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Англійська мова за кредитно-модульною системою. Посібник за програмою

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INTRODUCTION

В С Т У П

Метою навчального посібника є забезпечити формування іншомовної професійної комунікативної компетенції студентів педагогічного фаху і забезпечити досягнення ними рівня В2 згідно з визначеними рівнями володіння мовою у Загальноєвропейських рекомендаціях з мовної освіти. Згідно з українськими кваліфікаційними стандартами досягнення цього рівня володіння іноземною мовою є обов’язковим для тих, хто здобуває освітній ступінь бакалавра. Використання навчального посібника передбачає розвиток іншомовної комунікативної компетенції студентів на основі предметних знань та попереднього досвіду у межах ситуативного контексту, пов’язаного з навчанням і спеціалізацією.

Структурно посібник складається з вступу, 8 тематичних блоків, додаткових текстів для читання та обговорення, додатків. Кожний з тематичних розділів включає текст або ряд текстів для читання, вправи на розвиток лексико-граматичних навичок та умінь діалогічного і монологічного мовлення, вправи, розраховані на розвиток навичок і умінь спілкування іноземною мовою у ситуаціях повсякденної комунікації. Передтекстові завдання та післятекстові вправи спрямовані на актуалізацію мовних знань та мовленнєвих умінь і навичок, розв’язують завдання залучення студентів до активного іншомовного спілкування. Матеріали представлені у посібнику сприятимуть послідовному розвитку соціокультурної компетенції студентів.

Тексти і завдання другої частини посібника можуть бути використані як при організації самостійної та індивідуальної роботи студентів, так і з метою забезпечення диференціації і індивідуалізації при формуванні іншомовної комунікативної компетенції студентів. Вони безпосередньо пов’язані з тематичними блоками, представленими у першій частині посібника і логічно доповнюють їх.

Посібник розроблено на основі чинної «Програми з англійської мови для професійного спілкування» і може бути використаний як навчально-методичне забезпечення при вивченні дисципліни «Англійська мова» за кредитно-модульною системою.

STUDENTS’ LIFE

Pre-reading Activities

1. Read the following international words paying attention to their pronunciation. Try to guess their meanings. Check your variant of their meanings consulting the dictionary.

a businessman [΄b ı z n ı s m ə n]

an officer [΄) f ı s ə]

a manager [΄m æ n ı d з ə]

an economist [ı : ΄k ) n ə m ı s t]

a pensioner [΄p e n ∫ ə n ə]

a student [΄s t ј u : d ə n t]

physics [΄f ı z ı k s]

mathematics [m æ θ ı ΄m æ t ı k s]

natural [n æ t ∫ r ə l]

a lecture [΄l e k t ∫ ə]

social [΄s o u ∫ ə l]

academic [æ k ə ΄d e m ı k]

a faculty [΄f æ k ə l t ı]

a university [ј u n ı ΄v ə : s ı t ı]

2. Match the names of the following professions with their definitions.

A doctor

A manager

A librarian

A driver

A builder

A book-keeper

A nurse

a person who looks after babies or sick people

a person who keeps business accounts

a person whose business is building homes

a person who drives a car, bus or train

a person in charge of a library

a person who practises medicine

a person who controls or directs a business

3. Pay attention to the following synonyms:

a) to like something / doing something / to do something =

to be fond of something / doing something =

to be keen on something / doing something;

b) to take part in something = to participate in something.

Translate the following sentences into English giving all possible variants:

Model. Моя сестра любить співати.

likes singing / to sing.

My sister is fond of singing.

is keen on singing.

1) Я захоплююсь малюванням.

2) Мій молодший брат любить комп’ютерні ігри.

3) Мій батько любить читати цікаві книжки.

4) Моя бабуся любить дивитися телевізор.

5) Ми всі захоплюємося футболом.

6) Першокурсники беруть участь у святковому концерті.

7) Мій друг бере участь у змаганнях з баскетболу.

4. Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations:

to introduce [ı n t r ə΄ d ј u : s] представляти

to be born [b ) : n] народитися

to consist of [k ə n΄ s ı s t] складатися з

grandparents [΄g r æ n ِ p ε ə r ə n t s] дідусь і бабуся

to knit [n ı t] в’язати

to sew [s o u] шити

secondary [΄s e k ə n d ə r ı] середній

to pass entrance exams [΄e n t r ə n s] скласти вступні іспити

first-year student [΄f ə : s t] першокурсник (- ниця)

early [ə : l ı] рано

usually [΄j u : з u ə l ı] звичайно

double period [΄d b l ΄p ı ə r ı ə d] пара (елемент навчального процесу)

a break [b r e ı k] перерва

a canteen [k æ n΄ t ı : n] їдальня

to have a snack [s n æ k] перекусити, перехопити щось (поїсти)

a notice board [΄n o u t ı s ΄b ) : d] дошка об’яв

a time-table [΄t a ı m ِ t e ı b l] розклад

etc. (et cetera) [ı t ΄s ə t r ə] (лат.) і так далі

to be over закінчуватися

to hurry [h r ı] поспішати

to stay behind [b ı΄ h a ı n d] залишатися

an enterprise [΄ e n t ə p r a ı z] підприємство

to spend time проводити час

to read up підготуватися

to have a rest відпочивати

Reading Activities

Read the following text and try to understand its general meaning. Make up and write down your own story about your family and studies. Make use of the words and word-combinations given in the brackets.

STUDENTS’ LIFE

Let me introduce myself. My name is ______ . I am seventeen (eighteen, nineteen) years old. I was born in 1991 in the city of Kharkiv (in the town of …, in the village of …).

My family is large (small, neither large nor small). It consists of seven persons: my father and mother, grandmother and grandfather, brother and sister. My father is forty-seven. He is a worker (a farmer, a businessman, a manager, an employee, a teacher, a builder, an officer, a driver). He works at the plant (at the office, at the research institute, on the farm). My mother is forty-five. She is a doctor (a nurse, a librarian, an economist, a book-keeper, a shop-assistant, a cook, a house-wife). She works at the hospital (at the shop, at the library, at the canteen, at school. She doesn’t work. She takes care of children). My sister is eleven. She is a school-girl. My brother is nineteen. He serves in the Army. My grandparents are retired.

My family is very friendly. We often spend time together but every member of my family has a hobby of his own. My father is fond of fishing (hunting, driving, playing tennis). My mother likes knitting, sewing and gardening. As for me, I am keen on modern music (drawing, dancing, reading interesting books and magazines, watching TV, playing computer games, etc.).

At the age of six I went to school. After finishing secondary school I passed entrance exams to Kharkiv G.S. Skovoroda National Pedagogical University. Now I am a first-year student at the faculty of physics and mathematics (natural sciences, primary education).

We study six days a week. The students study in two shifts. My working day begins early: the first lecture starts at eight o’clock in the morning. We usually have three or four double periods with breaks between them. During these breaks students can go to the canteen to have a snack or have a look at the notice board. There we can read various kinds of notices, our time-table, to learn what is going on at the University, etc.

When our daily programme is over, some students hurry home, but some stay behind to read up for the next classes in the reading hall or to participate in social and academic work. The students take exams three times a year: in December, April and June. The number of exams is never greater than five.

We have holidays in winter, spring and summer. In summer students have a rest and work at various enterprises. Some of them spend their holidays working with children in summer camps.

I try to study well and take an active part in the social life of the faculty and the University.

Post-reading Activities

1. Find in the text you have composed the answers to the following questions:

1) When and where were you born?

2) Is your family large or small?

3) How many persons does your family consist of?

4) How old are your parents?

5) What are your parents?

6) Do you have any brothers or sisters? If you have say a few words about them.

7) Do you have grandparents? How old are they?

8) What is your hobby?

9) Do your parents have any hobbies?

10) When did you go to school?

11) When did you finish secondary school?

12) Where do you study?

13) How many days a week do you study?

14) How many double periods do you have every day?

15) When does your first lecture begin?

16) When are your classes over?

17) What can you do during breaks?

18) What do students do after their classes?

19) When do students take exams?

20) How many times a year do they have holidays?

21) Where can students work in summer?

2. Practise the above questions with your group-mate. Work in pairs!

3. Translate the following words and phrases from Ukrainian into English. Make up ten sentences with the English equivalents of the following words:

середня школа

скласти вступні іспити

першокурсник (першокурсниця)

перерва

дошка об’яв

розклад

читальна зала

брати участь у суспільній роботі

працювати на різних підприємствах

літній табір

4. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English:

1) Моя родина складається з п’яти осіб.

2) Мій батько працює у дослідному інституті, а моя мати – вчитель.

3) Його бабуся та дідусь не працюють, вони – пенсіонери.

4) Моя сестра пішла до школи, коли їй було шість.

5) Після закінчення школи мій брат працював будівельником, а потім служив в Армії.

6) Студенти вчаться шість днів на тиждень.

7) Перша лекція починається о восьмій годині ранку.

8) Наша денна програма закінчується о третій годині.

9) Ми складаємо іспити тричі на рік.

10) Влітку студенти відпочивають та працюють у літніх таборах.

5. Read and translate the following dialogue about students’ life:

Jane: Hello, Mary!

Mary: Hi, Jane!

Jane: Haven’t seen you for ages. How are you?

Mary: Fine, thank you. And what’s about you?

Jane: I’m fine. You know, I finished secondary school in June, had a short rest and then …

Mary: Sorry for interrupting, but I’m sure you took your entrance exams to a university or academy, didn’t you?

Jane: You are quite right. I have always dreamt of becoming a teacher. And my dreams have come true. I have passed entrance exams to Kharkiv G.S.Skovoroda National Pedagogical University. Now I’m a first-year student.

Mary: My congratulation! What a surprise! I’m a student of the same University too. It’s strange I didn’t meet you during entrance exams … And what faculty do you study at?

Jane: I study at the faculty of Physics and Mathematics. My major is Informatics.

Mary: I see. It’s but natural. As far as I know, you’ve always been crazy about computers. As for me, I hate sciences. I’m fond of drawing and love small kids. So I chose the Faculty of Primary Education. I’ll be a teacher of primary school. Besides, I’ll specialize in arts and drawing.

Jane: Is it difficult to study at your faculty?

Mary: No. As for me, the first months at the University were a fun …

Jane: Excuse me, I must be going. The second double period will begin in a few minutes.

Mary: I’m in a hurry too. I hope we’ll meet one of these days and discuss our student’s life in detail. Good-bye, Jane!

Jane: So long, Mary. It was a pleasure to see you.

6. Make up your own dialogue about students’ life making use of the text, questions and the dialogue above.

7. Decide if the following statements are true or false according to the text „Students’ Life”:

true

false

1) Students don’t study on Sundays.

2) Students have six double periods every day.

3) The third double period is over at 12.40.

4) Students take exams once a year.

5) The first lecture starts at seven o’clock in the morning.

6) A break between double periods lasts for forty-five minutes.

7) Students have holidays three times a year.

8. Read and translate (using the notes to the text) the following report of Ukrainian students’ summer activities. The text was originally published in the weekly „English. Language and Culture” (2007, № 31-32).

Notes to the Text

to relax – відпочивати

to improve – удосконалювати

to represent – представляти

experience – досвід

tireless – невтомний

to inspire – надихати

For the second time students from Ukraine, Canada, Poland, and the USA came to Kosiv to relax, meet new friends and improve their English or Ukrainian. The camp was organized by Professor Roman from Winnipeg, Canada, and by his coordinator from Ukraine, Oksana Ruda, the former director of the private school „Persha Lastivka” from Ivano-Frankivs’k. Students who came to the camp represented different regions of Ukraine and provinces of Canada. They didn’t know each other before they met but by the end of their stay in the camp they became friends and were one big family of nearly 100 students.

All the students were happy to be in the camp – both those who had never been there and the ones who came for the second time said that it was the best experience of their lives. They had a lot of fun: interesting activities were prepared by a tireless, energetic and inspiring teacher – Oksana Androshchuk, who came from Austria to be with her friends. The campers liked the morning exercises prepared by Vitaliy Rediuk, a student from Ivano-Frankivs’k and they enjoyed trips to different places, sports competitions and parties.

It was not easy to say goodbye on our last day in the camp, students and teachers were crying and didn’t want to leave. We came to the camp knowing only a few people, but at the end we all became friends and now we get letters and e-mails from different parts of the world. The person who has a friend is said to be rich and what about the one who has a hundred friends?

9. Find the answers to the following questions in the above text:

1) What countries did the students come to Kosiv from?

2) Who was the director of the private school ”Persha Lastivka”?

3) Where did Oksana Androshchuk come to the summer camp from?

4) What did Vitaliy Rediuk prepare?

5) What can you say about various activities of the campers?

10. Read and translate (using the notes to the text) the following stories of the first-year students of various British universities. The text was originally published in the British youth magazine „Current” (2001, № 32).

Notes to the Text

self-motivated – самостійний, цілеспрямований, сумлінний

tutor [΄t j u : t ə] – керівник групи студентів

tutorial [t j u :΄ t ) r ı ə l] – заняття (індивідуальне або у малій групі)

to force – примушувати

to afford [ə΄ f ) : d] – дозволяти собі

to sit back – відпочивати, розслаблюватись

to fall behind – відставати

hall of residence – університетський гуртожиток

social place – місто для зустрічей

one-to-one teaching – індивідуальні заняття з викладачем

to lure [΄ l j u ə] – спокушати

to have fun – веселитися, розважатися

responsible – відповідальний

FIRST YEAR AT UNIVERSITY

Jeremy Farrington: You need to be very self-motivated in your first year. The tutors are very good. They give you great ideas. But at the end of the day, they can’t force you to do the work. You can’t afford to sit back and not to do the work for a week. It’s very easy to fall behind.

Ben Wilcox: I’m living in a hall of residence. In the hall there are flats, with five people sharing a kitchen and a bathroom. The kitchen is probably the most social place. We’re all busy people but we don’t mind cooking for each other.

There’s a lot of one-to-one teaching. We have two tutorials a week but if you want to see your tutor for extra help you can arrange a tutorial any time. The lectures haven’t been so important in our first year.

Malin Paulsson: My advice to school leavers about to start their first year at university? You shouldn’t be lured by people who seem to be going out all the time and not doing any work. People do work, even if they don’t seem to. The first weeks are a party, having fun and meeting people. But you need to be responsible about your studies as well as having fun.

11. Find the answers to the following questions in the above text:

1) Why can’t a student sit back even for a week?

2) What, according to Ben Wilcox, is more important during the first year of university studies: lectures or tutorials?

3) How do British students live in a hall of residence?

4) What is the difference between tutorials and one-to-one teaching?

5) What is Malin Paulsson’s opinion of studies and social life?

12. Compare the life of British students with your own students’ life. What is similar and what is different between these two ways of life? The questions below will help you to make the comparison:

1) What is more important during your first-year studies: lectures or tutorials?

2) Do you have any one-to-one teaching?

3) How many students share a kitchen in your hall of residence?

4) What is the most important social place for the students of your faculty?

5) What is your own opinion of your first weeks at Kharkiv Pedagogical University?

13. Be ready to speak about your student’s life.

Focus on Grammar

Insert articles a/an or leave a space (without a word).

Example: Tom is a nice boy. His parents are – nice people too.

In summer students work with _____ children in _____ summer camps.
Have you got _____ camera?
My aunt is _____ book-keeper. All my relatives are either _____ book-keepers or _____ economists.
Students study _____ six days _____ week.
My brother has _____ many friends.
Do you collect _____ stamps?
Jane is _____ teacher. Here parents are _____ teachers too.
I am _____ first-year student. All my group-mates are _____ first-year students too.
Let’s have _____ look at the notice-board!
My parents have _____ hobbies of their own.
Complete the following sentences. Write what his or her job is.

Example: Ann teaches biology. She is a teacher.

Jane looks after patients in hospital. She _____ .
Mr. Smith gives lectures for students. He _____ .
I study at the Pedagogical University. I _____ .
His sisters study at school. They _____ .
My father builds houses. He ______ .
Her grandparents work on a farm. They _____ .
Ann’s mother works at the shop. She _____ .
My elder brother drives a lorry. He _____ .
Pete and Nick translate books from English into Ukrainian. They _____ .
Helen works at the library. She _____ .

If you do not remember the correct words find them in the list below:

translator, driver, shop-assistant, doctor, lecturer, builder,

school-girl, farmer, librarian, student

Transform the following sentences from singular into plural making use of the words in brackets.

Example: My elder sister is a student (we). We are students.

I have many favourite films on CDs (She).
My grandmother works on a farm (my grandparents).
John is solving an equation (Mike and Jack).
Look! A young man is coming into the reading hall (men).
A child was making a sand castle (children).
He was born in 1992 (his twin sisters).
My father is fond of fishing (all members of my family).
This university trains teachers (all pedagogical universities).
I don’t know a new professor (our group-mates).
Does he attend lectures six days a week (his friends)?

Correct the following sentences. Write two correct sentences each time.

Example: The sun goes round the earth. The sun doesn’t go round the earth. The earth goes round the sun.

Students study two days a week.
The first lecture starts at ten in the morning.
The sun rises in the west.
We take exams six times a year.
During the breaks students stay at their classrooms.
In summer students study in the Pedagogical University.
In winter we swim in the river.
Students take text-books at the canteen.
We sing and dance in the reading-hall.
My friends play volley-ball at the skating-rink.

Transform the following sentences into questions. Begin your questions with the words in brackets.

Example: My brother plays tennis. (How often?)

How often does my brother play tennis?

I get up at six o’clock. (What time?)

What time do you get up?

We study six days a week. (How many days?)
Our working day begins early. (When?)
After their lectures students read up in the reading-hall. (Where?)
Students have exams three times a year. (How often?)
The first lecture starts at eight in the morning. (When?)
In summer students work in summer camps with children. (With whom?)
We often have a look at the notice-board to know what is going on at the faculty. (Why?)
During the breaks students go to the canteen. (Where?)
My elder brother works at the office. (Where?)
Her family consists of eight persons. (How many persons?)

Decide whether the verbs in these sentences are right or wrong. Correct those which are wrong. The verb is underlined.

Example: I don’t know your telephone number. right

Don’t make so much noise. I study. wrong (am studying)

My elder brother works as an engineer. _______
Turn off the TV, please. I’m reading. ________
Her mother is working as a teacher. _______
I’m liking music and dancing. _______
The students usually have three double periods every day. _______
Look! Jane tries to open the window. _______
Can you hear the lecturer? What does he talk about? _______
I’m in a hurry. The lecture starts at eight. I go to the University. ______
My friends are taking exams three times a year: in winter, spring and summer.
I’m trying to study well at the faculty of natural sciences.

Read a sentence about the present and then write a sentence about the past.

Example: Nick usually gets up at seven.

Yesterday he got up at six.

The first lecture starts at eight in the morning. Yesterday _______ .
In summer my sister works at a children’s camp. Last summer _______ .
In the evening John listens to the music. Last night _______ .
My mother goes out into her garden every morning. Two days ago _______.
Mary usually wakes up early. Yesterday morning _______ .
His brother usually goes out in the evening. Yesterday evening _______ .
My grandfather works on a farm. When he lived in the country _______ .
Her sister often goes to the theatre. A week ago _______ .
Jack is never late for work. Yesterday _______ .
Kate has many friends. When she studied at school _______ .

Use the correct form (Past, Future or Present Simple) of the verb in brackets.

Example: Yesterday we_______ a composition (write).

Yesterday we wrote a composition.

Last summer they _______ their holidays working with children in a camp on the Black Sea cost (spend).
Next winter my younger sister _______ to the Carpathian mountains (go).
In a year we _______ second-year students (become).
When it rained students _______ for a walk and _______ in the hall (not to go, dance).
Tomorrow our group _______ an exam in History of Ukraine (take).
When he was a boy, my father _______ of collecting stamps (be fond).
During breaks students _______ with each other and _______ a snack in the canteen (talk, have).
Next summer my elder brother _______ on a farm (work).
When it was 9.20 students _______ a break (have).
In 2012 Ukraine _______ everyone to a football competition (invite).

Read a sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning.

Example: Students attend lectures.

Lectures are attended (by students).

John translates a difficult text.
Jane and Mary read an interesting book.
Yesterday pupils wrote a dictation.
On Monday we discussed an important problem.
Tomorrow Professor Smith will correct our tests.
Schoolchildren often write compositions.
They built that house in 1958.
Students will take exams in December.
They invited Ann to the party.
We shall complete the work in time.

When were these famous people born? Choose the right year for each person:

1940 1564 1856 1814 1722 1871 1929

Example: Alexander Pushkin was born in 1799.

Ivan Franco _______ .
John Lennon _______ .
Martin Luther King _______ .
Grigory Skovoroda _______ .
William Shakespeare _______ .
Taras Shevchenko ________ .
Lesya Ukrainka _______ .

And now answer the following questions:

When was your mother born?

When was your best friend born?

When were you born?

English in Use

Adressing People

Study the following forms of address.

When addressing people in English, we use Mr./Mrs./Miss followed by the surname:

Mr. ['mıstə] Brown – to a man;

Mrs. ['mısız] Brown – to a married woman;

Miss ['mıs] Brown – to a girl or unmarried woman.

Other forms of address are:

Sir – used to a man who is clearly older than oneself.

Professor – used either with or without the surname, depending on how formal or informal one wishes to be (Simply Professor is more formal).

Mrs or Miss (Brown) – used when addressing women-teachers.

