Digit deciml number in memory. Numbers were pssed between these units cross number of generlpurpose buses or trys s they were clled
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Text 12. ENIAC (part 2)
- Read the text, divide it into logical parts and entitle them.
- Translate the sentences in italics.
external description.
The ENIAC was a modular computer, composed of individual panels to perform different functions. Twenty of these modules were accumulators, which could not only add and subtract but hold a ten-digit decimal number in memory. Numbers were passed between these units across a number of general-purpose buses, or trays, as they were called. In order to achieve its high speed, the panels had to send and receive numbers, compute, save the answer, and trigger the next operation—all without any moving parts. Key to its versatility was the ability to branch; it could trigger different operations that depended on the sign of a computed result.
of what consists ENIAC?
Besides its speed, the most remarkable thing about ENIAC was its size and complexity. ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints. It weighed more than 30 short tons (27 t), was roughly 8.5 by 3 by 80 feet (2.6 m × 0.9 m × 24 m), took up 680 square feet (63 m2), and consumed 150 kW of power.[7] Input was possible from an IBM card reader, and an IBM card punch was used for output. These cards could be used to produce printed output offline using an IBM accounting machine, such as the IBM 405.
principle of work.
ENIAC used ten-position ring counters to store digits; each digit used 36 vacuum tubes, 10 of which were the dual triodes making up the flip-flops of the ring counter. Arithmetic was performed by "counting" pulses with the ring counters and generating carry pulses if the counter "wrapped around", the idea being to emulate in electronics the operation of the digit wheels of a mechanical adding machine. ENIAC had twenty ten-digit signed accumulators which used ten's complement representation and could perform 5,000 simple addition or subtraction operations between any of them and a source (e.g., another accumulator, or a constant transmitter) every second. It was possible to connect several accumulators to run simultaneously, so the peak speed of operation was potentially much higher due to parallel operation.
and again principle of work.
It was possible to wire the carry of one accumulator into another accumulator to perform double precision arithmetic, but the accumulator carry circuit timing prevented the wiring of three or more for higher precision. The ENIAC used four of the accumulators, controlled by a special Multiplier unit, to perform up to 385 multiplication operations per second. The ENIAC also used five of the accumulators, controlled by a special Divider/Square-Rooter unit, to perform up to forty division operations per second or three square root operations per second.
3. Retell the text in your own words. Use the following expressions:
- The title of the story is ENIAC
- The author begins his story by telling us about panels to perform different functions.
- Special attention is paid to of what consists ENIAC.
- One cannot but mention that ENIAC used 36 vacuum tubes and four of the accumulators.
- The fact is that It was possible to connect several accumulators to run simultaneously.
- I would add that ENIAC controlled by a special Multiplier unit.
- In conclusion I would add that ENIAC was a one-of-a-kind design and was never repeated.
The ENIAC was a modular computer, composed of individual panels to perform different functions. ЕNIAC был модульным компьютером, состоящим из отдельных панелей для выполнения различных функций.
Key to its versatility was the ability to branch; it could trigger different operations that depended on the sign of a computed result. Ключом к его универсальности была возможность расширяться; он может вызвать различные операции, которые зависят от знака вычисляемого результата.
Arithmetic was performed by "counting" pulses with the ring counters and generating carry pulses if the counter "wrapped around", the idea being to emulate in electronics the operation of the digit wheels of a mechanical adding machine. Арифметика в исполнении "подсчета" импульсов с кольцом счетчиков и генераций импульсов действует, если счетчик "обернут вокруг", идея в том, чтобы подражать в электронике работу цифры колеса механической счетной машины.
It was possible to connect several accumulators to run simultaneously, so the peak speed of operation was potentially much higher due to parallel operation. Можно было подключить несколько аккумуляторов для одновременного запуска, так что пик скорости работы был потенциально намного выше за счет параллельной работы.
It was possible to wire the carry of one accumulator into another accumulator to perform double precision arithmetic, but the accumulator carry circuit timing prevented the wiring of three or more for higher precision. Можно было подключить провод одного аккумулятора к другому аккумулятору для выполнения двойной точности арифметики, но схема аккумуляторной цепи рассчитывает предотвращение подключения трех или более для еще более высокой точности.
Multiplier – множитель
Divider/Square-Rooter -
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