and technology are closely related. Many up-to-date tech-nologies such as nuclear power and space flights would be impossible without science and the application of scientific knowledge and principles. Successes in pure science create new opportunities for the development of new ways of making things to be used in our daily life. Technology, in its turn, provides science with new and more accurate instruments for investigation and research.
The scientific revolution is considered to have begun in the 16th cen-tury. It was the time when science and technology began working together.
Thus, it is known that Galileo not only had made revolutionary dis-coveries in astronomy but had built an improved telescope and patented a system of water lifting. However, only in the 19th century science became the real basis for technology and inventors began to use scientific principles. Thomas Edison, for example, invented the first practical system of electrical lighting on the basis of Faraday’s discoveries. He was carrying out his inves-tigations in a research laboratory until he found the carbon filament (уголь-ная нить накала) for the electric bulb. This was the first truly modern technological research.
Generally speaking, the history of science and technology is an integral part of the history of mankind.
One of the vast energy sources is known as geothermal reservoirs. Geothermal reservoirs are extremely hot regions of the earth lying deep under the land’s surface. The earth’s temperature was found to increase by 1.8oF for every 100 feet of depth and that in geothermal reservoirs usually ranges from 150 to 750oF, sometimes reaching 2,000oF and even more.
Most geothermal reservoirs are located in the areas of recent volcanic activity. The energy in such reservoirs is presented by the heat or steam stored in rock and water. The heat accumulation in them is explained by a slow decay of radioactive elements, such as uranium and thorium, lying deep in the earth. Experts believe that only five to ten per cent of all geothermal reservoirs contain dry steam, more often they are filled with water heated from 350 to 700o F.
To obtain the energy and help the steam or water come to the surface, deep wells (скважина) have to be drilled. Drilling operations result in the pressure relief which gives a mixture containing 20 per cent of steam and the rest of hot water.
The use of geothermal energy for large-scale heating of buildings was pioneered in Iceland where because of the climate house heating is required for over 300 days a year. Forty per cent of the country’s population live in houses heated with local geothermal energy. Today power generating stations utilising wet steam are in operation in many countries, including Italy, Iceland, New Zealand, Russia, Japan.
Nobody expects geothermal energy to eliminate the need for fossil fuels. If developed, however, it will free vast amounts of oil and natural gas for other uses.
Тексты для чтения и анализа в аудитории
1. THE RICHES OF KUZBASS
Kuzbass is known as the most important industrial region of Siberia. There are huge agricultural lands and forests, rivers and lakes, it is rich in flora and fauna. Its main wealth, however, is hidden underground. These are natural resources of coal, iron and copper ores, aluminum, manganese, dolomite, etc.
It is the Kuzbass’s natural resources that determine the structure of its industry and the trades of its population. Mining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and building materials industries have been developed there. Huge iron-and-steel works, machine-building and building materials plants, timber-processing plants, numerous mines and collieries – all these are the indication of the region’s industrial potential today. Plastics, coal, some types of machinery are known both inside the country and on foreign market.
At present the technical level of fuel extraction is at a sufficiently high level in Kuzbass, but this is not the case with infrastructure. By infrastructure it is meant a complex of facilities serving industrial and agricultural production. It includes roads and waterways, canals and bridges, airports and railways, transport and communication, water and power supply, the development of general and specialized education, of research work and medical care. Nowadays some special measures are being taken to improve the situation.
The development of new deposits of natural resources to be discovered as well as new industrial enterprises to be constructed in Siberia will require the application of up-to-date theoretical and practical knowledge. That’s why the task of numerous higher schools, design and research institutions and laboratories is not only to carry out research in various branches of national economy but to provide the training of highly qualified specialists and scientific personnel.
Occupying as little as one per cent of the Siberian territory the Kemerovo region is the largest industrial complex of Russia. That is why one should remember that the development of this territory is of greatest importance not only for Russia but for other countries as well.
2. SOME FACTS FROM THE EUROPEAN TACIS PROGRAMME
The Tacis programme is a European Union initiative to provide grant-financed assistance for the process of transition to market economies in the thirteen partner countries including Russia. Here are some abstracts from its projects.
- At the heart of the Tacis programme is the individual. The various projects aimed at transferring know-how and technical assistance all come back to this.
- Projects cover a wide range of sectors. For example in environment, they have focused on tackling water pollution, industrial wastes and saving endangered natural ecosystems, often working in several countries together to maximize effectiveness. Given the huge costs of some projects, Tacis has acted as a catalyst to ensure that sufficient work can be undertaken for a project to be effective, for example in the Caspian Sea. Activities to strengthen nuclear safety in the countries having nuclear power stations are also aimed at safeguarding the environment.
- Modernizing and constructing infrastructure is another area. In order to foster trading, reliable, high-capacity infrastructure is essential, whether for transport of goods and people, or for telecommunication. In addition, it is essential for existing and new infrastructure to meet international standards.
- Georgia has suffered from disrupted supplies of the energy and lack of finance to upgrade existing facilities. Tacis has therefore funded an energy efficiency centre in Tbilisi, one of the tasks of which is to explore renewable energy sources. It has begun work in the hydro-power sector as well as at the projects of mini-hydropower, wood fuel, biogas, wind and geothermal energy sources.
- One project aims to develop two border crossings between Finland and Russia. One is above the Arctic Circle in Finland, and the other at the other end of Finland, crossing into Svetogorsk, in Russia. This is to help develop eastern Lapland and the southern Kola peninsula. The Svetogorsk crossing will help ease traffic through southern Finland and give an alternative to the heavily used St Petersburg route.
Within the Tacis programme there is a lot of other projects dealing with the most variable areas of economy: assistance to selected enterprises and entrepreneurs, restructuring of agriculture, tourism sector, education and others.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Английский язык для школьников и поступающих в вузы: Письменный и устный экзамен / И.В. Цветкова, И.А. Клепальченко и др.– М.: Глосса, 1997. – С. 116-129.
2. Книга для чтения по английскому языку для заочных технических вузов / Л.Н. Андрианова, Н.Ю. Багрова, Э.В. Ершова. – М.: Высш. шк., 1980. – 103 с.
3. Программа, методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов-заочников неязыковых специальностей. – М.: Высш. шк., 1989. – 112 с.
4. Учебник английского языка для заочных техничических вузов / Т.М. Новицкая, Н.Д. Кучин и др. – М.: Высш. шк., 1974. – 304. с.
5. Cooperation that Counts: A Focus on the European Tacis Programme, 1999. – Brussels: the Phare and Tacis Information Centre, 2000. – 37 p.
6. Eldorado in Siberia. – Kemerovo Siberian Business: Verlag Lutz Garnies, Neukeferloh. – Munchen, 1992. – 129 p.
7. Kuzbass Welcomes Business Partners. – Kemerovo: Joint-Stock Co. Respect, 1993. – 64 p.
8. Periodicals: Moscow News.
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Ольга Алексеевна Ставцева
и другие
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Методические указания и устные материалы
для выполнения контрольных работ № 1, 2, 3 для студентов
заочного обучения горно-строительного профиля
Редактор Е.Л. Наркевич
ИД № 06536 от 16.01.02.
Подписано в печать 01.11.02.
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ГУ Кузбасский государственный технический университет
650026, Кемерово, ул. Весенняя, 28
Типография ГУ Кузбасский государственный технический университет
650099, Кемерово, ул. Д. Бедного, 4А.