Ladies and Gentlemen – to an audience.

Mr. or Madam Chairman – to the chairman of a meeting.

Waiter / Waitress / Porter / Nurse etc. – to people in certain occupations. Now people simply try to catch the waiter’s eyes, for example, or say Excuse me, (please).

Officer – to a policeman.

2. Choose the best answer.

1) When you address a middle-aged whose name you do not know, you say:

a) Mister; b) Sir; c) Officer.

2) If you want to address an eminent British scientist (Doctor John Lonsdale), you say:

a) Mr. Lonsdale; b) Dr. Lonsdale; c) John.

3) If you want to address a visiting English teacher Helen Parker (unmarried), you call her:

a) Helen; b) Miss Helen; c) Miss Parker.

Getting Acquainted with People

1. Read and translate the following dialogues making use of the Word List below.

– Let me introduce myself to you. I am Olga Bilyk.

– How do you do, Miss Bilyk. My name is Bill Porter.

How do you do, Mr. Porter. I am a teacher of English. And what are you? (What is your trade?)
- I am a college instructor.
- Pleased to know you, Mr. Porter.
- Glad to get acquainted with you, Miss Bilyk.

– Mr. Jones, this is Mr. Brown.
- We’ve met before, haven’t we?
- Sure. We played a game of tennis the other day.
- And you won the game.
- That’s right.
– Allow me to introduce John Clark to you, Mr. Smith.
- How do you do, Mr. Smith. Nice to meet you.
- How do you do, Mr. Clark. Pleased to know you. How do you like this city?
- I like it very much, though I haven’t seen much of it.
- I can help you. We’ll make a car tour of the city one of the days.
- It will be great!

Word List

What are you? = What is your trade? – Хто ви за фахом?
Glad to get acquainted with you. – Приємно з вами познайомитись.
I haven’t seen much of it. – Я ще небагато бачив (у місті).
We’ll make a car tour of the city. – Ми поїдемо на екскурсію по місту на машині.
It will be great! – Це буде чудово!

2. Practise the dialogues above and learn any two of them by heart.

3. Complete the following dialogues with suitable words or phrases from the Word List and the dialogues above.

– Let me ________ myself to you. I am Nick Petrenko.

– How do you do, Mr. Petrenko. I am John Bush.

________, Mr. Bush.
- Pleased to ________, Nick.
- ________ to get acquainted with you, John.

– Allow me to ________ Robert Black to you, Ms. Johnson.
- How do you do, Mr. Black?
- ________, Ms. Johnson.
- How do you like this city?
- ________, though I haven’t seen much of it.
- I’ll help you. Let’s make a tour of the city.
- ________ . Thank you, Ms. Johnson.

4. Learn the dialogues you have completed by heart.

Parting with People

1. Read and translate the following dialogues making use of the Word List below.

– Thank you for an enjoyable evening!

– Thank you for coming.

Hope we’ll meet soon.
- Let’s hope for the best.

– Jane, I’m sorry to part with you. I must hurry. (I must be going). I’ve got an appointment with my tutor for 1 p.m. Good-Bye!
- So long (see you), Mary.

– I am going to the country for the weekend.
- A happy weekend to you.
- The same to you.
- Thank you.

Word List

Thank you for an enjoyable evening! – Дякую за приємний вечір.
Let’s hope for the best. – Сподіваємось на краще.
I must hurry. = I must be going – Мені треба поспішати.
So long. – До побачення.
The same to you. – (Бажаю) те ж саме тобі.

2. Practise the dialogues above and learn any two of them by heart.

3. Complete the following dialogues with suitable words or phrases from the Word List and the dialogues above.

– It’s half past nine, isn’t it?

– Yes, it is.

__________. I’m very sorry about it.
- It was __________ to talk with you.
- __________ has all been mine. Bye for now.

– Are you going my way?
- I’m afraid not. I’ve got to do some shopping.
- __________ . Bye-bye!
- __________ tomorrow.

– Mary, I’m going to the Crimea for my holidays.
- Have a __________, Jane! And I’ll go to the country.
- Thanks. __________ to you.
- Thank you.

4. Learn the dialogues you have completed by heart.

Greetings

1. Read and translate the following dialogues making use of the Word List below.

– Good morning, Nick!

– Good morning, Helen.

How are you?
- Fine. Thanks. How are you?
- Very much the same. Thank you.

– Good evening, Mrs. Smith!
- Good evening, Mr. Jones!
- How is life treating you?
- Life is going its usual way. How are you getting on?
- Nothing to boast of. Thanks.

– Hello, everybody!
- Hi, Pete!
- Excuse my being late. I was delayed by the traffic.
- Never mind.

Word List

How are you? How are you getting on? How is life treating you? – Як справи? Як живеш?
Nothing to boast of. – Пишатися нічим.
Very much the same. Life is going its usual way. – Все як звичайно.
Excuse my being late. – Вибачте, що запізнився.
I was delayed by the traffic. – Я запізнився через дорожній рух.

2. Practise the dialogues above and learn any two of them by heart.

3. Complete the following dialogues with suitable words or phrases from the Word List and the dialogues above.

– Good afternoon, Miss Bright!

– __________ , Mr. Webster.

How’s life?
- __________. Thank you.

– Hi, Jane!
- Hi, Victor!
- It’s a long tome since I saw you last. Where have you been all this time?
- I have just returned from Great Britain.
- Was it a business trip?
- Exactly.
- Was it successful?
- I am afraid not. __________ to boast of.
- __________ to hear it.

4. Learn the dialogues you have completed by heart.

Apologies

1. Read and translate the following dialogues making use of the Word List below.

– I’m sorry. I’m late. I had to wait ages for a bus.
- That’s all right. We haven’t started yet. Come on in, take your seat and get ready.
– I’m terribly sorry. I’ve forgotten to bring the book I promised you.
- Don’t worry. I’ve got another one to read.
– I’m awfully sorry but I’ve broken a cup.
- Never mind. I never did like those cups away.
– I do apologies for not letting you know before. I couldn’t get through to you on the phone.

– It’s quite all right.

– Oh, dear! I’ve split tea on the tablecloth. I’m ever so sorry.

– It doesn’t matter. The cloth needs washing anyway.

Word List

I’m (awfully, terribly) sorry. = Excuse me. – Вибачте.
Don’t worry. = Never mind. = It’s all right. = It doesn’t matter. – Не хвилюйтесь. (Все гаразд.)
I had to wait ages for a bus. – Я був змушений дуже довго чекати на автобус.
I never did like those cups anyway. – Насправді ці чашки мені ніколи не подобались.

2. Practise the dialogues above and learn any two of them by heart.

3. Complete the following dialogues with suitable words or phrases from the Word List and the dialogues above.

– _________ for losing my temper last night.
- You are, aren’t you. Well, I wish you’d learn to control yourself.

– Excuse me. That’s my seat.
- Oh, is it? _________ sorry.

– I’m _________ sorry to cause you all this trouble.
- No _________ at all.

4. In pairs, express apology using one item from each column. Let your group-mate respond.

very I’ve lost the key

ever so I can’t remember the address

I’m terribly sorry but I’ve forgotten to buy bread

awfully I’ve let the dog out

dreadfully I’ve eaten all the cake

5. What would you say in the following situations? Work in pairs. Let your group-mate reply.

I. You are late for a class.

II. You didn’t hear what your neighbour said.

III. You have spilt coffee on a friend’s dress.

IV. You lost an umbrella which your sister lent you.

V. You are leaving your guests alone for some time (to finish getting the supper ready).

OUR UNIVERSITY

Pre-reading Activities

1. Read and answer the questions:

1. Is education important? Why?

2. What levels of education are there in University education?

3. What does a person have to do to get each level of education?

4. Why did you decide to get higher education?

5. What documents did you have to provide to apply to the University?

6. Why did you enter Kharkiv G.S. Skovoroda National Pedagogical University?

How did you make your choice?

2. Read the words and phrases and make some sentences about yourself using them. Pay attention to the pronunciation:

to enter the University поступити до університету

to do a course in … вивчати певний урс/проходити

курс навчання

to attend classes / lectures / seminars відвідувати заняття/ лекції/

семінари

tuition/ instruction/ teaching навчання

to miss classes пропускати заняття

a recognized qualification / diploma визнана кваліфікація/диплом

a school-leaving certificate атестат про закінчення школи

(with honours) (з відзнакою)

to apply (to University) вступати (намагатися) (до університету)

to admit / accept (to University) приймати до університету

to award the degree присвоїти ступінь

an academic year навчальний рік

a term семестр

a class практичне заняття

a seminar семінар

a tutorial консультація

a hall of residence гуртожиток

lodgings наймана кімната в приватній

оселі

a shared (rented) flat наймана квартира, в якій проживають кілька студентів

a grant стипендія

a scholarship іменна стипендія

an award премія

a postgraduate course курс навчання в

аспірантурі (в Україні)

to take exams /a test складати тест

to pass a test / entrance examinations скласти тест

to sit (for) an exam екзаменуватися

to fail a test / an exam провалити тест

a test score кількість балів, набраних при

складанні тесту

Reading Activities

Read and translate the text:

OUR UNIVERSITY

Kharkiv G.S. Skovoroda National Pedagogical University is the oldest pedagogical education establishment in Ukraine. Its history dates back to 1804 when Kharkiv V.N. Karazin National University was set up.

On the 24th of January 1803 the Regulations declaring that „every university shall have a „teacher training” or pedagogical institute in its structure” were approved.

The charter of Kharkiv University approved by the decree of the tsar Olexander I in 1804 included the separate chapter „On the Pedagogical Institute” which proclaimed the aim, structure and foundations of the activity of Pedagogical Institute. This is considered to be “the date of birth” of our university.

The institute changed the title several times; however its main mission has always remained the same: to train highly qualified teachers. For this period of time it has trained more than 160,000 young people who became teachers and contributed a lot to the development of education and culture in Ukraine (at different times our university was functioning as „higher pedagogical courses” (in the 60-s of the 19th century), „Kharkiv Institute of Public Education” (1921), „Kharkiv State Pedagogical Institute” (1932), „Kharkiv State Pedagogical University” (1994)). In 2004 our university was granted the status of the National Pedagogical University.

Rector is in charge of the University. Nowadays there are 15 faculties headed by deans. The faculties carry out training of full-time students, correspondence department students (students of extra-mural department), and postgraduates. There are more than 15,000 students in KhSNPU. Every faculty provides training for Bachelor’s (BA), Specialist’s and Master’s (MA) degrees. To get a Bachelor’s degree one needs to do a four-year course of study, to get a Specialist’s or Master’s degree one has to study a year or two longer.

Students in our University study in 2 shifts. Usually they have 3 double-periods a day. They attend practical classes, seminars, and lectures. The students are also actively engaged in out of class activities: they take part in disputes, contests, Olympiads, concerts. The curriculum includes general educational, professional pedagogical courses and courses of students’ specialization. Besides all students study the Ukrainian language, foreign languages, History of Ukraine and have PE trainings.

To get ready for their classes or prepare their course projects or diploma papers the students can work in the reading halls of the library. The university is accommodated in 6 buildings and each of them has at least one reading hall, so the students can easily use the resources and reference materials.

There is a lot of modern equipment which facilitates students’ learning: computers, multimedia classes, Internet.

Those, who wish to continue their education or get higher education in the sphere different from their diploma degree, can go on with their education in the Institute of Postgraduate Education which offers degree courses for full-time and part-time students or combined full-time and correspondence courses.

The graduates of the University work in kindergartens, primary and secondary schools, in out of school clubs and higher educational establishments. They value their profession and are proud of their alma mater.

Post-reading Activities

1. Answer the questions:

1. When was our university founded?

2. Did it function as a separate institution at that time?

3. How many teachers has it trained for this period?

4. When was our university granted the present day status?

5. How many students are there in Kharkiv G.S. Skovoroda National University?

6. How many faculties/ departments provide training of future teachers?

7. Who is in charge of the University?

8. Who is at the head of each faculty/ department?

9. What degrees are awarded at the University?

10. What is the course of study at the University?

11. How many double-periods do students have a day?

12. What are the main forms of tuition in the University?

13. Where do students live?

14. Where can students get ready for their classes?

15. What disciplines do students study?

16.What is your future speciality? Why did you choose it?

2. Decide if the following statements are true or false according to the text above:

1. The Kharkiv Pedagogical University was set up in 1803.

2. The mission of our university has changed with the time: nowadays it is to train teachers for Slobozhanshchyna.

3. In the 20th century our university was granted the status of the National Pedagogical University.

4. The course of study to get a Bachelor’s degree precedes the course of study to get a Master’s degree.

5. The teaching programme provides students with training in professional and pedagogical disciplines.

6. The heads of the faculties are deans.

7. All students have to learn foreign languages.

8.The Institute of Postgraduate education is a separate educational establishment.

3. Find in the text the words corresponding to the following definitions:

1) written or printed statement of rights, permission especially from a ruler or government;

2) an organization for a special educational purpose;

3) the programme of study in a school, college, and university;

4) a special task assigned to an individual or institution;

5) to give teaching and practice to somebody;

6) the head of the educational establishment;

7) the first university degree;

8) a holder of the second university degree;

9) not to miss classes;

10) a student who doesn’t work;

11) an academic title, rank or grade given by a university to a person who has done a course;

12) to have a high opinion of something

Key: to train, to attend classes, Bachelor (BA), to value, a charter, Master (MA, MSc), a rector, an institute, a curriculum, a mission, a full time student, a degree

4. Find in the text the synonyms for the given words and phrases:

to teach –

to confer (a degree) –

to grant the status –

to be responsible for –

to be present at lectures –

to be located –

to continue –

vacation –

5. Form the nouns from the given verbs and use them in the word combinations and sentences of your own. Use the suffixes -ance, -tion, -ing if necessary:

to attend to offer

to apply to graduate

to award to function

to educate to train

to teach to grant

6. Form the verbs from the given nouns:

education contribution head

approval award

7. Translate the given words and phrases into English:

складати екзамен, скласти іспит, проходити навчання, відвідувати заняття, поступати до університету, офіційно визнана кваліфікація, вступати до університету, присвоювати ступінь, перший університетський ступінь, консультація, практичне заняття, семінар, наймана квартира, гуртожиток (ВНЗ), наказ, статут, схвалювати, залишатися, робити внесок, забезпечувати підготовку, готувати вчителів, факультет, кафедра, навчальна пара, позааудиторна діяльність, готуватися, бібліотека, читальний зал, довідкова література, студенти денного відділення, студенти заочного відділення, навчальна програма, пишатися, цінувати.

8. Fill in the correct preposition:

1. The students of Kharkiv G.S. Skovoroda National Pedagogical University do courses ______ Physics, Mathematics, Primary School Teaching, Natural Sciences, etc.

2. Our University dates back ______ the 19th century.

3. Rector and vice-rectors are ______ charge ______ the quality of teaching provided by the University.

4. Normally it takes time and efforts to get ready ______ entrance exams.

5. My brother studies ______ our university too.

6. The qualified teachers – former students of our university – work ______ schools of Ukraine.

9. Read some more facts about our university and make up questions to the underlined words:

8 institutes make up the structure of Kharkiv G.S. Skovoroda National Pedagogical University: the Institute of Ukrainian Kozatstvo; the Institute of World Languages; the Institute of Economics and Law; the Institute of Continuing Education (of Postgraduate Education); the Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics; the Institute of Arts; the Research Institute of Kharkivshchyna Education;
there are 60 departments in the university;
the university trains specialists in 56 specialities and specializations;
there are more than 800 lecturers, 25 of them are academicians and correspondent members of the Academies of Science, 107 doctors of science, professors and more than 300 candidates of science, associate-professors;
a number of outstanding scholars worked in the University – D.I. Bagaliy (department of history of Ukraine), M.F. Sumtsov (department of Ukraininan literature history), V.P. Buseskul, S.M. Bernstein, O.M. Nykolsky, V.K. Zalesky, M.F. Bilousov, D.M. Syntsov and others;
among the students of the University there were 7 Heroes of the Soviet Union;
the Olympic champions M. Gorochovska (1952), Yu. Poyarkov (1964, 1968), Yu. Vengerovsky (1964), Yu. Matushevas (1968), L. Zhabotynsky (1964, 1968), O. Kurishko (1972) were the students of our university.

10. a) Look at the table and mark the difference in how teachers and staff are called in the UK, USA and Ukraine.

MEANING	UK	USA	UKRAINE (recommended)
почесний ректор	Chancellor
ректор		President	Rector (President)
проректор:	Vice-Chancellor	Vice-President	Vice-Rector (Vice-President)
з питань реєстрації студентів	Registrar
з загальних фінансових питань	Treasurer	Provost
з фінансування господарчої роботи	Bursar
декан	Dean	Dean	Dean
зам. декана	Assistant Dean	Assistant Dean	Assistant Dean
посада професора	Chair (of Philology, etc.)	Chair (of Philology, etc.)	Chair (of Philology Department, etc.)
професор	Professor	Full Professor	Full Professor
доцент	Reader	Associate Professor	Associate Professor
ст. викладач	Senior Lecturer	Assistant Professor	Assistant Professor
викладач	Assistant Lecturer	Instructor	Instructor
куратор, т’ютор	Tutor	Academic Advisor	Tutor
лаборант кафедри (секретар)	Department secretary	Department secretary	Department secretary
лаборант (відповідає за устаткування тощо)	Lab (oratory) assistant	Lab (oratory) assistant	Lab (oratory) assistant

б) Translate the sentences:

1. Моя сестра працювала лаборантом, який відповідає за устаткування. Після аспірантури вона працювала викладачем, а пізніше старшим викладачем. Після цього вона працювала заступником декана.

2. У США ВНЗ очолює ректор, який має кілька проректорів. Професори, доценти, старші викладачі та викладачі здійснюють навчальний процес.

3. У Великобританії існує посада почесного ректора. Викладачі діляться на категорії: викладач, старший викладач, доцент, професор. Більшість з них є кураторами.

11. a) Study the structure of universities in the UK, USA and Ukraine:

MEANING	UK	USA	UKRAINE (recommended)
Вчена рада університету	Senate	Senate	Senate
факультет	Faculty/School/College	School/College	School
Вчена рада факультету	Faculty/School Board	School/College Board	School Board
кафедра	Department	Department	Department
завідувач кафедри	head of (the) department	head of (the) department	head of (the) department
засідання кафедри	staff meeting	department meeting	department meeting
Відділення:	department	department	department
денне відділення (стаціонар)	full-time department	full-time department	full-time department
вечірнє відділення			part-time department
стаціонар з неповним навантаженням		part-time department
заочне відділення	Open University (it’s a separate university, the only one in the UK)	Distance Learning/Education Dept	Correspondence Dept (Distant Learning/ Education Dept)
викладачі	(teaching) staff	faculty	faculty
співробітники	staff	staff	staff
курси (вечірні)	Evening (Night) Institute (School) (run by LEA)		evening school

b) Translate the sentences into English, use the table given above:

1.Звичайно структура університету включає вчену раду університету, факультети, вчені ради факультетів, кафедри.

2. Засідання кафедри проводяться (are held) раз на місяць.

3. У нашому університеті працюють денне та заочне відділення, xоча в інших університетах також є вечірнє відділення.

4. Студенти, викладачі та співробітники пишаються нашим університетом.

5. Ті, хто готуються до вступу в університет, можуть відвідувати вечірні курси.

12. Insert the given words:

academic free results exams scholarships

terms marks fee holidays

An (1)_________ year consists of three (2)______ . At the end of each term students have to get „passes” in some disciplines and to sit (3)______ in the others. Usually they have (4)______ after the exams. The longest holidays are in summer. For some students higher education is (5)_______ but the others pay for their education. It depends on their (6)______ at the entrance examinations. Those who get better (7)________ don’t pay any tuition (8)______. Besides these students if they study well get (9)_______.

13. Speaking:

Speak on the history of our University.
Speak on the university structure.
Speak on the university teachers and staff.
Speak on the teaching process at the University.

14. a) Think of the characteristics for teacher’s work, consult the dictionary.

Model: I think teacher’s work is creative.

Use the following phrases:

In my opinion …

I believe …

I personally think…

I could be wrong but I think…

To my mind …

b) Compare and contrast the school you studied at and Kharkiv G.S. Skovoroda National Pedagogical University.

Model: Studies at university are not similar to studies at school.

Use the following phrases:

… is (not) like , … is (not) similar to …, on the one hand …, on the other hand, as … as, not as … as

c) The teaching process is the process of joint activities of teachers and students directed at the achievement of teaching goals. Discuss how you understand this statement.

Model: On the one hand students and teachers take part in the teaching process, on the other hand their functions are different.

Use the following expressions:

on the one hand, … on the other hand …, consequently …, accordingly;

I think…; I believe …; I consider…; In my opinion…; To my mind…

15. Compare the structure of the academic year, marking systems and students’ work in the UK, USA and Ukraine.

(approximately)

FIRST TERM

OCT 5 – DEC 15

MID-SESSIONAL EXAMS

(MID-SESSIONALS)

CHRISTMAS VACATION

DEC 16 – JAN 10

FIRST SEMESTR

SEP 5 – DEC 22

WINTER VACATION

DEC 23 – JAN 21

END-OF-SEMESTER (FINAL) EXAMS

FIRST SEMESTR

SEP 1 – JAN 30

WINTER VACATION

JAN 31 – FEB 10

END-OF-SEMESTER (FINAL) EXAMS

SECOND TERM

JAN 11 – MAR 20

MID-SESSIONAL EXAMS

EASTER VACATION

MAR 21 – APR 25

WINTER SEMESTR

JAN 2 – JAN 21

SECOND SEMESTR

FEB 11 – JUN 30

SECOND SEMESTER

JAN 22 – MAY 19

END-OF-SEMESTER (FINAL) EXAMS

SUMMER VACATION

MAY 20 – SEP 4

END-OF-SEMESTER (FINAL) EXAMS

SUMMER VACATION

JUL 1 – AUG 31

MAY TERM

MAY 21 – JUN 8

TYPES OF EXAMS

pass-or-fail test / exam
end-of-semester (regular) exam
final (degree) exam

SUMMER VACATION

JUL 1 – OCT 4

SUMMER SESSION

JUN 9 – AUG 31

SESSION = ACADEMIC YEAR

SESSION = ADDITIONAL PERIOD OF STUDY DURING A VACATION

Fill in the text below using the information and terminology in the table above.

A. In English universities the academic year, which is also called ______ (1), lasts approximately from the beginning of ______ (2) to the end of ______ (3). The session is broken into three parts, which are called ______ (4). The students have to take exams at the end of each ______(5). Those exams are called ______(6) exams, or _______(7) in the ______ (8) and the ______(9) terms. However, the exams at the end of the third ______(10) are called _____(11) exams, or just _____(12).

B. In contrast to the English universities, the ______(1) year in American universities is broken only into two _____(2). The school year starts earlier than in Britain, in _____(3), and it is over earlier as well, at the end of_____(4). However, there are extra ______(5), when the students may take additional courses and shorten their period of study. They may do it in winter ______(6), during the winter ______(7); in May, during the May _______(8); and in summer, during the summer ______(9). At the end of each semester the students take their ______(10) exams, which may be called _______(11) exams if those are the last ______(12) within a specific course, or preliminary _____(13) exams, if they are not the last ones in this particular course.

C. Describe the structure of the academic (school) year, the vacations and the exams the Ukrainians have. Talk about:

1. When does an academic year start and when is it over?

2. How many parts is an academic year divided into? How are they called? How long do they last?

3. When do the students take their exams? What types are they? How many of each type may the students take within one semester?

4. How many vacations are there in an academic year? How long are they? Do you think they should be longer or shorter? Why?

5. Compare the structure of the academic year in the three countries in the table along the following guidelines:

a) the length of the academic year;

b) the number of periods the academic year is broken into;

c) the length of the vacations;

d) the number of exams per year;

e) the degree of students’ freedom to choose the place to study at;

f) which structure of the academic year do you like best of all? Why?

g) Work in groups of 3-4. Suggest an ideal project of the academic year structure for Ukraine. Give your reasons.

D. Translate the sentences into English:

В українських та американських університетах навчальний рік складається з двох семестрів, наприкінці кожного із них студенти складають семестрові іспити та заліки. Студенти, які закінчують повний курс навчання, складають іспити на присвоєння відповідного ступеня. На відміну від України, американські студенти можуть скоротити термін власного навчання за рахунок додаткових занять під час зимових та літніх канікул. Британські ж університети ділять навчальний рік на три триместри, однак починають навчання на місяць пізніше, ніж в Україні і США. Навчальний рік в Україні та Великобританії закінчується одночасно, а в США заняття припиняються майже на півтора місяця раніше. Загальна тривалість канікул є найдовшою у Великобританії – близько 150 днів, в США вона складає близько 135 днів, а в Україні – лише 70 днів. Термін „файнелз” у Великобританії означає іспити на одержання ступеня (бакалавра або магістра), а в США, крім того, це можуть бути останні іспити з будь-якого предмету. В Україні цей термін може позначати „державні іспити”, в США іспити, які передують останньому іспиту з певного предмету, називаються „прелімінеріз”.

Focus on Grammar

Use the correct form of the verb to be in the Past Simple Tense.

Model: She ______ (to be) 16 last year. – She was 16 last year.

They ______ (to be) happy to see us. – They were happy to see us.

Last year I ______ (to be) a school leader.
In his childhood my brother _______ (to be) fond of playing football.
It ______ (to be) the best experience.
It ______ (to be) not easy to say goodbye on our last day in the camp.
My mother ______ (to be) a full-time student.
They ______ (to be) full of great hopes.
In that camp we _____ (to be) like one big family.
You ______ (to be) at the University at that time.

Use the Past Simple Tense form of the verb in brackets (consult the table of irregular verbs in the appendix).

Model: At the age of six I went (to go) to school.

She liked (to like) Geography in school.

Yesterday she ______ (to introduce) me to her friends.
When I was in school I ______ (to have) 6 classes a day.
I ______ (to pass) 3 entrance exams.
My friend ______ (to come) at 8 last night.
I love small kids. So I ______ (to choose) the Faculty of Primary Education.
I ______ (to finish) secondary school in June.
Our University ______ (to train) a lot of highly qualified teachers.
My sister ______ (to get) higher education in Kharkiv GS Skovoroda National Pedagogical University.
They ______ (to become) friends.
We ______ (to enjoy) trips to different places.
I ______ (to do) well in my school-leaving tests.

Make the sentences negative and turn them into questions.

Model: They discussed the film yesterday.

They didn’t discuss the film yesterday.

Did they discuss the film yesterday?

They were at the concert.

They weren’t at the concert.

Were they at the concert?

She entered Kharkiv Medical University.
She planned to become a journalist.
They met when they studied at school.
I attended classes twice a week.
I failed my entrance exams.
The graduates forgot their alma mater.
When I was at school I had holidays once a year.
I took 6 entrance exams.

Make appropriate questions to the underlined words.

Kharkiv V.N.Karazin National University was set up in 1804.
The decree of the tsar Olexander I included the separate chapter ”On the Pedagogical Institute”.
She entered that University because she wanted to become a teacher.
He was 25 at that time.
I passed 3 exams.
I took part in the competition in June.
He did a course in History at university.

Use the Past Continuous tense forms of the verbs in brackets.

A. Model: She ______ (to watch) a film at that time. – She was watching a film at that time.

They ______ (to play) football at that time yesterday. – They were playing football at that time yesterday.

Last June I ______ (to prepare) for my entrance exams.
On the morning I left Kharkiv it ______ (to rain), but when I came back

the sun ______ (to shine).

When she ______ (to go) the university she met her schoolmate.
When I arrived at the party they ______ (to dance).
The police fined him because he ______ (to drive) at 120 miles an hour.
They ______ (to discuss) a new film during the lesson.

B. Change the sentences above into negatives and questions.

Choose the correct form of Past Simple or Continuous.

I met / was meeting a friend while I did / was doing the shopping.
I paid / was paying for my things when I heard / was hearing someone call my name.
I turned / was turning round and saw / was seeing Jim.
She wore / was wearing a bright red coat when I met her.
We decided / were deciding to have a cup of coffee.
While we had / were having a drink the man rushed / was rushing into the café saying that someone was running / run after him.
The waiter phoned / was phoning the police and asked / was asking for help.
At that moment another man entered / was entering the café.
He addressed / was addressing the first man and said / was saying he had found that man’s wallet in the street.
Everybody sighed / was sighing, smiled / was smiling and relaxed / was relaxing.

Write some sentences about: 1) your ordinary day in school;

2) some adventure that happened to you;

3) your last summer.

8. A. Insert the correct form of the verb to be (is or are).

1. There ______ libraries in every university building.

2. There ______ full-time and part-time students in our University.

3. There ______ 3 academic terms in a year.

4. There ______ a lot of merited teachers of Ukrainian among the graduates of our university.

5. There ______ a few people who don’t know English nowadays.

6. There ______ a monument to the first teacher in front of the University.

7. There ______ usually 25 students in a group.

8. There ______ a memorial sign on that building.

9. There ______ a bed, a wardrobe, a table and some chairs in my room.

10. There ______ a TV set in the corner.

11. There______ some chairs, a table and a bookcase there.

12. There ______ a library on the first floor.

B. Make up some questions using the structure there is / are.

Model: Are there any flowers in the room?

Is there a picture on the wall?

How many students are there in the classroom?

Use the words: furniture, a table, a book, water, an exercise-book, a pen,

a blackboard, a friend, a group-mate, a notice, a recipe

C. Describe the room you live/are in using the structure there is /are.

9. A. Look at the words and word combinations and tell the group what you can do and what you can’t do.

Model: I can work on the computer. I can’t ski.

speak German ride a bicycle

speak English play the piano

dance cook

sing knit

skate sew

make music drive a car

play chess play badminton

B. Say what you could do and what you couldn’t do when you were 4, 10, 15.

C. Use have to or must in the sentences below.

1. Don’t forget you’ve got exams soon. I think you ______ start revising.

2. He’s a security guard so he often ______ work at night.

3. I haven’t been to the dentist for ages. I ______ make an appointment.

4. You don’t ______ be qualified to work for us.

5. You ______ be the right age to apply.

6. You always ______ show your passport at the frontier.

10. Put an appropriate verb in its correct form into each gap (can, could).

1. In my country you ______ get married when you are 16.

2. Women _____ vote in England until 1922.

3. Last night I ______ get into my house because I had forgotten my key.

4. ”Hello. Is that the dentist? ______ I make an appointment to see you, please?”

5. Many night animals ______ see very well.

11. Write what you would say in the following situations.

You are in a crowded café. You see a table with one chair free. What do you ask the other people at the table before you sit down?

______________________________________________________________

You are at a friend’s house. You have to make an urgent phone call. What do you say?

You borrowed some money from your friend and promised him to pay it back this day. Apologize and offer to pay tomorrow.

__________________________________________________________________

You have to fill in a form, but you haven’t got a pen. Ask to borrow one.

You don’t have a watch but you need to find out the time not to be late for a meeting. What do you say?

__________________________________________________________________

You have to do some task and you are to go to the library. But you don’t know where it is. Ask somebody how to get there.

__________________________________________________________________

English in Use

Discussing Weather

Study the Word List and Useful Expressions.

Useful Expressions

a) What’s your favourite season?

What’s the weather like today?

The weather is fine (nasty...), isn’t it?

It’s warm & sunny (cold, frosty, rainy, slippery, chilly).

It has been raining since morning.

It looks like rain It’s about ____ degrees above / below zero.

I hope the weather will be fine.

The weather changes very often this winter.

What does the forecast say? (Heavy showers, snowfall, rain, snow, hurricane, sleet, slush, freezing,).

Word List

b) Cold Weather

Cold, chilly, frosty, rainy, slippery, rain, snow, to slush, to settle, blizzard, snowdrift, freezing, thaw, melt, snowfall.

Warm Weather

Close (warm & uncomfortable), stifling, muggy, humid, scorching (in positive context), boiling (in negative context), mild, a heatwave, a drought.

Wet Weather

Damp, drizzle, rain, shower, pour down (v) / downpour (n), flood, thunderstorm, hail, to be overcast, haze / hazy, fog / foggy, smog.

2. Put the adjectives to do with temperature in the right order

____________ (100°C) freezing

_____________ boiling

It’s _____________ cold

_____________ warm

_____________ chilly

_____________ (0°C) hot

3. Translate into English

1. – Погода гарна, правда?

Так, температура + 15°С. Тепло, сонячно.
- Давайте (же) підемо на прогулянку.
- Гарна думка.

2. – Іде дощ. Не забудь взяти зонта.

Я вже взяв його. Дощ іде зранку.
- Думаю, він скоро припиниться.
- Я так не думаю.

4. Make up some of your own dialogues discussing:

yesterday’s weather;
today’s weather;
the weather during your last holidays;
the weather forecast for the weekend.

Telephoning

1. Practise saying the following telephone numbers:

0719274863 0927840098 633488 06144501277

What’s your phone number?

2. Notice the following expressions on the telephone:

This is John (Not Here is John or I’m John).

Could I speak to Ann Baker, please? (Not speak with).

Is that Mike?

I’m afraid he’s out.

Can I take a message?

I’ll try again later.

To dial

The number is ringing

The number is engaged

The phone is ringing. – I’ll get it.

52902 (Not Here is 52902 or This is 52902).

3. Read and practise the dialogues:

a) A. Hello!

B. Hello. Could I speak to Barry Perkins, please?

A. Speaking (= I’m Barry Perkins).

B. Ah, hello. This is Jane Gardener ( NOT I’m… or Here is…).

b) A. Can I have extension 366, please?

B. Hold the line, please. I’m putting you through.

c) A. Can I speak to Mrs Barrett, please?

B. I’m afraid she’s out at the moment. Can I take a message?

A. Yes. Can you ask her to give me a ring? I’ll give you my number.

d) A. Can I speak to Mr Bray, please?

B. I’m afraid his line is busy at the moment. Would you like to hold?

A. No, I’ll phone back later.

4. Complete the telephone conversations. Use the phrases from the box. In pairs practise saying them.

No, it isn’t. I’ll just get her.

Can I take a message?

Great! See you on Sunday at ten. Bye!

Never mind. Perhaps next time. Bye!

This is John speaking.

I’ll ring back later.

I’m having a party on Saturday. Can you come?

a) A. Hello. 276694.

B. Hello. Can I speak to John, please.

A. __________________________ .

B. Oh! Hi, Jo. This is Pat. I’m just ringing to check that Sunday is still OK for tennis.

A. Yes, that’s fine.

B. __________________________ .

A. Bye!

b) A. Hello. Chesswood 4576.

B. Hello. Is that Liz?

A. __________________________ .

C. Hello. Liz here.

B. Hi, Liz. It’s Tom. Listen!__________________________ .

C. Oh sorry, Tom. I can’t. I’m going to my cousin’s wedding.

B. __________________________ .

C. Bye!

c) A. Hello. Barclays Bank, Chesswood.

B. Hello. ____________________ .

A. Hold on. I’ll put you through. I’m afraid Mr. Smith isn’t in his office. ______________________ .

B. Don’t worry. _____________________.

A. All right. Good bye.

B. Good bye.

d) Translate into English and reproduce.

– Алло. Це 1275347?

– Yes. Who is speaking, please?

Мене звуть _________ . Чи можу я / Можна поговорити з містером Кларком?
- Wait a minute / Hold on, please.

5. All the phrases below are from typical telephone calls.

1. Match a line in A with a line in B

A. a. Hello, this is Chesswood 285120. I’ afraid I’m not at home at the moment, but please leave your name and number after the tone ad I’ll get back to you as soon as I can.

b. I’m afraid Mr Barrett’s in a meeting. Can I take a message?

c. Shall I ask Miss Jackson to give you a call when she gets back?

d. Good morning. Payne and Stracey Advertising.

e. Hello, Mrs Barett… I afraid Mr Barett’s on another line at the moment. Do you want to hold on… ? Oh, he’s free now. I’m putting you through.

f. Hello. Is that Sandra?

Good morning. Can I have extension 321, please?

No, I’m sorry, it isn’t. She’s just gone out. Can I take a message? She’ll be back in a minute.

Hi, Annie. This is er … Pete here. Pete Nealy. Er… I need to speak to you about your next weekend. Can you give me a ring? Erm… I’m not at home, by the way It’s ten o’clock now and I’ll be here all morning, er… until two o’clock. Yes, thanks. Bye.

Thank you very much. Frank? It’s me, Diana.

Yes, please. This is Pam Haddon. He rang me earlier and left a message on my answer phone and I’m returning his call. Can you tell him I’m back in my office now?

Yes, please. I’m sure she’s got my number but I’ll give it to you again, just in case. It’s 019245611718.

II. Decide which of the dialogues above sound more like business calls?

6. Read / listen to 3 telephone conversations and say:

who is speaking to who;
- what about;

– how well they know each other.

Hello, 52902.

Hello, Peter. This is John.
Hi, John. How are you?
Fine, thanks. And you?
All right. Did you have a nice weekend? You went to __________ didn’t you?
Yes we went to see some friends who live in the country. It was lovely. We had a good time!
Oh, good.
Peter, could you do me a favour. I’m playing a squash tonight, but my racket’s broken. Could I borrow yours?
Sure. That’s fine.
Thanks a lot. Can I get in half an hour, that’s OK?
Yes. I’ll be in.
OK.
Bye.
Bye.

2. – Hello, International School of English.

Hello. Could I speak to Ann Baker, please?

– Hold on. I’ll connect you.

Hello!

– Hello! Can I speak to Ann Baker, please?

Speaking.

– Ah, hello. I saw your advertisement about English classes in the magazine. Could you send me some information, please?

Certainly. Can I just take some details? Could you give me your name and address, please?

3. – Hello. 755997?

– Hello. Is that Mike?

No, I’m afraid, he is out at the moment. Can I take a message?

– Yes, please. Can you say that Joe phoned and I’ll try again later? Do you know what time he’ll be back?

In about an hour I think.

– Thanks, Good-bye.

Good-bye.

7. Leaving a message on an answer phone

1. It can be difficult to leave a message on an answer phone! You have to think quickly and speak clearly, and you have to pretend that you’re talking to a person, but of course you’re talking to a machine.

How to leave a message on an answer phone
introduce yourself	This is… Hello. / My name is…
give the day and time	It’s three o’clock on Monday afternoon.
reason for phoning	I’m ringing … to let you know that… to find out if … because I need
request action	ring me back? Could you / help me?
give you number	My number is … You can get me on… I’m on 784567 until five o’clock
end	Thanks a lot. Goodbye.

2. Work in pairs. Your teacher will give you role cards. Act out a telephone conversation.

UKRAINE

Pre-reading Activities

Test your knowledge about Ukraine. Finish the sentences:

The word “Ukraine” means …

a) borderland c) the country of many rains

b) steppe d) the land of Cossacks

2) The third longest river in Europe is …

a) the Desna c) the Dnieper

b) the Danube d) the Bug

3) Kyivan Rus was established …

a) 2000 years ago c) in the 1st century B.C.

b) in the 9th century d) in the 5th century

4) The highest body of the legislative power in Ukraine is …

a) the President c) the Prime Minister

b) Verhovna Rada d) the Constitutional Court

5) The first university in Ukraine was opened in …

a) Kyiv c) Odessa

b) Kharkiv d) Lviv

6) The second largest city of Ukraine after Kyiv is …

a) Kharkiv c) Donetsk

b) Odessa d) Dnipropetrovsk

7) The founder of the modern Ukrainian literature was …

a) Hryhory Kvitka-Osnovyanenko c) Ivan Kotlyarevsky

b) Taras Shevchenko d) Panas Myrny

8) The Nobel Prize laureates who lived and worked in Ukraine were …

a) V. Vernadsky and B. Paton c) L. Landau and I. Mechnikov

b) S. Lebedev and I. Kurchatov d) M. Barabashov and S. Korolyov

9) Ukraine is a Christian country and most believers belong to …

a) the Catholic Church c) the Orthodox Church

b) the Greek Catholic Church d) the Evangelic Church

10) The biggest seaport in Ukraine is …

a) Yalta c) Mikolaiv

b) Odessa d) Sebastopol

Complete the following sentences with the names given below.

The outstanding Ukrainian scientists are …
The Ukrainian Olympic champions are …
The most talented and popular Ukrainian composers are …
The famous Ukrainian artists are …
The prominent Ukrainian writers are …
The eminent Ukrainian politicians are …
The renowned Ukrainian educationalists are …

(Yana Klochkova, Dmytro Levytsky, Ivan Franko, Bohdan Khmelnitsky, Lesya Ukrainka, Volodymir Vernadsky, Hryhory Skovoroda, Yury and Platon Mayboroda, Lilia Podkopayeva, Anton Makarenko, Ilya Repin, Katya Serebrianska, Ilya Mechnikov, Mykola Lysenko, Marko Vovchok, Leo Landau, Volodymyr Borovykovsky, Yaroslav the Wise, Vasyl Sukhomlynsky)

Read the following words. Pay attention to their pronunciation.

sovereign – суверенний

border – межа

plain – рівнина

peninsula – півострів

powerful – сильний

to connect – з’єднувати

legislative – законодавчий

executive – виконавчий

judicial – судовий

branch – гілка, галузь, влада

to represent – представляти

to appoint – призначати

to approve – схвалювати

majority – більшість

supreme – верховний

trident – тризуб

anthem – гімн

to perish – гинути, вмирати

community – спільнота

to cooperate – співробітничати, взаємодіяти

to participate – брати участь

Match the following English words and word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.

international organizations a) Верховний Суд
the world community b) прапор та тризуб
foreign policy c) виконавча влада
national anthem d) світова спільнота
flag and trident e) суверенна держава
national symbols f) національний гімн
Supreme Court g) судова влада
sovereign state h) міжнародні організації

9) legislative branch i) національні символи

10) executive branch j) законодавча влада

11) judicial branch k) зовнішня політика

12) a treeless plain l) південно-східна частина

13) the Crimean Peninsula m) найбільші міста

14) the Crimean Mountains n) Карпатські гори

15) on both sides o) Кримські гори

16) a powerful river p) Кримський півострів

17) less important q) безлісна рівнина

18) the biggest cities r) могутня ріка

19) the south-eastern part s) менш важливий

20) the Carpathian Mountains t) з обох сторін

Reading Activities

Read and translate the text:

UKRAINE

Ukraine is a sovereign state whose independence was declared on August 24, 1991. Before that it was one of the 15 republics of the former Soviet Union. Ukraine is situated in the south-eastern part of Central Europe, and it borders on other European countries: Russia, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Moldova and Romania. Its territory is about 600,000 square kilometres. The population is about 46 million people. The capital of Ukraine is Kyiv. Among the biggest cities are Kharkiv, Lviv, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhya, Donetsk, Odessa and some others.

The territory of Ukraine is mostly a treeless plain, called the steppe. There are the Crimean Mountains in the Crimean Peninsula and the Carpathian Mountains in the west. The main river in the country is the Dnieper which is the third longest in Europe. One of the oldest Ukrainian cities, Kyiv, is situated on both sides of this wide and powerful river. Another Ukrainian river, the Danube, connects Ukraine with 7 European countries. Other less important rivers are the Dniester, the Southern Bug, the Desna, the Pripyat, the Seversky Donets and about 70 thousand small rivers.

The country has a democratic political system. State power in Ukraine is divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative power is represented by Ukraine’s Parliament, called Verhovna Rada. The executive branch consists of the President and the Cabinet of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President and approved by the majority of the Parliament. The judicial power is represented by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.

The national symbols of Ukraine are the national blue and yellow flag and the trident. The national anthem is “Shche ne vmerla Ukraina” (“Ukraine has not perished yet”).

The strategic line of Ukraine’s foreign policy is to live in peace with the rest of the world community, to cooperate with other countries and participate in European and world structures through membership in the United Nations Organization and other international political, economic and cultural organizations.

Post-reading Activities

1. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1) Ukraine is an independent country.

2) August 24 is an Independent Day in Ukraine.

3) Ukraine is situated in the south-western part of Central Europe.

4) Ukraine borders on four European countries.

5) The territory of Ukraine is mostly a steppe.

6) There are the Crimean Mountains in the Crimean Peninsula and the Carpathian Mountains in the east.

7) The Dnieper is the longest river in Europe.

8) Kyiv is situated on the right-hand and left-hand banks of the Dnieper.

9) The Dnieper is a wide but not very strong river.

10) The Dniester connects Ukraine with 7 European countries.

11) The legislative power in Ukraine is represented by Verkhovna Rada.

12) The executive branch consists of the President and of the Parliament.

13) The Prime Minister is appointed by the majority of the Parliament.

14) The strategic line of Ukraine’s foreign policy is to avoid the world community.

Match the words with the similar meaning (synonyms).

sovereign a) society
state b) tendency
plain c) chief
main d) country
powerful e) steppe
wide f) independent
foreign g) strong
community h) to take part
trend i) abroad

10) to participate j) broad

Match the words with the opposite meaning (antonyms).

border a) south
square b) narrow
treeless c) centre
dependent d) east
former e) secondary
mountain f) future
west g) independent
north h) circle
main i) woody

10) wide j) plain

4. In each line choose one word that doesn’t belong to the group. Explain your choice. Start your sentences with the phrases:

I’m sure…, In my opinion…, It’s evident that …, It’s true that…, I believe …

1) legislative, executive, supreme, judicial

2) city, centre, town, capital

3) treeless, independent, important, unimportant

4) manifest, longest, biggest, oldest

5) plain, mountain, community, river

6) state, peninsula, country, region

Answer the following questions:

When was the independence of Ukraine declared?
Where is Ukraine situated?
What is the territory of Ukraine?
What is the population of Ukraine?
What is the capital of Ukraine?
What are the biggest cities in Ukraine?
How many rivers are there in Ukraine?
What mountains are there in Ukraine? Where are they situated?
Is the legislative power in Ukraine represented by Parliament or by President?

10) Who is the head of the Cabinet of Ministers?

Read and translate the following quotations. Say if you agree or disagree with them. Explain why.

Almost everything that is great has been done by youth. (B. Disraeli)
No nation was ever ruined by trade. (B. Franklin)
Peace cannot be kept by force. It can only be achieved by understanding. (A. Einstein)
You can never have a revolution in order to establish democracy. You must have a democracy in order to have a revolution. (G. Chesterton)
Even when laws have been written down, they ought not always to remain unaltered. (Aristotle)
The execution of the laws is more important than the making them. (T. Jefferson)

Read and translate the following proverbs and sayings. Give their Ukrainian equivalents. Try to memorize them.

East or west, home is best.
There is no place like home.
What belongs to everybody belongs to nobody.
Sweep before your own door, and we’ll have a clean city.
United we stand, divided we fall.
Fear the Greeks bringing the gifts.

8. Make a report on the topic “Ukraine”.

Focus on Grammar

Put the following sentences into negative and interrogative form.

Example: Ukraine became an independent state in 1991.

Did Ukraine become an independent state in 1991?

Ukraine didn’t become an independent state in 1991.

The word “Ukraine” originally meant “Borderland”.
Kyiv became the capital of Kyivan Rus in the 9th century.
The capital of modern Ukraine started to rise on the Dnieper hills.
The Dnieper gave food and water to the old settlement.
The river flooded the city every year.
Kyiv grew larger and larger.
The city attracted many people.
Yaroslav the Wise ordered many beautiful churches to be built.
Bohdan Khmelnitsky played an important part in Ukrainian history.

10) Victor Vasnetsov painted many icons and frescoes for Volodymyr Cathedral.

Open the brackets and put the verbs into Past Simple (consult the table of irregular verbs using the appendix).

The Dnieper (to help) in the city’s trade and development, but sometimes it also (to destroy) crops and (to take away) people’s lives.
Rich people (to settle) on the hills while common people (to live) in the lower part of the city, which later (to develop) into a busy trading district.
The Golden Gates (to be) the entrance to the city in ancient times.
The first monks (to settle) in the caves on the left bank of the Dnieper and (to give) the beginning of Kyivo-Pecherska Lavra. It (to be) an outstanding cultural centre where many famous people (to live) and (to work).
The first president of Ukraine (to be) Leonid Kravchuk. In 1994 people (to elect) a new president, Leonid Kuchma.
The Verhovna Rada (to adopt) the Constitution of Ukraine on June, 28, 1996.
Before his death Yaroslav the Wise (to divide) the country between his sons and grandsons.
The trident (to be) a mark of authority and a mystic symbol of several ethnic groups which (to inhabit) Ukrainian territory.
The famous Ukrainian philosopher Hryhory Skovoroda (to visit) Sumy several times.

10) Bohdan Khmelnitsky (to head) the Ukrainian war of independence.

Read and translate the sentences. Put special questions to them beginning with the words What?(Who?) and When?

Example 1: Donetsk was founded in 1869.

What city was founded in 1869?

When was Donetsk founded?

Example 2: The river Kharkiv appeared on the Russian maps in 1627.

What appeared on the Russian maps in 1627?

When did the river Kharkiv appear on the Russian maps?

Ukraine got its own anthem in 1949.
1. The new constitution of Ukraine was adopted in 1996.
2. The independence of Ukraine was declared in 1991.
3. In 1999 Poltava celebrated its 1100th birthday.
4. As a town Lviv was first mentioned in 1256.
5. Dniepropetrovsk was founded in 1776.
6. In 1772 Halychina became part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
7. The Lviv University was opened in 1784.
8. In 1653 the Zemsky Sobor adopted a decision to reunite Russia and Ukraine.

10) Taras Sevchenko published his first book of poems “Kobzar” in 1840.

4. Rewrite the sentences, using Present Perfect.

Note: Present Perfect is used 1) for actions which happened at an unstated time in the past (e.g. He has sold his car. – When? We don’t know.)

2) to express actions which have finished so recently that there’s evidence in the present (e.g. He has just painted the room. – The paint is wet.)

3) for actions which started in the past and continue up to the present (e.g. She has lived in this house for two years. – She still lives in this house.)

Use the following adverbs and expressions in the sentences in the Present Perfect Tense : just, ever, never, already, yet, for, since, today, this week/ month/ year, once/ twice/ several times etc.

Example: I am in Poltava now. – I have been to Poltava twice.

I live in Ukraine now.
I visited Ghernihiv last year.
I am watching a new film, “Taras Bulba”.
I study the Ukrainian Language and Literature.
I finished reading this book yesterday.
I am not doing my homework now.
We were in the Gorky Park two days ago.
They are studying the map of Ukraine now.
He showed me two historical monuments yesterday.
I don’t like travelling.

5. Put the following sentences in negative and interrogative forms:

Example: I have just finished my homework.

I haven’t finished my homework yet.

Have you finished your homework?

I have already posted the letters.
They have known Ann since September.
She has gone to London.
He has just passed his driving test.
I have seen this film twice.
We have done our work this week.
He has been at school for two years already.
She has recently got a new job.
They have just left.
We have been in Rome for three weeks now.

6. Open the brackets and put the verbs into Past Simple, Present Simple, or Present Perfect.

Ukrainian scientists (to make) their contribution into the development of space explorations.
Ukrainian industrial enterprises (to produce) planes, turbines, different kinds of machines and equipment.
We (to go) to Chernihiv last year.
The criminal situation in Ukraine (to change) for the worst recently.
Ukrainian sportsmen always (to show) excellent and good results at national, international and world competitions.
The first woman writer who (to appear) in Ukrainian literature was Marko Vovchok.
Ivan Kotlyarevsky (to turn) ancient Greek characters into Ukrainian Cossacks.
Like most European nations Ukraine (to see) the New Year in on December, 31.
On Christmas mothers of the family (to cook) a traditional Ukrainian Christmas dish “Kutya”.

10) Most Ukrainian people (to enjoy) holidays both old and new because they are good breaks in everyday work.

Rewrite the sentences into Past Simple. Change the adverbs if necessary (consult the table of irregular verbs using the appendix).

The Cossacks defend Ukrainian people and land.
Some people buy newspapers and magazines every day.
The population of cities constantly grows.
Many people like to go to church to listen to Christmas sermons.
All the main rivers of Ukraine are full of fish but they suffer from pollution.
In his work “The Kaidash Family” the novelist Ivan Netchuy-Levytsky draws the true picture of the village life.
Millions of people all over the world watch the Olympic events on TV.
Different literary movements quickly change each other.
Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian form the East Slavic group of languages.

10) The key figure of the Ukrainian music is Mykola Lysenko.

Use the verbs in brackets in Past Perfect.

Note: Past Perfect is used for a past action which happened before another past action or before a stated past time.

Example: When I got home she already (to leave).

When I got home she had already left by 8 o’clock.

He said he (to be) to Kyiv several times.
She said she (to buy) a new book about Sukhomlynsky.
Ann was sad because she (to fail) the test.
She (to live) in Odessa for 10 years before she decided to move to Kyiv.
Alan explained to me why he (not to learn) the poem.
He asked me where she (to go).
They wanted to know where I (to stay) in Donetsk.
She asked me if I (to visit) Kyivo-Pecherska Lavra.
We didn’t know then who (to destroy) the ancient fortress.
By the 18th century the city (to become) a trading centre.

Put the articles where necessary.

Note: 1) the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, mountains take the definite article the;

2) the names of countries and cities are used without any article;

3) the names of theatres, museums, picture galleries and cinemas are used with the definite article the.

__ Kharkiv is the second largest city of __ Ukraine after __ Kyiv.
The National Symbols of the country are __ National Flag, __ National Emblem and __ National Anthem.
__ Ukraine borders on several European countries: __ Russia, __ Belarus, __ Poland, __ Slovakia, __ Hungary, __ Moldova and __ Romania.
The main river in our country is __ Dnieper. Other less important rivers are __ Dniester, __ Desna, __ Southern Buh and __ Seversky Donets.
There are __ Crimean Mountains in __ Crimean Peninsular and __ Carpathian Mountains in the west of the country.
The water boundary of __ Ukraine is __ Black Sea and __ Azov Sea.
There are four oceans: __ Arctic, __ Atlantic, __ Pacific, and __ Indian Ocean.
Museum lovers will find hundreds of beautiful exhibits in __ Museum of Ukrainian Fine Arts, __ Russian Arts Museum and __ History Museum.
Theatre-goers appreciate __ Taras Shevchenko National Opera and Ballet House, __ Ivan Franko Ukrainian Drama Theatre, __ Tchaikovsky Conservatory and __ Musical Drama Theatre.

10) During __ Great Patriotic War __ Ukraine and its citizens suffered greatly.

Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and superlative forms of adjectives.

(big) seaport in Ukraine is Odesa.
The territory of Ukraine is (large) than Great Britain but considerably (small) than Russia.
The population of our country is (little) than the population of Great Britain.
The Crimean Mountains are (old) than the Alps.
(thick) forests in Ukraine can be found in Volyn.
The Azov Sea is (small) than the Black Sea.
The Dnieper is the third (long) river in Europe.
Poltava is one of (old) cities.
The Seversky Donets and the Prypyat are (little) important rivers than the Dniester.

10) Lviv is one of (beautiful) cities in Ukraine.

Fill in the blanks as in the example.

Example: The Black Sea is as big as the Caspian Sea.

The Azov Sea is not so big as the Black Sea.

The Crimean Mountains are __ high __ the Caucasus.
The territory of Ukraine is __ large __ France.
Poltava is __ big __ Donetsk.
Weather in Ukraine is __ wet __ in Great Britain.
Kharkiv is __ old __ Poltava.
The development of industry and technology is __ important __ crop production.
Halloween is __ popular in Ukraine __ in Britain.
The Ukrainian nation is __ famous for its musicality __ the Italian one.
Kyiv is __ old __ London.

10) Hydro-electric plant is __ dangerous __ nuclear power station.

Translate into English.

У 1919 році столицею України став Харків. Київ є столицею країни з 1934 року.
Національними символами кожної країни є прапор, герб і гімн. Прапор України жовто-блакитного кольору. Блакитний колір символізує небо, річки, моря, гори, жовтий – сонце та золоті українські лани.
Вірш Павла Чубинського, який пізніше став гімном України, вперше був опублікований у 1863 році.
Становлення Київської держави почалось у середині IX століття. У 988 році князь Володимир прийняв християнство як державну релігію.
Державною мовою України є українська мова. Вона належить до східнослов’янської мовної групи.
У ранній поезії Тараса Шевченка відображено сумні й тяжкі часи української історії.
В Україні аматорське мистецтво настільки ж популярне, наскільки й професійне.
Народна українська музика має давні культурні традиції.
В Україні є шість оперних театрів, численні симфонічні оркестри, академічні й народні хори, тощо.

10) Стрімке зростання промислового та хімічного виробництва у ХХ столітті спричинило збільшення негативного впливу на навколишнє середовище України.

English in Use

Invitations, requests, suggestions

Invitations

Read and act out the dialogues:

a) Pat: Hello, Mary. How are you?

Mary: Fine, thanks. And you?

Pat: I’m fine. Let’s go to the cinema today.

Mary: Yes, all right. See you. Bye.

Pat: Bye, Mary.

b) Mark: Hello, Jane. It’s Mark.

Jane: Oh, hello, Mark. Glad to hear you.

Mark: How about going to the club tonight?

Jane: Oh, sorry, Mark. I’m busy. Let’s go tomorrow.

Mark: Agreed. See you, Jane.

Jane: Bye, Mark.

Study the following table:

Invitations

Replies

Come and see me.
I invite you to my place.

I'd very much like to see you all at …
I'd like to welcome all of you…

May I invite you...
Let's go...
How about going there together?

I'd like the two of us to go...

Come to see us. You're always welcome.

Come again. You're always welcome.

Look in...
Drop by/round...

I'll be happy to see you any time you can make it.
Let's go...
Will you be coming?
Shall I expect you?

Thank you.

With pleasure.

Of course I'll come.

With the greatest of pleasure.

Gladly. Willingly!

I have no objection. I don't mind.

I have nothing against it.
Yes. All right. OK.

I'm all for. All right.

Let's. Agreed. Settled.

Perhaps. Very likely. Why not?

Quite possible. Not unlikely.
Most probably.
Don't know. /Not sure. /Can't say.

Not sure I'll be able to.

I can't promise you anything definite.

Work in pairs. Using the table above make up short dialogues and act them out.

Prompts: to the cinema/pictures, to the theatre, to the birthday party, to the country house, to your place, to the museum, to the countryside, to picnic, to the club, to the park, to the Zoo, to go shopping, to the library, to go for a walk.

Requests

Read and act out the dialogues:
– Excuse me, please. Could you tell me the time?

– Certainly. It’s half past ten.

Thank you.
You’re welcome.

– Excuse me, would you show me the way to the underground station near here?

I wish I could, but I’m a stranger here.

Study the following table:

Requests

Agreement

Rejection

Could I ask you to….?

May I ask you to…?

Would you please do..?

Could you possibly ...?

I'd be much obliged if...

Will you turn off the radio, please?

Can/Could I ask you for...?

May I ask you for...?

Would you mind if I ask(ed) for ..?

Would it be all right if I asked you to do ...?

Would you shut the window, please?

Could I ask you to keep quiet, please!

Certainly.

Most certainly.

Sure. Of course. Naturally. Willingly. With pleasure.

All right. Right. OK.

Here you are.

Very well. / All right./ Good./ Right.

Right away.

I will (go there).

I will (bring it).

I will (do it).

Very well, then.

I'll have to. Oh yes!

(I'm) sorry. I'm afraid...

Unfortunately...

I'm sorry but I can't. I'm very busy at the moment.

I'd be delighted..., but I can't.

With pleasure..., but I can't.

I hate to say "no" but...

I'd like to, but...

I'm sorry but...
I wish I could, but...

No, you can't/ mustn't.
It is prohibited.

No, you can't/mustn't.
It is impossible. It is prohibited.

Respond to the following requests:
1. - Could we fix the time of the meeting now?

- Could you remind me about it tomorrow?

- Shall I produce my documents?

- Must we start doing the work now?

- May I ask you to close the door?

- Would you mind turning on the light?

- I wonder if you could tell me the way to the stadium.

- Shall I go shopping at once?

7. Work in pairs. Using the table above make up short dialogues and act them.

Suggestions

Read and act out the dialogues:
– Hello. Could I speak to Peter, please?

– Certainly, just a moment.

– Hello, Peter’s speaking.

– Hello, it’s Mike here. Let’s go to the concert tonight.

– Good idea. Where shall we meet?

– Let’s meet near the concert hall.

– OK. What time?

– At a quarter to seven.

– Fine. I will come in time.

– See you later then.

– Bye.

– What’s the matter with you? You seem to be ill.

– I’ve got toothache.

– Then you should go to the dentist immediately.

– I’m afraid I have to.

Study the following table:

Suggestions

Replies

I (would) advise / recommend you to …
You should / ought to …

I suggest / advise (that) you (should) do smth.

I think / believe you should do smth.

I insist (that) you (should)...

You'd better do smth.

I strongly advise you to do smth.

Let me give you a word of advice.

Perhaps you should do smth.

It would be necessary for you...

I'll think it over.
I'll give it a think.

I'll try.
I'll do my best.

I'll try.
Thank you for advising me.
Thanks for your advice.

Thanks.

Respond to the following suggestions:
- Let’s go skiing this weekend, shall we?

- It would be necessary for you to study this book.

- I strongly advise you to see the doctor.

- You’d better find another job.

- I think you should take part in the students’ conference.

11. Work in pairs. Using the tables (EX.2, 5,9) make up short dialogues and act them out.

KHARKIV

Pre-reading Activities

1. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1) a horn of plenty a) ліга, союз

2) a wand b) спадщина

3) an inheritance c) меморіальна квартира

4) a memorial flat d) пам’ятна дошка пошани

5) a deed e) ріг статку

6) a higher educational establishment f) добровільна основа

7) a memorable board of honour g) бути зобов’язаним

8) a league h) спільне підприємство

9) a voluntary basis i) внз

10) a joint venture j) жезл

11) a private enterprise k) подвиг

12) monumental architecture l) монументальна архітектура

13 )to carry out m) координувати

14) to entwine n) брати участь

15) to hold o) звертати увагу на будь-що

16) to owe p) робити, виконувати

17) to coordinate q) утримувати, займати

18) to participate r) обвивати

19) to pay attention (to) s) приватне підприємство

Reading Activities

Read and translate the text:

MODERN KHARKIV

Kharkiv is situated in the north-eastern part of Ukraine. The area of the city is about 500 square kilometers and the population is about 2 million people. Main rivers of the city are the Kharkiv, the Lopan, the Udy, and the Nemyshlia.

Kharkiv is an important administrative centre that coordinates the activity of several region centres. It has its own city emblem – the Horn of Plenty with fruit and flowers in it and the Mercury Wand entwined by silvery snakes.

The city is divided into 9 administrative districts: Dzerzhynsky, Kyivsky, Moskovsky, Frunzensky, Kominternivsky, Chervonozavodsky, Zhovtnevy, Ordzhonikydzevsky and Leninsky districts.

Kharkiv is one of historic cities of Ukraine. It was founded in 1654 as a fortress and now it is more than 350 years old. It’s a member of the League of Historic Cities. The historical inheritance of the city contains a large number of monuments from different centuries. The city is especially rich in architectural places of interest of the 19th – 20th centuries, but there are also outstanding buildings of an earlier period (Pokrovsky and Uspensky Cathedrals, the old building of the University etc). As for the monumental architecture, one of the best monuments is to T.G. Shevchenko.

Kharkiv is the city of science and students. There are over 30 institutions of higher education in the city. The most prestigious higher educational establishments are Kharkiv V.N.Karazin National University, Kharkiv G.S.Skovoroda National Pedagogical University, Kharkiv National Polytechnic University, Kharkiv Aviation University, Kharkiv University of Radio-Electronics and many others.

Life and activity of many remarkable Ukrainian and Russian scholars, scientists and artists (G. Skovoroda, P. Hulak-Artemovsky, Kh. Alchevska, A. Makarenko, D. Mechnikov, M. Ostrogradsky, V. Steklov, M. Beketov, D. Bagaly, O. Poteybnya) are connected with Kharkiv. There are memorial apartments, a lot of buildings have memorable boards in their honour.

Kharkiv is the city of art, literature and music. There are 6 theatres, over 15 cinemas, a circus, a Philharmonic Society, a lot of Palaces and Houses of Culture, concert halls, libraries and numerous art galleries. There are seven state museums in Kharkiv: the Historical Museum, the Museum of Art, the Museum of Nature, the Museum of Literature and others. Several museums were founded on the voluntary basis. Libraries, as well as other book and archive collections, are considered to be cultural inheritance of the city. The biggest libraries are V.G.Korolenko Fundamental Library and the Library of Kharkiv National University.

There are many gardens and parks in Kharkiv. The most popular ones are the University Botanical Gardens, Lesopark, the Gorky Park, the Shevchenko Gardens and the Memorial of Glory.

Taking into account the number of monuments and places of interest Kharkiv holds the second place in Ukraine after Kyiv.

Kharkiv has certain charm, which it owes to its people and their deeds.

A number of outstanding inventions were made here. The beginning of nuclear era took place here in 1932 with the splitting of the nucleus at Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology. The legendary T-34, the best tank of World War II, was designed in Kharkiv. The Kharkovites developed cryogenic medicine and carried out microbiology studies pioneered by the Nobel Prize winner I.Mechnikov who discovered the mechanism of immunity.

In the years of Ukraine’s independence the Kharkovites have given rise to the creation of private enterprises, small and medium businesses and joint ventures.

Kharkiv is the city which is open to the world. It became the sister city of Cincinnati, Nuremberg, Lil, Bologna, Poznan and other cities of the world.

Post-reading Activities

1. Answer the questions:

1. Where is Kharkiv situated?

2. What area does Kharkiv occupy?

3. What is its population?

4. Which are the main rivers of the city?

5. Has Kharkiv got its own emblem? Can you describe it?

6. How many administrative districts are there in Kharkiv?

7. Which are the most famous Kharkiv libraries?

8. Are there many higher educational establishments in the city?

9. What are the Kharkovites proud of?

10. What makes Kharkiv different from other cities?

11. Which places of interest in the city impress you most of all? Why?

13. Can you compare Kharkiv with the place where you live?

14. If you are a citizen of Kharkiv, speak about the things you like about your home city, what you dislike and would prefer to change.

15. Is Kharkiv more known as a research centre, as a cultural centre or as an industrial centre? Ground your opinion.

2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false:

1. Kharkiv region borders on Moldova.

2. Ukrainian Cossacks founded Kharkiv in 1654.

3. Kharkiv is located in the south-eastern part of Ukraine.

4. Our city is situated at the junction of 2 rivers.

5. Kharkiv is a centre of Ukrainian mining.

6. The first Kharkiv church was Pokrovsky Cathedral.

7. Kharkiv was finally liberated on 23 August 1943.

8. There are 6 theatres in Kharkiv.

9. Kharkiv was founded as a fortress.

10. Kharkiv celebrated its 350th anniversary in 2004.

11. Sumska Street is the main street of the city.

3. Translate the given words and phrases into English:

історична спадщина, адміністративний центр, обласний центр, історичне місто, музей природи, видатний вчений, популярний парк, шарм, незалежність, малий і середній бізнес, харків'янин, місто-побратим.

4. Translate the given sentences into English:

1. Харків розташований на північному сході України.

2. Харків – важливий адміністративний центр України.

3. Емблема міста – ріг статку, наповнений фруктами та квітами й оповитий двома срібними зміями.

4. Харків – місто мистецтва й науки.

5. У Харкові багато визначних архітектурних пам’яток і пам’ятників, палаців культури, театрів і музеїв, концертних залів і бібліотек.

6. Багато відомих учених й митців жили й працювали в Харкові.

7. У Харкова багато міст-побратимів у світі.

8. Харків’яни пишаються своїм містом.

5. Fill in the gaps in the following text with a suitable word:

greenery guests leaders tourists

turns out tourism trips industrial

sights squares opportunities

The truth is that Kharkiv is not much of a ________ city and can not compete with such ________ of world ________ as Venice, Rome or Saint Petersburg. Kharkiv is one of the largest scientific, ________ and commercial centres of Ukraine. At the same time all ________ and visitors who come to our city on business _______ say they like it here. They admit that the city has beautiful parks, _______ and gardens and that it has a lot of _______ .

Moreover, it ________ that there are ________ worth looking at in Kharkiv. And in general we have a lot of sightseeing _________ .

6. Match the following words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. a cathedral a) монумент

2. a church b) військо

3. a bell tower c) щогодини

4. valuable d) ушкодити

5. to commemorate e) камерний

6. architecture f) дзвіниця

7. a dome g) церква

8. a monument h) видатний

9. to damage i) храм

10. restoration j) собор

11. a temple k) установити, встановити

12. troops l) увічнити

13. hourly m) коштовний

14. to install n) архітектура

15. outstanding o) купол

16. chamber p) відбудова

7. Read the following text and try to understand its general meaning.

THE POKROVSKY AND USPENSKY CATHEDRALS

The Pokrovsky Cathedral is the oldest city building. It was built in 1689. It is located close to the Constitution Square and is a valuable monument of the Ukrainian architecture of the second half of the 17th century. This is a typical Ukrainian three-domed church. The cathedral was damaged in the years of the Second World War. The restoration of the cathedral began in early 1990s and it is an acting orthodox temple.

The Uspensky Cathedral is situated at the central part of the University Hills. It was built in 1771–1777 in the style of Russian Baroque. To commemorate the victory of Russian troops over Napoleon, the architect Y.Vasilyev designed a new bell tower built in 1821–1844. This is one of the highest buildings in Kharkiv rising 89.5 metres tall. The gold-domed bell tower has a chiming clock, which melodious signal is heard hourly over the city.

An organ has been installed in the cathedral and now it is also known as an Organ Music Hall, hosting prominent Kharkiv and guest performers of chamber and organ music.

8. Match the following words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. a theatre a) увічнити

2. a bar b) мальовничий

3. location c) підвісний

4. recreation d) канатний

5. facility e) джерело, ключ

6. cable f) відпочинок, розвага

7. a spring g) дозвілля

8. picturesque h) місцеперебування

9. to commemorate i) послуга

10. aerial j) театр

11. leisure k) їдальня; бар

9. Read and translate the following text.

THE MIRROR STREAM FOUNTAIN AND AERIAL CABLEWAY

The Mirror Stream Fountain was built in 1947 to commemorate the victory in the Second World War. It is located at Sumska Street, just opposite the Opera and Ballet House. It is situated in a small but a very picturesque garden good for sitting on a bench and looking at people passing by.

You can take an aerial cable car to get from Otakara Yarosha Street near the spring to the Sumska Street near the Central Park of Culture and Recreation named after O.M.Gorky. The Gorky Park is a very popular location for recreation of Kharkivites. The park is about a hundred years old. It has all the facilities for recreation and leisure: an open-air theatre, a movie theatre under the name ”Park”, a library, a reading room, concert arenas and dance pavilions, tennis courts, attractions, cafes, bars, snack bars and much more.

10. Translate the given words and phrases into English:

сад, парк культури та відпочинку, літній театр, дзеркальний струмінь, читальний зал, концертна площадка, закусочна, літній концертний або танцювальний зал, канатна дорога, атракціон.

11. Match the following words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. an enthusiast a) вагон

2. to drive b) з’єднувати

3. an adult c) колишній

4. a carriage d) діючий

5. a guest e) просторий, вільний

6. a switchman f) дорослий

7. annually g) святкувати

8. spacious h) річниця

9. a train attendant i) шанувальник

10. operational j) управляти

11. to celebrate k) провідник

12. to connect l) стрілочник

13. anniversary m) гість

14. former n) щорічно

12. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions.

SMALL SOUTHERN CHILDREN’S RAILROAD

The Small Southern Children’s Railroad is 3.6 kilometers long and connects the Gorky Park ____ the Forest Park.

There were ____ 40 children’s railroads in the former USSR. Few of them are still operational.

Carriages ____ the children’s railroad are relatively spacious and there is enough space inside both for children and adults.

The Small Southern Children’s Railroad is one ____ the oldest; it celebrated its 60th anniversary ___ November 2000. From May through November, young railroad enthusiasts and students of Kharkiv schools come here to acquire knowledge and practical skills ____ this industry. They drive locomotives, work as train attendants, switchmen, and yard masters. The Small Southern rolling stock consists ____ Diesel locomotives, ____ fifteen passenger carriages, and two steam locomotives in honorary ‘retirement’. The children’s railroad is very popular ___ the Kharkivites and guests and has _____ 20,000 to 30,000 visitors annually.

13. Translate the given words and phrases into English:

практичний досвід, рухомий склад, тепловоз, паровоз, почесна пенсія, локомотив, відвідувач, відносно просторий, пасажирський, галузь, залізниця, працювати стрілочником, простір, здобувати знання.

14. Try to guess the meaning of the following English words by their definitions:

1. a railroad a) a self-propelled engine driven by steam,

electricity, or diesel power and used

for drawing trains along railway tracks;

2. a carriage b) a person employed to assist, guide,

or provide a service for others, especially for

the general public;

3. to drive c) a railway coach for passengers

4. a locomotive to control and guide the movement of

a vehicle;

5. an attendant d) a permanent track composed of a line of

parallel metal rails fixed to sleepers for

transporting passengers and goods in trains

15. Make a report on the topic “Kharkiv”.

Focus on Grammar

Fill in “there is”, “there are”, “is there” or “are there”.

Example: There are many gardens and parks in Kharkiv.

………. the biggest square of Europe in Kharkiv.
1. ………… any state museums in the city?
2. How many theatres ……….. in Kharkiv?
3. ………….. a Philharmonic Society in the city?
4. …………… many libraries in our city.
5. ……………any institutions of higher education in Kharkiv?
6. How many state museums …………… in our city?
7. ……………. a circus in the city?
8. ……………. over 15 cinemas in Kharkiv.
9. ……………. any concert halls in the city?

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of to be going to.

Example: He is going to Moscow next week.

We ……….. to the Historical Museum tomorrow.
1. He ………… to the library in the afternoon.
2. ….. you ……… to my place tonight?
3. She ……….. to enter Kharkiv G.S.Skovoroda National Pedagogical University.
4. Where……. they ……. to meet?
5. We (not) …………. to the Gorky Park.
6. The tourists ………… to visit the Museum of Art.
7. We …………… to meet at the Pokrovsky Cathedral tomorrow.
8. I ……………. to take my children to the Small Southern Children’s Railroad.
9. She (not) ……….. to the Museum of Nature on Sunday.

In pairs ask and answer the following questions using I (don’t) think/expect I will or I hope/’m sure/’m afraid I will/won’t.

Example: Do you think you will pass your exams?

I hope I will/I’m afraid I won’t.

move/houses
take up/new hobby
make new/friends
start having/new hobby
have/party on/birthday
learn/drive
enter/the University

4. Underline the correct form of the verb.

Example: Tom isn’t free on Sunday. He will work/is working.

I will go/am going to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come with?
My uncle has bought bricks. He will build/is going to build a house
It will probably rain/is probably going to rain tomorrow.
I’m sure Tom will get/is going to get the job. He has a lot of experience.
I can’t meet you this evening. A friend of mine will come/is coming to see me.
A: Have you decided where to go for holidays yet?

B: Yes, we will go/are going to Italy.

Don’t worry about the dog. It won’t hurt/isn’t hurting you.
It’s Julia’s birthday today. She’s bought much food. She will cook/is going to cook a lot.

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of will or to be going to and the verb in brackets.

Example A: Why are you buying flour and eggs?

B: Because I’m going to make (make) a cake.

A: I have decided what to buy Mum for her birthday .

B: Really. What …………… (you/buy) for her?

A: Did you invite Jackie to the party?

B: Oh no! I forgot! I …………… (do) it tonight.

A: Could I speak to John, please?

B: Wait a minute. I ………. (get) him for you.

A: What are your plans for the weekend?

B: I ………… (spend) some time with my family.

A: What are you doing on Saturday night?

B: Oh, I ………………. (probably/stay) at home.

A: Have you cleaned your room yet?

B: No, but I promise I …….. (do) it this afternoon.

A: Look at that boy!

B: Oh, yes! He ………. (climb) the tree.

A: Jason is very clever for his age.

B: Yes. He says he …………. (become) a doctor.

10 A: I’m too tired to cut the grass.

B: Don’t worry! I …….. (cut) it for you.

Fill in the blanks.

Example: short …shorter …the shortest

1. thin ……… ………..

2. heavy ……. ……….

3. famous …….. ……….

4. old ……….. …………

5. long ………… …………

6. small………. …………

7. friendly……. …………

8. interesting …. ………..

9. careful …….. ……….

10. popular…… ………..

Complete the sentences.

Example: The red dress is …the most expensive … of all. (expensive)

The clown with the red nose is ……….. than the other clown. (funny)
John is …………… than Jim. (tall)
A horse is ………….. than a dog. (big)
Tina is ………………. than her brother. (short)
George is …………….than James. (fat)
Sally is ……………… girl in the class. (beautiful)
A mouse is …………….than a cat. (small)
Bert is ………………. of all. (tall)
The red T-shirt is ………….. of all. (expensive)
David is ……………… than Tom . (young)

Complete the sentences with a superlative.

Example: It’s a very nice room. It’s …the nicest room… in the hotel.

This cathedral is very old. It’s ………….. in Kharkiv.
This square is very big. It’s ………………in Europe.
It’s a very expensive restaurant. It’s ………….. in the city.
This cinema is very popular. It’s …………….. in Kharkiv.

In the following sentences use one of the + superlative.

Example: It’s a very nice room. It’s… one of the nicest rooms… in the hotel.

Kharkiv is a very big city. It’s ……………. in Ukraine.
Our city is an important administrative centre. It’s ………………………… in Ukraine.
Kharkiv G.S.Skovoroda National Pedagogical University is a very prestigious higher educational establishment. It’s ……………………………. in our city.
It’s a very old castle. It’s ………………………. in Ukraine.

Write the questions using the words in brackets and answer them.

Example: (what/large/city/your country? )What…is the largest city in your country?

(what/old/building/your city) What………………………your city?
(who/famous/singer/your country) Who ………………..your country?
(what/prestigious/higher/educational/establishment/Kharkiv) What………………………………………Kharkiv?
(what/popular sport/Ukraine) What …………………….Ukraine?
(what/big square/Kharkiv) What …………………Kharkiv?
(what/popular cinema/your city) What ……………………your city?
(what/beautiful parks/Kharkiv) What …………………….Kharkiv?
(who/intelligent person/you know) Who …………………….you know?
(what/expensive thing/you ever bought) What ………………………..you’ve ever bought?
(what/happy day/your life) What …………………….. in your life?

10. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of will or to be going to and the verb in brackets.

Example: I hope pollution levels … will drop…soon. (drop)

It’s late. I think I……… a taxi. (take)
……..Tom ……… us tonight. (visit)
He ……….. fourteen next year. (be)
Look at the clouds! It………..(rain)
The phone is ringing. I ……… (answer)
He ……….. for his father when he leaves school. (work)
I’m sure we ………… his party. (enjoy)
Where you ………………? (meet)
There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. It ………… (sink)
Who ……… you ……… to the party? (invite)

English in Use

ASKING THE WAY AND GIVING DIRECTIONS

Read the following expressions. Try to remember the new ones:

Excuse me, (can/could) you tell me the way to ..., please?

Excuse me, (can/could) you help me to find…?

Excuse me, (can/could) you tell me how to get to…, please?

Excuse me, I’m looking for...

How long does it take (on foot/by car)?

Where is the nearest…?

Is it far from here?

I’ve lost my way. I can’t find …

I didn’t understand. Please, tell me (explain it) again.

Please, draw me a plan of the way.

Please, show me this place on the map.

Go straight (down/along) this road (as far as/past/to) the bank.

Take the (first/second/third) turning on the (right/left).

Turn (left/right) (at/after) the bus station.

(Carry on/keep) going until you get to …

Go straight on.

Read the dialogue and fill in the gaps using the expressions given above:

Tom: Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me the … to the post office, please?

Man: Yes. Well … along Loring Road until you get to Park Avenue. … left and go … on until you get to Cross Street.

Tom: Okay.

Man: Then … left into Cross Street and … past the supermarket which is … your left. Cross Mill Street and … going. You’ll see a hotel on one corner, and opposite the hotel is a newsagent’s. The post office is next to the newsagent’s. You can’t miss it.

Tom: Thanks very much.

Look at the street map. Imagine you are standing at the point marked with a cross. Where do these directions take you?

castle railway station

___________________________________________

________________ ___________________

Grand Hotel

Tourist Information

theatre Centre

_______________ ____________________

bus station hospital

police station swimming-pool

_______________ _____________________

_______________ ______________________

museum cathedral cinema

bank

post office shopping centre

_______________ ______________________

Go straight down the road, take the second turning on the left, and it’s on the right.
Go along this road, take the third turning on the right, and it’s on the right.
Keep straight on until you get to the end of the road, and then turn left, and it’s on the right.
Go down as far as the cinema, then turn right, and it’s on the left.
Keep straight on, past the cathedral, and then turn left at the bus station, and it’s on the right.

4.You are at the Tourist Information Centre. Working in pairs, use the map to ask each other the way to:

the post office

the castle

the bank

the museum

the Grand Hotel

the railway station

the swimming-pool

Example:

A Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to the post office, please?

B Certainly. Turn left, then take the third turning on the right.

5.Fill in the gaps with the following prepositions:

along down into out of over

past through under up

Robert’s driving lesson

Robert drove __________ the garage, _________ the road, and ________the bridge.

Then he drove __________the pub, _________the hill, and _________ the hill.

Next he drove __________the river, _________the hedge, and ________the lake!

6.Work in pairs:

Student A

Think of a place near your university. Give your partner directions, but don’t say what the place is.

Student B

Listen to the directions. What is this place?

GREAT BRITAIN

PART I

Pre-reading Activities

1. Read the following international words paying attention to their pronunciation. Try to guess their meanings. Check your variant of their meanings consulting the dictionary.

Atlantic Ocean [ə t ΄ l æ n t ı k ΄ o u ∫ ə n]

climate [΄ k l a ı m i t]

mineral resources [΄ m ı n ə r ə l r ı ΄ s ) : s ı z]

chemical industry [΄ k e m ı k ə l ΄ ı n d ə s t r ı]

textile industry [΄ t e k s t a ı l ΄ ı n d ə s t r ı]

financial [f a ı ΄ n æ n ∫ ə l]

official [ə ΄ f ı ∫ ə l]

parliamentary monarchy [p a : l ə ΄ m e n t ə r ı ΄ m ) n ə k ı]

colonial [k ə ΄ l o u n j ə l]

Prime Minister [p r a ı m ΄ m ı n ı s t ə]

2. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1. numerous lakes a) високі гори

2. rare frosts b) рівнини

3. well-known с) численні озера

4. valleys d) по всьому світу

5. all over the world e) рідкі морози

6. high mountains f) добре знані

7. deposits g) поклади корисних копалин

8. coal h) королева

9. state, power i) вугілля

10. queen j) держава

3. Pay attention to the following synonyms:

to consist of – to be made up of – to comprise – to compose of– складатися з, охоплювати;
to lie – to be situated – to be found – знаходитися;
a lot of – many, much – багато;
official – formal – офіційний

4. Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations.

an island, an isle – острів

total area – загальна площа

to separate – відокремлювати

to wash – омивати

a surface – зовнішня поверхня

to vary – варіюватися

to represent – представляти

the Commonwealth – Співдружність (політико-економічне об’єднання)

changeable – мінливий

real power – реальна влада

the highest legislative body – вищий законодавчий орган

governing party – правляча партія

to be a highly developed country – бути високорозвиненою країною

to belong – належати

a scientist – вчений, науковець

Reading Activities

Read the following text and try to understand its general meaning:

GREAT BRITAIN

Great Britain lies on the British Isles to the north-west of the continent of Europe. The total area of Great Britain is 244 thousand square kilometers. It is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast. Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel (or La Manche) and the Strait of Dover (or Par de Calais). It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea and the North Sea.

The surface of Great Britain varies very much. There are valleys, mountains, plains, numerous lakes and rivers, a lot of woods and forests. The climate is mild and damp. This is because of the winds that blow from the ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf-Stream. Summers are cool and rainy. Winters are not cold with rare frosts and snow. In general, the weather is rather changeable.

Great Britain is not rich in mineral resources, but it has deposits of coal and oil. It is a highly developed industrial country. Shipbuilding, machine-building, chemical and textile industries are developed there. For a long time Great Britain has been a great colonial power.

The total population of Great Britain is about 60 million. English is the official language. The capital of Great Britain is London. London is traditionally divided into four main parts: Westminster, the City, the West End and the East End. It is situated on the river Thames in the south-east of England. It is Britain’s greatest financial, commercial, business and cultural centre. Great Britain has a lot of big cities such as Liverpool, Birmingham, Glasgow, Bristol and others.

The names of such famous English scientists as Newton, Faradei, Darwin, writers and poets as Shakespeare, Byron, Dickens, Show and many others are well-known all over the world.

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the king or the queen. However the real power belongs to the British Parliament – the highest legislative body. The Parliament consists of two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. There are two main governing political parties: the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. The Prime Minister heads the governing party. Kharkiv has a sister-city in Great Britain. It is Leeds.

It’s interesting to know:

Do you know that there are some English variants of translation for Ukrainian „місто-побратим”? They are: fraternal city, sister-city and twin-city.
Windsor [wı n z ə] is the surname of the royal family of Britain. Elizabeth II became queen in 1952 at the age of 26. Queen Elizabeth II has got four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. One day Charles is going to be King Charles III, surname Windsor. The Queen is one of the richest women in the world, Buckingham Palace is her London home. The Queen is also Head of the Commonwealth countries.

Post-reading Activities

1. Comprehension check. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

True False

1. Great Britain is an island state.

2. Great Britain is separated from the continent by

the North Channel.

3. Great Britain consists of England, Wales and Scotland

4. The population of Great Britain is less than 50 million.

5. Weather conditions in Great Britain change frequently.

6. The capital of Great Britain is Leeds.

7. Great Britain is an agricultural country.

8. The head of the state is the queen.

9. Cardiff is the capital of Scotland.

10. Dickens is a famous scientist.

2. Answer the questions comparing information about Great Britain with the information about Ukraine.

1. Which seas is Great Britain washed by?

2. What is the highest legislative body in Great Britain?

3. What industries are developed in Great Britain?

4. What is the population of Great Britain?

5. What is the surface of Great Britain?

6. Why is the climate of Great Britain mild and damp?
7. What are the main parts Great Britain is made up of?

8. What is the official language of Great Britain?

9. What is a political system of Great Britain?

10. Who is the head of the state in Great Britain?

3. Fill in the gaps.

1. Great Britain consists of ______, ______ and ______ .

2. The population of Great Britain is about _______ .

3. The surface of Great Britain _____ very much.

4. The ______ is mild.

5. The capital of Great Britain is _____ .

6. ______ is the official language.

7. Great Britain is a highly ______ ______ country.

8. The head of the state is ______ .

9. The Prime ______is the head of the ______ .

10. _______ has a sister ______ in Great Britain.

4. Here are some answers to questions about Great Britain. What are the questions?

1) England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland.

2) It is mild and damp.

3) It is a parliamentary monarchy.

4) English.

5) The British Parliament.

6) Kharkiv.

5. Work in pairs! Practise questions and answers: „What is Great Britain?”

PART II

Reading Activities

Read and translate the following text, consulting the dictionary. Use the notes to the text:

Lake District – район озер, Озерний край

Gaelic [΄g e i l i k] – гаельська мова

a jack-staff – гюйс-шток

a naval vessel [΄n e i v ə l] – військово-морське судно

emerald [΄e m ə r ə l d] – смарагдовий

originate [ə΄ r i d з i n e i t] – походити, виникати

a patron [΄p e i t r ə n] –заступник

saint [s e i n t] – святий

a crown [k r a u n] – корона

to refer (to) – називати, посилатися

„Bill of Rights” – (іст.) – Білль про права

the Principality – Уельс

to reign – правити

an anthem – гімн

Official Name

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the official name of the state which is sometimes referred to as Great Britain or Britain (after its major isle), England (after its major historic part) or the British Isles. It is composed of more than 5,500 islands. The two main islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Geographically, the island of Great Britain is subdivided into two main regions – Lowland Britain and Highland Britain. Lowland Britain comprises southern and eastern England. Highland Britain consists of Scotland, most of Wales, the Pennies, and the Lake District.

The United Kingdom is one of the world’s smallest countries. The landscape varies from the north to the south. The highest mountains are found in Scotland (Ben Nevis, 1,343 m) and Wales (Snowdon, 1,085 m). There are no long rivers (the longest are the Severn and the Thames). But the country has many beautiful lakes especially in the Lake District and Scotland.

The weather in the country is so changeable that the English people say that they have no climate but only weather. The climate is described as cool, temperate and humid.

English is not the only language which people use in the United Kingdom. Some people speak Gaelic in Scotland, Welsh – in parts of Wales.

The most important of all British symbols is the National flag.

The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack (which derives from the use of the Union Flag on the jack-staff of naval vessels), is made up of three crosses. The upright red cross is the cross of St. George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross is the cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red diagonal cross is the cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. Wales is not represented in the Union Flag because when the version of the flag appeared, Wales was already united with England. The national flag of Wales, called the Welsh dragon, is a red dragon on the field of white and green and is widely used throughout the Principality.

The British National anthem originated in a patriotic song ”God Save the Queen”. There is no authorized version, the words are as follows:

God save our gracious Queen! Long live our noble Queen!

God save the Queen! Send her victorious, Happy and glorious,

Long to reign over us, God save the Queen!

It’s interesting to know:

Over 20,000 British people are fishermen.
No town in Britain is more than 80 miles from the sea.
Great Britain gets all the oil it needs from the North Sea.
Britain is mainly a Christian country – one British in ten is a member of the Roman Catholic Church and there are 1.7 million members of the Anglican Church.
If one asks an Irishman away from home what he misses most about Ireland, he will probably tell you „the greenness”; so they call Ireland „the Emerald Isle”.

Post-reading Activities

1. Test yourself. Match the words with their definitions.

1. a coast a) a very good and holy person

2. saint b) a national song of a country

3. an island c) a particular part of a country, town

4. an anthem d) to become one, join; to work together

5. an area, region e) mountainous part of a country

6. to vary f) division of Britain, which has its own local government

7. to unite g) to become different, to change

8. a highland h) a piece of land with water all around it

9. to surround i) the area where the land meets sea

10. a county j) to be or go all around something

11. a climate k) typical weather conditions

Vocabulary work. Find words in the text which could be replaced by

the following words:

moderate to rise

a scenery to govern

fresh shore

to consist of to convince

damp to change

inconstant

3. Find words in the texts with the opposite meaning to the given words:

to bore warm

to separate a backward country

dry to disappear

poor ugly

recently to object

informal to repeat

4. Complete the following sentences, using the facts that you know.

1. The island of Great Britain is subdivided into ______ .

2. The National Flag of Great Britain is also known as ______ . It is named so because ______ .

3. There are ______ crosses and ______ colours on the National Flag of the United Kingdom.

4. There are symbols of ______ countries on the National Flag of the United Kingdom.

5. Wales has its own flag called ______ .

6. The National anthem of the United Kingdom originated ______ .

7. Gaelic is the language spoken in ______ .

8. The United Kingdom is often referred to as ______ .

9. William and Mary were the first ______ who reigned but not ruled.

10. The power of the Queen of Great Britain is ______ .

5. Complete the following text using the words and expressions from the box.

visitors cathedral ceremonies poets

flat region capital example

weighs country calendar centuries

Notes to the text:

Stonehenge – Стоунхендж, один із самих відомих у світі кромлехів

Magna Carta [΄ m æ g n ə ΄ k a : t ə] (іст.) Велика хартія

England

Stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world. This ancient circle of stones stands in south-west England. There is nothing quite like Stonehenge anywhere in the world and for 5,000 years it has drawn ______ to it. The first henge was built over 50 ______ ago, that is about 3,100 B.C. That’s where the mystery begins. Stonehenge is made from massive blocks of stone up to 4 metres high and each stone ______ about five tons. How did they get these stones to stand upright? The truth is nobody really knows. Why it was built is a mystery. Some people think it was used for pagan religions ______ , others consider it was a huge ______ used by Druids.

Not far from Stonehenge stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid ______ of an English Gothic Сathedral; it has the highest spires in England and it was built in the 12th century. Inside the ______ there is one of the copies of the Magna Carta and also the oldest clock in England.

The Lake District is a lovely ______ of lakes and mountains in Northwest England, in a region called Cumbria. The Romantic ______ Wordsworth and De Quincey lived here and were called the Lake Poets.

6. State whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.

True False

1. People know why Stonehenge was built.

2. The oldest clock in England is in London.

3. Wordsworth lived in the Lake District.

4. The territory of England is mountainous.

5. Oxford and Cambridge are famous university cities.

6. Salisbury Cathedral is a new building.

7. Magna Carta is a collection of verses.

7. It is interesting to know…

Big Ben is the name of the huge bell that strikes the hours in the clock tower at the Houses of Parliament; it weighs 13 tons.
The Prime Minister of England and his Government discuss matters of state at the Houses of Parliament. The building is 940 feet long and has two miles of corridors.
Piccadilly Circus is one of the busiest areas in London with the famous statue of Eros in the middle.
Trafalgar Square is a historical reminder of the great naval admiral Lord Nelson. Today it is famous for its blocks of pigeons and is used as a meeting place for rallies.
London buses are the famous red double-deckers.
London taxis are black. Taxi drivers study for two years before they are taxi drivers.
There are 275 stations in the London Underground (the tube). Every year people leave 11,500 umbrellas on tube trains!
Madam Tussaud’s has one of the largest collections of wax models of famous people in the world.
Stratford-upon-Avon was the birthplace of William Shakespeare, England’s most famous playwright.

8.Read theText.

THE LAST GREAT WILDERNESS

Scotland is, in fact, a part of Great Britain. It is governed from London but in many ways it is a separate nation. It has its own capital city, Edinburgh, its own laws, its own stamps, its own educational system. It even has its own language, Gaelic, where a lake is called a „loch”, a stream is called a „burn” and a valley is called a „glen”.

There are only about five million Scots, and most of them live in the southern half of the country called „Lowland”, where the major cities are situated. Scottish traditions are still going strong: a long time ago the society was divided into big family groups called clans. Each clan had a different coloured tartan and its name was preceded by „Mac” which means „son of”. Some of these clans still exist today and all the tartans can be found in the form of kilts, jackets, hats and blankets.

Today Scotland is very popular. Most holiday visitors to Scotland go to the Highlands because of the high mountains and deep valleys, clean rivers and old castles. You can’t go to Scotland without visiting Loch Ness and looking for monster Nessie.

The Highlands are home to many rare birds and animals, like the golden eagle and the wildcat, which are found nowhere else in Britain. Besides beautiful green areas, the Highlands offer entertaining activities too. Every year, there are traditional celebrations called The Highland Games, where clansmen compete in sports events, take part in Scottish dancing or play the bagpipes in competitions.

But it is a lonely, mild and empty land. The population is getting smaller all the time. Perhaps the Highlands of Scotland will become the last great wilderness of Europe. The Highlands of Scotland are well worth visiting!

A Scottish Glossary

Kilt: a „skirt” worn by a man.
Tartan: a special criss-cross pattern. There are many different tartan patterns. Each Scottish family or „clan” has its own tartan, e.g. the Macdonald Tartan.
Scotch whisky: a strong alcoholic drink which gets its special taste from Scotland’s fresh highland water.
Harris Tweed: a type of woolen cloth which is made on Harris, an island off the west coast of Scotland.
Bagpipes: the national musical instrument of Scotland which once led Scottish soldiers into battle. Every town in Scotland has its own bagpipe band.
Robert Burns: the Scottish poet who wrote the famous song „Auld Lang Syne”, which British people sing every New Year’s Eve.

A. Test yourself. Complete the quiz.

1. What is the capital of Scotland?

a) Aberdeen b) Edinburgh c) Glasgow

2. A tartan kilt is…

a) spotted b) striped c) checked

3. A „loch” is the Scottish word for …

a) lake b) river c) an island

4. A drink associated with Scotland is …

a) wine b) lager c) whisky

5. Bagpipes are a kind of …

a) purse b) flower c) musical instrument

B. Vocabulary work. Which is the odd word out?

1. forest wood river tree

2. lake sea ocean stone

3. valley mountain eagle cliff

4. sea coast beach field

5. flower rock bush plant

6. road street stream path

Which four words above can you make into adjectives by adding „y”?

C. Choose whether the statements below are true or false. Correct the false ones.

True False

1. Scottish clans wear the same, identical kilts.

2. The nickname for the Loch Ness Monster is Nessie.

3. Burn means „lake” in Scotland.

4. A kilt is a type of tartan skirt.

5. In the Highland Games, the Scots play trumpets.

6. The Scots do not have their own language.

7. Shakespeare is a famous Scottish poet.

8. Robert Burns was a Scottish poet who wrote the famous song „Auld Lang Syne”.

9. The Highland Games offer only sports events.

10. Harris Tweed is a musical instrument.

D. Complete the sentences with which, who or where, using the facts that you know.

1. Aviemore is a place in the Scottish Highlands ______ people ski.

2. Robert Louis Stevenson was a Scottish writer ______ wrote „Treasure Island”.

3. Gaelic is a language ______ is only spoken by a few people.

4. The golden eagle is a rare bird ______ lives in the Scottish Highlands.

5. The „ Highlanders” are people ______ live in the Scottish Highlands.

6. Harries is the name of the island ______ they make Harries tweed.

9. – Work in pairs! Imagine the situations that you can spend some days in England, make up and reproduce the dialogues: „A look at England”.

– If you could visit 3 places of interest in England, which would you choose and why?

10. Think over the following questions.

What do you know about …

1) the United Kingdom as an island state?

2) the main countries of the United Kingdom and their capitals?

3) the languages spoken in the United Kingdom?

4) powers the Queen has in the government?

5) who is next in line to the British crown?

6) the highest point in the British Isles?

7) the chief rivers of Great Britain?

8) Scottish names?

9) sightseeing of London?

10) famous people of Great Britain?

11) river which is associated with the name of Shakespeare?

11. Comprehension check. All the answers to these definitions begin with the letter „E”.

1. One of the countries of Great Britain.

2. Another name of Irish Republic.

3. The capital of Scotland.

4. Citizens of England.

5. One of the three parts of London.

6. A rare bird which lives only in the Scottish Highlands.

12. Speak about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Focus on Grammar

Passive Voice

to be + Past Participle (PP)

Present Simple am / is / are + PP

e. g. The office is cleaned twice a week.

Past Simple was / were + PP

e. g. The office was cleaned last week.

Future Simple will be + PP

e. g. The office will be cleaned tomorrow.

Present Continuous am / is / are being + PP

e. g. The office is being cleaned now.

Past Continuous was / were being + PP

e. g. The office was being cleaned when the boss arrived.

Present Perfect have / has been + PP

e. g. The office has already been cleaned.

Past Perfect had been + PP

e. g. The office had been cleaned by two o’clock.

Future Perfect will have been + PP

e. g. The office will have been cleaned by the morning.

II. Infinitive in Passive Voice: to be + PP

e. g. He wants to be told the truth.

III. Modal Verbs in Passive Voice: modal verb + be + PP

e. g. The roof of the house must be repaired.

Make up the sentences using the Present Simple Passive Tense as in the example.

Example: English (speak) in Great Britain.

English is spoken in Great Britain.

A tartan kilt (wear) by Scottish men.
The Britain Flag (name) Union Jack.
Great Britain (head) by the Queen.
Stonehenge (make) of massive blocks of stones.
The Beatles (know) all over the world.
The Queen’s power (limit) by the Parliament.
Bagpipes (play) in Scotland.
Bentley cars (produce) in Britain.
”Yellow Submarine” (sing) by the Beatles.
Northern Ireland (call) the Emerald Isle.

2. Match column A with column B and make up your sentences using the Past Simple Passive Tense, then, in pairs, ask and answer questions as in the example.

Example: Speaker 1. Who was ”Oliver Twist” written by?

Speaker 2. It was written by Charles Dickens.

Column A

Column B

1. ”Oliver Twist” (write) a. Isaac Newton

2. The Globe Theatre (open) b. The Ancient Greeks

3. The Law of Gravitation (discover) c. Alexander Bell

4. The Panthenon (build) d. Charles Dickens

5. The telephone (invent) e. Leonardo da Vinci

6. The ”Mona Lisa” (paint) f. Shakespeare

7. ”Carmen” (compose) g. Admiral Nelson

8. Trafalgar Battle (win) h. Georges Bizet

9. Miss Marple (contrive) i. Madame Tussaud

10. Famous waxwork collection (create) j. Agatha Christie

3. Transform the following sentences into questions using the Present, Past or Future Simple Passive as in the example. Work in pairs.

Example: Mistakes are usually corrected by our teacher in class.

Are mistakes usually corrected by your teacher in class?

Yes, they are.

No, they aren’t.

What is usually corrected by your teacher in class?

Whose mistakes are usually corrected by your teacher?

Scottish names were always preceded by ”Mac”.

__________________________________________

Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel.

__________________________________________

Gaelic is spoken in Scotland.

__________________________________________

One day Prince Charles will be crowned in Great Britain.

__________________________________________

Stonehenge was built in 3.100 B.C.

__________________________________________

On all official occasions the national anthem is usually sung.

__________________________________________

Paul McCartney was made a peer by the Queen.

__________________________________________

A long time ago Scottish Society was divided into big family groups called ”clans”.

__________________________________________

Leeds is named the sister-city of Kharkiv.

__________________________________________

The Festival of poetry will be opened as a rule January, 25, the day of Robert Burn’s birth.

__________________________________________

The Crusaders were led by Richard the Lionheart in the 12th century.

___________________________________________

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct active or passive tense forms.

A. Tony O’Connel 1) _______ (work) for a large company. Last year, he

2) ______ (promote) to the position of manager. He 3) ______ (give) a large office and a company car. He now 4) ______ (have) a secretary who 5) ______

(answer) his calls, and he 6) ______ (pay) a lot more money than before. He

7) ______ (feel) very happy about his job now.

B. Floods 1) ______ (cause) when a river 2) ______ (burst) its banks.

This can happen if there 3) _______ (be) an unusual amount of rain, or if it snow 4) ______ (melt) and the river 5) ______ (overflow). When a flood

6) ______ (take place), crops 7) ______ (destroy) and homes 8) ______ (damage).

C. Dogs 1) ______ (be) very loyal animals. They can 2) ______ (keep) your company and 3) ______ (protect) you. However, you must 4) ______ (look after) your dog. They have to 5) ______ (take) for long walks and 6) ______ (feed) regularly. You may 7) ______ (find) that dogs are expensive pets, but they do 8) ______ (make) great companions.

5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct active or passive tense forms.

Tea

Tea is 1) made (make) from the leaves of the tea plant. At first, it

2) ______ (use) as a medicine, but it 3) ______ (become) an everyday drink in the 3rd century A.D. First, the leaves 4) ______ (pick) from the plant and they are spread onto a cloth. They 5) _______ (leave) there for up to twenty hours. Next, the leaves are rolled up until they 6) ______ (break) into small pieces. Finally, the leaves 7) _______ (dry). The tea 8) _______ (pack) into containers and sent to different countries. It 9) ______ (sell) to customers as loose leaves, as tea bags and as instant tea. To make tea, we 10) ______ (boil) water and 11) ______ (pour) it over the dry tea in a teapot. This 12) ______ (leave) for three to five minutes. We can then add milk, lemon or sugar. In Britain, it was the custom to serve tea in the afternoons with sandwiches and cakes. This custom 13) ______ (start) by the Duchess of Bedford around 1840. Today, people 14) ______ (drink) tea all over the world.

Transform the following sentences into questions using Continuous Passive, as in the example. Work in pairs.

Example: The mistakes are being corrected by our teacher in the classroom now. Are the mistakes being corrected by your teacher in the clasroom now?

Yes, they are.

No, they aren’t.

What is being corrected by your teacher in the classroom now?

Who are the mistakes being corrected now by?

A very serious matter is being discussed by our group-mates now.
English was being spoken by us all the time during the lesson last Friday.
Our students are being examined in room 203 now.
These programs were being used in our work all the time last year.
A film with Nikulin is being shown on TV at the moment.
Nice meals are being cooked by my mother in the kitchen now.
The songs by the Beatles were being sounded all the time at the last festival.
The house was being cleaned by Tim the whole day yesterday.
The suspects are being questioned by the police now.
The garden fence is being repaired by Nick now.
A new carpet is being chosen by Kate at the moment.

Yesterday Paul and Kate drove past their old house and saw that it looked very different. Describe the changes using the Present Perfect Simple Passive as in the example.

A. Example: The roof / paint.

The roof has been painted.

the outside walls / paint.
new windows / put in.
a garden pond / make.
the trees / cut down.
a lot of flowers / plant.
the old gate / replace.

Mrs. Edison is a businesswoman. She was away on a business trip but now she is back. She wants to know what has been done while she was away. Use the prompts and, in pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the example.

B. Example: Speaker 1: Have they delivered my new desk?

Speaker 2: No, it hasn’t been delivered yet.

(Yes, it has already been delivered).

they / deliver / my new desk? (No)
you / post / the invitations? (Yes)
they / repair / the photocopier? (Yes)
you / type / last month’s reports? (No)
you / place / advertisement in the newspaper? (No)
you / pay / the bills? (Yes)

8. Make a passive sentence from the words in brackets, as in the example.

Example: 1. A: That’s a beautiful picture.

B: Yes, (it / paint / my mother)

It was painted by my mother.

2. A: Have they caught the thieves yet?

B: Yes. (two men / arrest / yesterday).

________________________________

A: Did you build the garage yourselves?

B: No. (the garage / build / before we moved in)

_________________________________

A: Why is Paul afraid of dogs?

B: (he / bite / a dog / when he was a little boy)

_________________________________

A: Sarah is very ill.

B: (she / take / to hospital last night)

_________________________________

A: This room is a disgrace.

B: (it / not clean / for weeks)

_________________________________

A: Did you know about your surprise party?

B: No. (it / arrange / in secret)

_________________________________

A: Are you going to drive to work today?

B: I can’t. (the car / not fix / yet)

_________________________________

A: Has Tom got a job?

B: No. (he / make redundant / last month)

_________________________________

A: Who teaches traditional dance at this school?

B: (dance classes / organize / former ballerina / last year).

_________________________________

9. A. Rewrite these sentences in the Passive, as in the example.

Example: We kept peaches in a large basket in summer.

Peaches were kept in a large basket.

They are holding a festival next month.

____________________________________

The company will offer guided tours.

____________________________________

They must fix the lock on that door.

____________________________________

Somebody stole a famous painting from the gallery yesterday.

____________________________________

Did Robert design that leaflet?

____________________________________

B. Rewrite these sentences in the Active.

Example: I was invited to a party by my friends.

My friends invited me to a party.

Some money will be given to charity by the Queen.

____________________________________

The room has been decorated by Ray.

____________________________________

The fence will be repaired by Jenny tomorrow.

____________________________________

That note wasn’t written by Rosie.

____________________________________

Tower Bridge is admired for its unusual design.

____________________________________

10. Rewrite the sentences in the Passive , as in the example.

Example: 1. I made this omelette with onions and cheese.

This omelette was made with onions and cheese.

2. Everyone consides her to be the best student in the group.

_____________________________________

Patric gave some flowers to Laura.

_____________________________________

They will have built the new bridge by the end of the year.

_____________________________________

People ask Jane questions about her job all the time.

_____________________________________

The detective had collected all the information before he handed in his report.

_____________________________________

Do people expert Mary to get a promotion this year?

_____________________________________

Frank doesn’t like people telling him what to do.

_____________________________________

They washed the car with soapy water.

_____________________________________

What did they decorate the streets with?

_____________________________________

Rewrite the sentences in the active, as in the example.

Example: A new cinema is being built in the city centre.

They are building a new cinema in the city centre.

Breakfast will be served at eight in the morning.

A lot of food was eaten at the party.

An old shipwreck has been discovered by divers.

She is going to be sent to England on business.

The exam had been taken by all the students.

The experiment was being done by the scientists.

The exhibition will be opened by the artist.

Designer clothes are sold in this shop.

The band’s latest video was made in Cardiff.

Every English monarch has been crowned in Westminster Abbey.

Complete the sentences, as in the example.

Example: It is expected that he will win the race tomorrow.

He is expected to win the race tomorrow.

It is thought that the school has good teachers.

The school _________ .

It is said that she speaks seven languages.

She ______________ .

It is believed that the missing jewellery has been found.

The missing jewellery ___________ .

It is thought that she is a talented pianist.

She ___________ .

It is said that the athletes train for eight hours every day.

The athletes _____________ .

It is expected that the Cambridge team will break the world record.

The Cambridge team __________ .

It is known that she is writing the best funny stories.

She _______________ .

It is reported that the world leaders have reached an agreement.

The world leaders ______________ .

It is reported that our University has won Olympiad.

Our University ____________ .

It is expected that they will give her the prize.

She _____________________ .

There are seven unnecessary words in the text below. Cross them out.

St. Patrick’s Hospital, which was been completed
last week, is to be opened this afternoon by the Minister
of Health. The hospital it was built on the site of the old
Opera House and is then the largest hospital in the
country. The wards they are modern and spacious, and
the building is filled by with the most up-to-date
equipment. The money for the hospital was been
raised by charity organizations and the Minister did
congratulated them on their hard work.

English in Use

Travelling

Catching a Train

Travel words.

to travel подорожувати

by train поїздом

by bus автобусом

by plane, air літаком

on business у справі

booking office білетна каса

waiting room зал чекання

inquiry office довідкове бюро

car, carriage, van вагон

compartment купе

to get on the train сідати на поїзд

to get off the train виходити з поїзду

arrive in\ at, get in прибувати

to catch the train встигнути на поїзд

to miss the train пропустити поїзд

fare плата за проїзд, вартість проїзду

What`s the fare to Rome?

left- luggage office\ cheek room камера схову

Where can I leave my luggage? Де можна здати багаж?

the train leaves\ departs поїзд відходить

When is our train due? Коли прибуває наш поїзд?

Useful words and expressions.

Single to Madrid, please. (= a ticket to Madrid)
Return to Paris, please. (= a ticket to Paris and back)
I`d like to book\ reserve a seat\ ticket in advance. (= to buy a ticket beforehand)
Does this train go (= take me to) Barcelona?
Is it a fast train or a stopping train?

- Is it a through train (=without need to change trains) or do I have to change? (= change to another train)

- Is there a buffet /restaurant car on this train? (= a place to eat on a train)

- A. Which platform for Rome?

- B. Number two.

- C. And when is the train due to arrive?

How do we call these?

A place where we can buy train tickets.

Bags and suitcases you take when you travel.

What you must pay when you travel.

A ticket from A to B only.

A place where you stand when you are waiting for a train.

A train from beginning to end and when there is no need to change trains.

A part of a train that carries passengers from place to place.

A place where you can leave your luggage at a railway station.

Complete these sentences with a suitable word.

The Edinburgh train ….. from platform six.

I think the next train is ….. to arrive in about ten minutes.

He prefers to ….. a ticket in advance.

I`ll get a couple of coffees from the ….. car.

They`ve just apologized for the late ….. of our train.

The journey to Bigtown takes half an hour and you ….. the train at the second stop.

If you travel by train you find your ….., enter the corridor and find your …..

They left a bit later and ….. the train.

Read these dialogues and act them out.

At the Railway Ticket Office.

Please, I want to go to Leeds. When`s the next train?

Let me see. There is one at 10.42. You change at Metz. And there is another at 11 a.m.

Is that direct or do I have to change?

That`s direct.

When is the train due?

It gets in at 14.40.

How much is a single ticket there?

30 pounds and a return ticket is 55 pounds.

Return, please and I`d like a corner seat, facing the engine, in a non-smoker.

Here you are.

Which platform does the train leave from?

Platform 5.

A. Thanks.

b) At the Station

Here you are at last! Here is your ticket.
Oh, thank you. It`s a through train at 10 a.m., isn`t it?
Yes, but it`s all booked up.I think at 9.30 will do.
Yes, I`m glad we shan`t have to change. When is it due in Paris?
We are due there at 9.15 p.m.
And when is it leaving, by the way?
Oh, in ten minutes. Come on or we`ll miss it.

Make up your own dialogues.
Air Travel

Topical words

flight рейс, політ

When is the next flight to …? Коли наступний рейс до ….?

departure відправлення, від’їзд

check- in desk стійка реєстрації

destination місце призначення

to weight luggage важити багаж

boarding card посадковий талон

departure lounge зал вильоту

duty free безмитний

to take off злітати, відлітати

to land приземлятися

landing card картка посадки

gate вихід на посадку

From which gate does my flight leave? Де посадка на мій літак?

overhead locker накладні шафки

delay запізнення

cabin crew бортпровідники

to fasten a seat belt застебнути ремінь безпеки

baggage reclaim отримання багажу

to go through customs проходити митний огляд

2. Important Travel Information.

Departures

When you arrive at the airport, you can look at the departures board which shows the flight numbers ( e.g. BA 735), departure times and destinations (e.g. Paris).

At the check-in-desk they weigh your luggage. Usually you can take about 20 kilos. If it is more, you may have to pay excess baggage (= you pay extra). They also check your ticket and give you a boarding card for the plane.

Then you go through passport control where an official checks you passport, and

into the departure lounge. Here you can also buy things in the duty free (e.g. perfume).

About half an hour before take-off, you go to a gate number(e.g. gate 14), where you wait before you get on the plane.

When you board the plane, you find your seat. If you have hand luggage, you can put it under your seat or in the overhead locker.

If there are no delays the plane moves towards the runway.

The Flight.

The captain (= the pilot) or cabin crew may say these things :

Please fasten your seat belt
The cabin crew are now coming round with landing cards (= cards you have to fill in when you enter certain countries).

Arrival

When the plane lands, and the doors are open, you get off the plane and walk through the terminal building and go to the baggage reclaim. You go through customs( GREEN= nothing to declare; RED =goods to declare)

3. Complete the word combinations using the words from the box

control number desk card baggage

lounge luggage reclaim locker

boarding ….. 4. flight ……. 7. baggage …….
excess …… 5. overhead …… 8. passport ……..
check-in ….. 6. departure ……. 9. hand …….

Complete these sentences with a suitable word.

1. Do you know your flight times?

Yes, the plane … at 6 in the evening and … just after 10 o`clock.

2. Ladies and gentlemen: would you please … your seat belts.

3. I went through passport control and sat in the departure ……….

4. A woman at the check-in desk weighed my …….

5. I looked for our flight number on the departures ………

6. There was a mechanical problem, and we took off with a two-hour …..

7. Usually when we arrive at the airport with our luggage we go to ……..

The following sentences describe what you do when you go to an airport to catch a plane, but they are in the wrong order. Put them in the correct order.
- You go to the departure lounge.
- You arrive at the airport.
- You go to your gate.
- You go to the check-in desk
- You go to the duty- free shop.
- You get a boarding card.
- You board the plane
- You check in your luggage.
- You look at the departure board to see if your flight is boarding yet.
- The board tells you which gate to go to.
- You go through passport control.

6. Do the Crossword.

1. A _ _ _ _ _ _

. _ _ I _ _ _

3. _ _ _ _ _ R _

4. _ _ _ _ - _ _ _

5. _ _ _ _ T

6. _ _ R _

7. _ A _ _ _ _ _

8. _ V _ _ _ _ _ _

9. _ _ E _

10. _ L _ _ _

an area of land where an aircraft can land and take off, be kept, repaired, etc.
a trip by plane, especially carrying passengers on a regular service
a member of the cabin staff who looks after the passengers` needs
the act of leaving the ground by an airplane
a person who flies an airplane; captain
a big building in an airport serving as an important access point for passengers or freight
the act of coming down onto the ground again from the air
the science or practice of flying
all the people working on an airplane
other name for an aircraft

7. Read these dialogues and act them out.

At the Ticket- Office.

Can I book a ticket to Madrid here?
Yes, sure. Which flight?
I think eight two one will do, it`s a through plane, isn`t it?
Yes, but it`s all booked up. I can offer you only flight eighty two five with a stop-over in Paris.
What time does it get in?
At 5.45 p.m.
Thanks.

At the Check-In Desk.

Can I have your ticket, please?
Yes, of course. Here you are.
Do you have just one suitcase?
Yes. This bag is hand luggage.
That`s fine. Smoking or non-smoking?
Non-smoking, please. Oh … and I want a window seat.
Yes, that`s OK. Here`s your boarding card. Your flight will board at gate 14 in about an hour`s time. Have a nice flight!
Thanks. Bye.

8. Make up your own dialogues.

C. At the Customs

Topical words

customs officer митник

channel прохід

duty податок, митний збір

Where do they examine the luggage? Де перевіряють багаж?

Here`s my … Ось мій (моя, моє)….

passport паспорт

visa віза

health certificate довідка про стан здоров’я

certificate of vaccination свідоцтво про вакцинацію

declaration митна декларація

Have you anything to declare? / У Вас є речі, які підлягають

Is there anything liable to duty? обкладанню митом?

I have nothing to declare. / Я не маю нічого, що підлягає

There is nothing liable to duty. обкладанню митом.

Are you carrying any currency? Ви везете з собою валюту?

I have only used things and gifts У мене лише речі, які булі у . вжитку та подарунки

Will I submit for inspection …? Чи повинен я показати …?

Read these dialogues and act them out.

a) At the Customs

Where is your luggage, sir?
Here it is. A suitcase and a bag. Which do you want me to open?
Open the suitcase, please. Have you anything to declare?
I don`t think so. I have only articles for personal use and wear. By the way, shall I submit for inspection those PC diskettes?
No need, sir, thank you.

b) Declaration

Have you got anything to declare? Any spirits, wine, tobacco in excess of the duty-free allowance?
No, I only have these cigarettes.
Have you got any presents which you intend to leave in Spain?
Yes, I`ve got this camera. I bought it this week.
Have you got the receipt for this camera?
Yes, here it is.
If you wait a minute I`ll tell you how much duty you must pay.
Thanks.

c) At the Passport Control

- Passport control officer: Could I have your passport, please?

- Traveller: Here it is

- How long are you going to stay here?

- 5 days.

- What`s the purpose of your visit?

- I travel on business.

- Could you produce your visa and declaration?

- Here they are.

- Your passport and visa are in order. Have a pleasant stay, sir.

- Thank you.

Make up your own dialogues.

THE USA

Pre-reading Activities

Think of three things related to the topic ”The USA”. Name them and give the reasons for your answers.
Share with your group mates three facts, you know, about the USA.
What is the USA famous for?

4. Read and learn the new words:

to occupy [ )΄k ј u p a ı] займати, заповнювати

to stretch [΄s t r e t ∫] тягтися, простягатися

to include [ı n΄k l u:d] включати, мати у своєму складі

to border [΄b ) : d ə] межувати

lowland(s) [΄l ə u l ə n d] низина, оболонь, долина

to vary [΄v e ə r ı ] змінюватися

copper [΄k ) p ə ] мідь

ore [ ) : ] руда

weapon [΄w e p ə n ] зброя

origin [΄) r i d ʒ i n ] походження

the executive [ı g ΄z e k j u t ı v] виконавча влада

the legislative [΄l e d z i s l ə t ı v] законодавча влада

the judiciary [d z u: ΄d ı ∫ ı e r ı ] судова влада

Reading Activities

Read the text paying attention to the words in bold:

The U S A

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the central part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometres. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a seaboarder with Russia.

The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is about 250 million.

If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley, which is located in Alaska.

America’s largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande, and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.

The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the Central Part of the country is continental. The south has subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It is the leading producer of copper and oil and the world’s second producer of iron ore and coal. In the industrial enterprises of the country they produce aircrafts, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, weapon, furniture and paper.

Though mainly European and African in origin, the Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations, including the Chinese and the native Americans – Indians.

The largest cities are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco and others.

The United States is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, each of which has its own government. The seat of the central (federal) government is Washington, D.C. According to the Constitution of the USA, the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judiciary. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic.

Post-reading Activities

1. Choose one of the words to make the sentences complete (use the correct form of the word):

1. The United States of America … the central part of North America.

2. The country … from the Pacific to the Atlantic.

3. America … Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.

4. The USA … on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south.

5. There are … and mountains in the USA.

6. The fourth largest country is the leading producer of … and oil.

7. Coal and … are mined in the south of the country.

8. Industrial enterprises produce aircrafts, cars, textiles, radio and TV sets, … , and furniture.

9. The President is the head of … branch.

10. … branch consists of the Congress that is divided into two houses: The Senate and the House of Representatives.

2. Match the word and its definition:

1. ore a) a starting point, parents and conditions of early life;

2. origin b) a soft reddish metal which can be beaten into shape easily and which conducts heat and electricity well;

3. weapon c) to be, make or become different;

4. lowland d) a tool for harming or killing in attack or defence;

5. copper e) the branch of the government that carries out the laws;

6. to occupy f) rock, earth or sand from which metal may be extracted, as iron ore;

7. to include g) an area of land lower than the land surrounding it;

8. to stretch h) to be in (a place), to fill (a certain position, space or time);

9. to vary i) to have as a part; to contain in addition to other parts; to put in with something else;

10. the executive j) the branch of government that administers justice;

11. the legislative k) to spread out;

12. the judiciary l) to be next to, to have a common border with;

13. to border m) the branch of the government that makes laws.

3. Choose the right answer.

1. The USA is situated in the central part of …

the South American continent;
the North American continent;
the South-West American continent;
the North-East American continent.

2. It is washed by … in the East, and by … in the West.

a) the Pacific Ocean; the Arctic Ocean;

b) the Atlantic Ocean; the Indian Ocean;

c) the Atlantic Ocean; the Pacific Ocean;

d) the Pacific Ocean; the Indian Ocean.

3. … are the only countries bordering on the USA.

a) Mexico to the North and Canada to the South;

b) UK to the West and Canada to the South;

c) Canada to the North and Mexico to the South;

d) Mexico to the East and Canada to the West.

4. Hawaii, which became the 50th state in 1959, is situated in … .

a) The Atlantic Ocean ;

b) The Arctic Ocean;

c) The Pacific Ocean;

d) The Indian Ocean.

5. The climate of the USA is … in different regions of the country:

a) the same;

b) continental;

c) not homogeneous;

d) subtropical.

6. The USA is federation of … states .

a) fifteen;

b) fifty;

c) five hundred;

d) fifty–five.

7. The seat of the central government is … .

a) Washington;

b) New York;

c) Los Angeles;

d) Chicago.

8. The legislative branch is represented by … .

a) the Senate;

b) the House of Representatives;

c) the Congress;

d) the President.

9. The executive branch of the power is headed by … .

a) the Congress;

b) the President;

c) the Democratic Party;

d) the Republican Party.

10. American Congress includes two houses … .

a) the House of Lords and the House of Commons;

b) the House of Representatives and the Senate;

c) the House of Lords and the House of Representatives;

d) the Senate and the House of Commons.

4.Translate the sentences into English:

США – це назва країни, що складається з 50 штатів, об’єднаних у федеративну республіку.
Ця країна займає центральну частину Північної Америки і простягається з заходу на схід від Тихого до Атлантичного океану.
До складу США також входять Аляска на півночі і Гаваї у Тихому океані.
США межують з Канадою на півночі і Мексикою на півдні.
Якщо ми подивимось на карту США, то побачимо низини і гори.
Клімат країни дуже різноманітний.
США є лідером у світі з видобутку міді та нафти.

8. Хоч американці за походженням в основному європейці та африканці, тут представлені всі раси й нації, включаючи китайців і корінних американців – індійців.

9. Промислові підприємства країни випускають літаки, автомобілі, радіоприймачі й телевізори, зброю, меблі тощо.

10. Згідно з Конституцією в США є три гілки влади: виконавча, очолювана Президентом, законодавча, яку здійснює Конгрес, і судова.

5. Explain …

- why the climate of the USA varies greatly in different regions of the country;

- why the population of the USA is not homogeneous.

6. It is interesting to know…

1. Christopher Columbus never knew that he’d discovered a new continent. He reached a chain of islands in the Caribbean which he called the West Indies because he thought he had discovered a west passage to India.

2. The first known European settlement in the New World was established in Greenland about 985 by the descendants from a line of Viking chieftains.

3. The distance that Columbus covered on his way from Spain to Bahamas was about 6,275 kilometres (3,900 miles).

4. Hunting deer or bucks was a big business in the colonies. Indians and colonies often counted a person’s wealth in buckskins or bucks.

5. George Washington set a precedent refusing to run for the third term.

The unwritten rule was broken only by Franklin Roosevelt who was elected President four times.

6. The simple obelisk built in honour of G. Washington is often called the pencil.

7. The ”Potomac” means ”the river of the meeting of the tribes”.

8. America is the motherland of jazz, rock and roll, nylon and Coca-Cola.

9. The famous ship ”Mayflower” set sail to Virginia but was blown off its course and reached land on the shores of Cape Cod in present day Massachusetts.

10. Alexander Graham Bell first displayed his electric telephone in 1876 at the Exhibition in Philadelphia.

7. Make a report on the USA.

Focus on Grammar

Conditional Sentences

Choose the correct alternative.

Example: If I miss / I’ll miss the bus his afternoon, I’ll get a taxi instead. –

If I miss the bus his afternoon, I’ll get a taxi instead.

We’ll have to go without John if he doesn’t arrive / he won’t arrive soon.
They won’t refund / didn’t refund your money if you haven’t kept your receipt.
Will you send me a postcard when you reach / you’ll reach Mexico?
If I make some coffee, do you cut / will you cut the cake?
Did you work / would you work harder if you were better paid?
If you don’t complain / didn’t complain so much, you might be more popular.
Weren’t my friends / wouldn’t my friends be envious if they could see me now.

2. Complete the questions.

Example: A. I don’t know what’s happened to my dictionary.

I’ve looked everywhere for it.

B. What will you do if you don’t find it?

A. I suppose I’ll have to buy a new one.

A. I’m thinking of applying for the manager’s job.

B. Really? How _________ if you get it?

A. Oh, about ₤2.000 a year more than now, I suppose.

A. I don’t know what I’m going to do about money. I haven’t even got enough for my rent this week.

B. _________ if I lent you some?

A. Well, it would help, of course. But I can’t borrow from you.

B. Don’t be silly. How much do you want?

A. I hope the weather’s OK when I’m on holiday next week.

B. What ________ if it rains?

A. I’ve no idea. I’ve never been to Malta before.

A. I wish I could afford a new car.

B. What ________ if you could afford one?

A. Oh, I wouldn’t mind what make it was, as long as it didn’t keep breaking down.

A. I don’t think I’m going to pass my driving test next week.

B. What _______ if you don’t?

A. I won’t be able to get the job I want. They said I must be able to drive.

Put the verbs into the correct form.

Example: If I had more money, would you marry (you/marry) me?

1. He wouldn’t help you if ________ (he/not/like)you.

2. ________ (you/find) the machine is quite simple to operate if you look at the manual.

3. _______ (your parents/not/be) proud if they could see you now?

4. If _______ (I/not/revise) thoroughly, I may fail my test.

5. If you wanted to buy someone a really good present, what sort of thing _______

(you/look/for).

Sally would have a lot more friends if ________ (she/not/be) so mean.
How ________ (you/feel) if you were in my situation?
Would you change your job if ________ (you/can)?

4. Lisa is talking to her friend about what she might do when she leaves university. Write sentences using the given words.

Example: Trish: Do you have any plans for next year?

Lisa: Well, I don’t have any money.

But 1. I/travel/if I/afford it.

I’d travel if I could afford it.

Trish: 2. If you/find/a job abroad /you/take it?

Lisa: 3. If it/be/somewhere I want to go/I/certainly/consider it carefully.

Trish: What about working as an ”au pair”, looking after children in a family in the USA?

Lisa: 4. I/only/consider/that if I/be/sure about the family. 5. If they/not/treat/me well/I be very miserable.

Trish: Yes, 6. You/have to/be/sure to use a good agency. There’s a website I’ve seen. 7. I find/you the address of it if you/be interested.

Lisa: Yes, I am. 8. If I/decide/to apply to an agency,/you/help me write a letter?

Trish: Of course. Well, I hope you succeed, whatever you decide to do.

Lisa: Thanks very much. I’ll let you know.

Trish: That’s OK.

5. Write questions using if for the following answers.

Example: What would you do if you won a lottery prize? I’d share it with my friends.

1. _____________________ ? I’d call the police.

2. _____________________ ? I’d travel to the USA.

3. _____________________ ? I’d ask my teacher’s advice about it.

4. _____________________ ? I’d be late for work.

5. _____________________ ? We’d sail around the world.

6. _____________________ ? I’d stay at home all day.

7. _____________________ ? There’d be no more wars.

8. _____________________ ? We’d be extremely angry.

9. _____________________ ? I’d probably give it to my mother.

10. _____________________ ? We’d get out as fast as we could.

Match the beginning of each sentence with the most suitable ending.

Example: If you had been promoted, would you have made any changes? (e)

1. If you had been promoted, a) you’d be able to change the system.

2. If you were rude to the boss b) would you have left the firm?

3. If you were promoted c) you wouldn’t be sacked.

4. If you hadn’t been promoted d) you wouldn’t get a reference.

5. If you had lost your job e) would you have made any changes?

6. If you apologised f) you’d probably regret it later.

7. If you were fired g) you’d have been very upset.

Complete the conversations.

Example: A. Why didn’t you go to the party last night?

B. I wasn’t invited.

A. So would you have gone, if you’d been invited.

A. Jane’s got a university degree, hasn’t she?

B. Yeah. I don’t know how she can work here. I _______ a job doing something exciting if I ________ her qualification.

A. What kind of job would you want?

B. Oh! I don’t know exactly. But if ______ Jane, I ________ to meet interesting people and visit interesting places.

2. A. Why did you ask Veronica about her boyfriend? It really upset her.

B. Well, I didn’t realize they split up.

A. You didn’t know, then?

B. Of course not. If I _______ , I _______ her about him?

3. A. Hey, look at that motorbike. What a beauty!

B. Look out! Mind that litter bin.

A. Ouch! I’ve hurt my leg.

B. Well, you _______ it if you _______ where you were going.

4. A. Do you love me?

B. You know I do.

A. Would you _______ if I _______ poor?

B. Probably. But fortunately you’re rich.

A. Well, yes, I am. But if I ________ all my money, what _______ ?

B. I’d say good bye.

A. Now you’re joking.

B. Oh no, I’m not!

Use your own ideas to complete the sentences.

Example: What will you do if you miss your plane?

He’d have more friends if he _______ .
If I hadn’t mended the TV, we _______ .
You wouldn’t have felt ill if you _______ .
If she didn’t gossip about her friends, she _______ .
Will you forgive me if I _______ .
What would happen if I ________ .
If he had listened to my advice, he ______ .
She would have won the competition if she _______ .
They wouldn’t have minded if we _______ .

For each situation, write a sentence beginning with if.

Example: We don’t see you very often because you live so far away.

If you didn’t live so far away, we’d see you more often.

This book is too expensive, so I’m not going to buy it. I’d _______ if _______ .
We don’t go out very often – we can’t afford it. We ______ .
I can’t meet you tomorrow – I have to work late. If ______ .
It’s raining, so we can’t have lunch outside. We _______ .
I don’t want his advice, and that’s why I’m not going to ask for it. If _____ .

10. For each situation, write a sentence beginning with if.

Example: I wasn’t hungry, so I didn’t eat anything. If I’d been hungry,

I would have eaten something.

The accident happened because the road was icy. If the road ______ .
I didn’t know that Joe had to get up early, so I didn’t wake him up.
I was able to buy the car only because Jane lent me the money. If _______ .
Karen wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.

If _______ .

I didn’t get a taxi because I didn’t have any money. If _______ .

English in Use

At a Hotel

Read and learn the following words

reservation – заздалегідь замовлений номер (кімната) в готелі

cash – готівка, гроші

to check in – реєструватися в готелі

to check out – звільняти номер в готелі

a single room – номер (кімната) на одного в готелі

to fill out – заповнювати (документи)

to accept – приймати

currency – валюта, гроші

assistance – допомога

a towel – рушник

a blanket – ковдра

2. Read the given expressions and responses, paying attention to their pronunciation.

Expressions Responses

Do you have a reservation? Yes, the Name is Smith, Robert.

How long will you be staying? I’ll be checking out on Friday.

Do you prefer a smoking or non- Non-smoking if you please.

smoking room?

How many guests are there in your party? Two, my wife and I.

Will you be paying by cash or Credit card if you accept Visa.

credit card?

Fill out this registration form, Do you need to see my driver’s

please. license or passport?

I would like to leave a wake up Certainly sir, what’s your name and

call for 7:30. room number?

3. Read in pairs the following dialogues, paying attention to the underlined words.

Checking In

Clerk: Welcome to the Sheraton. May I help you?

Guest: I’d like to check in. I have a reservation.

Clerk: What’s your name, please?

Guest: Phillip Marlow.

Clerk: Yes, Mr. Marlow. You requested a single room for three nights, is that correct?

Guest: Yes, could I have a room on the upper floors?

Clerk: No problem. Do you prefer a smoking or non-smoking floor?

Guest: Non-smoking, please.

Clerk: Could you feel out the registration form, please. Thank you. And will you be paying by cash or credit card?

Guest: Cash. If you accept American dollars.

Clerk: Of course, sir. If you require local currency, we can also change money for you.

Guest: That’s great. I do need some cash.

Clerk: Your room number is 1109. Here’s your key. Enjoy your stay at the Sheraton. If you require anything further, feel free to call the front desk. Would you like assistance with your bags?

Guest: No thanks, I only have one. I can manage.

Room Service

RS: Room service, may I help you?

Guest: Yes, this is Mr. Marlow in room 1109. Could you send up a tuna fish sandwich and a bag of potato chips?

RS: Certainly sir, that will be ready in about ten minutes.

Guest: Thank you.

Wake Up Call

Front desk: Front desk, may I help you?

Guest: This is Mr. Marlow in room 1109. I would like to leave a wake up call for 7:00 am.

Front desk: Certainly, sir.

Guest: Thanks.

House Keeping

HK: House keeping, may I help you?

Guest: This is Mr. Marlow in room 1109. Could I get a couple of more towels and another blanket?

HK: Yes, sir, we will get them to you right away.

Guest: Thank you.

4. Pair work. Role play

The situation: At a Hotel.

Working with a partner, role play the situation, using the information below.

The roles: the guest, the hotel employee.

Making reservation.

The clerk should get the The guest should ask about

following information: the following:

Name; ● price;
Kind of a room; ● service available;
Number of beds required; ● whether a shuttle bus is
Credit card number; available to / from airport
Length of stay;
Number of guests;
Date of arrival.

Checking in, with reservation

The clerk should: The guest should ask about

the following:

Have the guests complete ● request a non-smoking or

the registration form; a smoking floor;

Ask if the guest needs ● ask about check out

assistance with luggage; time;

Get credit card or cash; ● request a room with a

picturesque view;

Give a key to the guest.

C. Room service. Ordering Meals

The clerk should: The guest should:

Ask the name and the room ● place the order

number;

Ask what the order is;
Ask when to deliver;
Say thank you.

D. Wake up call

The guest should: The clerk should:

Call to learn a wake up call; ● say hello;
Give name and room number. ● ask the time of the wake up

call

F. Check out

The guest should: The clerk should:

Inform the clerk he wants ● Inform the guest of additional

to check out; charges for the room service, mini-

bar, etc;

Give the clerk the key. ● get final payment;

● get the key from the guest;

● Ask the guest if he needs any help

with his luggage.

5. Make up a dialogue based on the following situation and act it out.

A couple arrives at a hotel.

They don’t have a reservation. The clerk explains the hotel services available. The guests have to choose the type (kind) of room, and if they want breakfast included. The clerk asks them to fill out the registration form; if the couple needs any assistance with the luggage and gives the key. The woman is superstitious and doesn’t want the room Number 13. So, the clerk gives them another room.

Have Fun!

Jokes and Funny Stories

Four in a German Castle

During an evening stay in a castle in Germany, a young woman said to the guide that she had been afraid she might encounter a ghost. ”Madame”, he said, “in all my years here I have never seen a ghost”. Noticeably relieved, she asked him how long he had been there. The guide solemnly replied,”Three hundred years”.

A mistake

Two men had put up at a country inn, and they found their bed room so hot in the night that one of them got up to open the door.

As he got back into bed, his friend asked him what kind of night it was. ”I don’t think it’s raining”, he replied, ”but it’s pitch-dark, and there is a strong odour of cheese”. In the morning he discovered that he had not opened the bedroom door, but the door of a cupboard.

Sight Unseen

While telephoning a resort to reserve accommodation for a long weekend I asked about the rates. I was told that they varied, depending on whether I wanted a view of the mountains or a view of the lake.

How much of a difference is there between the two? – I asked. The voice at the other end replied, ”Well, one’s hills and the other’s water”.

to encounter – (несподівано) зустріти

to relieve – заспокоювати

solemnly – урочисто, серйозно

pitch-dark – дуже темний

odour – запах, аромат

a cupboard – буфет, сервант

a rate – ціна

to vary – різнитися

At a restaurant

1. Read and learn the following words and word-combinations

an order – замовлення (в ресторані), кафе

salmon – лосось, сьомга

a steak – біфштекс

rare, medium, well done – з кров’ю, соковитий, добре просмажений

baked potatoes – печена картопля

mashed potatoes – картопляне пюре

a roll – булочка

a BLT – bacon, lettuce and tomato sandwich – сандвіч з беконом, салатом латук і томатами

a T-bone steak – біфштекс на кісточці

corn on the cob – варена кукурудза

a pea – горох, горошина

a carrot – морква

a meringue [mə'ræŋ] – меренга (тістечко з запечених збитих яєчних білків та вершків із цукром)

Enjoy your meal – смачного.

2. Read the given expressions and responses, paying attention to their pronunciation

Expressions Responses

a waiter a customer

May I take your order? Could I have a few minutes, please?

Are you ready to order? Yes, I’ll have the salmon.

How would you like (… your Well done, please.

steak: rare, medium, well done)?

You have a choice of (… baked I’ll have the mashed potatoes.

or mashed potatoes).

Would you care (… for something Yes, I’ll have an iced tea.

to drink)?

May I get you anything else? No, I’m fine, thanks.

a customer a waiter

Could I get another (… roll, Certainly, I will bring it right away.

please)?

Could I see the menu? One moment, please.

This steak is (… still bloody. Right away, sir.

Could you ask the chief to cook

it a little more)?

This isn’t what I ordered I’m so sorry, sir. It’s my first day and

(I wanted a BLT and you gave I’m still a little confused.

me a meat loaf)

Can I get the bill, please? Certainly, sir.

3. Discussion.

Before ordering the meal describe the food you want to have to your dining companion, you can also want to know how something may taste. There are a number of words that can be used to describe food. Look at these examples

Words used to describe food

bland – ніжний, м’який spicy – гострий, пряний, пікантний

sweet – солодкий bitter – гіркий

rich – жирний, здобний salty – солоний

sour – кислий hot – гострий, пряний, пікантний

Ways to prepare food

to pickle – маринувати

to grill / broil – смажити на відкритому вогні, грилі

to bake – запікати

to fry – смажити

to boil – варити

to sauté ['səuteì] – пасерувати

Words to describe the taste of food

delicious – дуже смачний

awful – жахливий

tasty – смачний

yummy (розм.) – смачний, апетитний

yucky (розм.) – несмачний

disgusting – відразливий

4. Read the following dialogue in pairs, paying attention to the underlined words.

Waiter: Welcome to Kasey’s Kitchen. Do you have a reservation?

Customer: Yes, the name is Johnson, Paul.

Waiter: Oh, yes, here you are. That was a party for one, correct?

Customer: Yes, that’s right.

Waiter: This way, please. Here’s the menu, sir. I’ll return in a minute to take your order.

Waiter: (a few minutes later). Are you ready to order, sir?

Customer: Yes, I’ll have the T-bone steak.

Waiter: How would you like it cooked?

Customer: Well-done, please.

Waiter: We have a choice of potatoes: French fried, mashed or baked.

Customer: I’ll have baked potatoes.

Waiter: Would you like them with butter or sour cream, or both?

Customer: I’m on a diet, so only butter.

Waiter: The vegetables today are corn on the cob, peas and carrots or broccoli.

Customer: I’ll take corn on the cob.

Waiter: And what would you like for dessert?

Customer: What do you have?

Waiter: We have an apple, cherry and lemon meringue pie, a chocolate and vanilla cake and chocolate, vanilla and strawberry ice-cream.

Customer: I’ll take a cherry pie, please.

Waiter: Would you like something to drink?

Customer: I’ll take a large iced tea with my meal and a cup of black coffee with dessert.

Waiter: Very good, sir. Enjoy your meal.

Customer: Thanks.

5. Pair work. Role-play

The situation: At a Restaurant.

Working with a partner, role play the situation, using the information below. Use the menu to order a meal.

The roles: a waiter, a customer.

Kasey’s Kitchen menu

Starters

Oysters (each) – £ 2.40

Ham and cheese – £ 3.99

Whole crab and mayonnaise – £ 10.80

BLT – £ 4.59

Brown crab meat on toast – £ 8.50

Bacon and Eggs – £ 4.95

Main courses

Pig’s head and potato pie – £ 22.70

Shepherd’s Pie – £ 19.20

Whole baked fish on green and white vegetables – £ 15.70

Turnips and bacon – £ 19.20

T-bone steak – £ 17.30

(rare, medium, well-done)

Side Orders

Potatoes – £ 4.50

(fried, baked, mashed)

Corn on the cob – £ 3.40

Peas, carrots and broccoli – £ 5.10

Green salad – £ 4.50

Cheese – £ 9.00

Desserts

Apple, cherry, lemon meringue pie – £ 6.80

Apple cake – £ 5.30

Chocolate, vanilla cake – £ 5.70

Almond cake – £ 7.80

Baked cheese cake – £ 7.00

Chocolate, vanilla, strawberry ice-cream – £ 3.40

Drinks

Iced tea – £ 1.20

Tea – £ 1.20

Coffee – £ 2.10

(black, white)

Coke – 60 p.

Juice – £ 1.80

(orange, tomato, apple)

Mineral water – 80 p.

Beer – £ 2.50

Wine (glass) – £ 3.50

Recipe Page

Shepherd’s Pie

Shepherd’s Pie is a very popular English dish. It originated in the north of England, but it’s now eaten all over the country.

1. Slice the onions, carrots and mushrooms.

2. Fry them in a pan with the minced beef for about 8–10 minutes, stirring all the time.

3. Add the flour and stir for one more minute.

4. Add the beef stock and some salt and pepper and stir again until the mixture becomes thicker.

5. Transfer to a casserole dish and put into the oven at 190oC for 25 minutes.

6. Then drain and mash together with the butter and milk.

7. Put the potato on top of the mince mixture, grate the cheese and put it on top.

8. Return the dish to the oven at 200 oC for 15 minutes.

Serve hot with green vegetables

Apple Cake

1. Peel and chop the apples.

2. Mix together the apples, raisins, milk and sugar.

3. Mix together the flour and butter (softened) in another bowl.

4. Add the fruit mixture and the egg and mix very well.

5. Put into a buttered 20-centimetre square cake tin. Put a little white sugar on the top.

6. Cook in the oven at 170 oC for 1 hour 45 minutes.

Serve hot or cold with fresh cream.

6. Make up a dialogue based on the following situation and act it out.

A couple goes to a restaurant.

A couple arrives at a restaurant and the waiter makes them sit. The waiter should ask if they prefer smoking or non-smoking table, by the window or in the centre. He brings the menu. The couple discusses the prices. They order. The waiter brings the food but the woman says that it’s cold. The waiter brings a new plate. They have their meal and ask for the bill. The guests pay and leave happily because it was not very expensive.

7. Read the English proverbs.

Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following proverbs. Learn them by heart and use them in your own situations or dialogues:

1. Tastes differ.

2. As like as two peas.

3. As hungry as a wolf (hunter).

4. His eyes are bigger than his stomach.

5. Too many cooks spoil the broth.

6. Hunger is the best sauce.

7. Hope is a good breakfast, but a bad dinner.

8. After dinner sleep a while, after supper walk a mile.

Have Fun!

Jokes and Funny Stories

He didn’t notice it.

Mother: I left two pieces of cake in the cupboard this morning, Johnny, and now there is only one piece left. Can you explain that?

Johnny: Well, I suppose it was so dark that I didn’t notice the other.

Father doesn’t eat hay.

Boy: I want a bundle of hay.

Farmer: For your father?

Boy: No, for the horse. Father doesn’t eat hay.

The same fish.

”Here, waiter. It seems to me that this fish is not as fresh today as the fish you served us last Sunday”.

”Pardon, sir, it is the very same”.

hay – сіно

very same – той самий

EDUCATION IN UKRAINE, GREAT BRITAIN AND THE USA

PART I. Education in Ukraine

Pre-reading Activities

1. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. appointment of staff a) обов’язковий

2. nursery school, kindergarten b) аспірант

3. compulsory c) призначення кадрів

4. headmaster / headmistress d) кандидат наук

5. deputy head e) початкова школа

6. school leaver f) директор школи

7. postgraduate g) дитячий садок

8. Candidate of Science h) агрономія

9. fee-paying i) профтехучилище

10. vocational training school j) завуч

11. primary school k) випускник школи

13. psychology l) платний

14. law m) психологія

15. sociology n) правознавство

16. agriculture o) соціологія

17. engineering p) предмет

18. subject q) машинобудування

Reading Activities

Read Text 1 and compare what you know about the system of education in Ukraine with the information in the text:

Text 1. EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

Present day independent Ukraine has a well-developed system of education which matches the standards of the developed countries. Pre-school education is not compulsory and is fee-paying. Most parents take their children to nursery schools or kindergartens at the age of 3. Up to the age of 5 children mostly eat, sleep and play there, but in senior groups they are taught the basics of arithmetic, reading, writing, arts and in some schools foreign languages.

Compulsory secondary education begins at the age of 6-7 and is free in state schools and fee-paying in private ones. Secondary education includes three stages: primary (1-4 grades), basic (5-10 grades) and senior (11-12 grades). In general secondary schools children start learning foreign languages from the 2nd grade and have fewer lessons of language a week than specialized language schools that start teaching languages from the 1st grade. Recently new types of schools have appeared: gymnasiums and lyceums. In addition, there are schools with technical, computer, mathematical, law, pedagogical and art specialization. All the subjects in the secondary schools are obligatory but there are optional courses that students of senior grades can take.

Extra-curricular activities usually include a variety of sports and drama clubs, interest groups and various school parties.

Institutions of higher learning (higher educational establishments) include universities, academies, institutes and conservatories. Among the best known higher educational establishments there are Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kyiv Polytechnic University, International Independent University „Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”, Kyiv State Conservatory, Lviv State University, Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Kharkiv State Polytechnic University and many others.

Postgraduate education begins after the last year of studies and usually results in thesis on the chosen scientific topic and the degree of the Candidate of Science. Doctorate Degree is awarded for an outstanding scientific research.

Post-reading Activities

1. State if these sentences are true or false:

The system of education in Ukraine matches the standards of the developed countries.
Pre-school education is fee-paying.
Most parents take their children to kindergartens at the age of 8.
Children are not taught the basics of arithmetic, reading and writing in senior groups.
Compulsory secondary education begins at the age of 9-10 and is free in private schools.
There are schools with different specializations in our country.
Children don’t like extra-curricular activities.
There are no higher educational establishments in our country.

2. Read Text 1 again and make notes under the headings below, then present a one-minute TV talk on education in Ukraine:

Pre-school Education
Secondary Education
Post-secondary and Higher Education

Start like this: Hello. Today’s theme is the Education in Ukraine.

3. Study the table and answer the questions.

Subjects

You can normally do/study these subjects at university but not always at school:

Medicine	Law	Philosophy	Engineering
Psychology	Sociology	Architecture	Politics
Business studies	Agriculture	History of Art

Which subjects do the students do at University?
- Which subjects do the pupils do at school?
- Which subjects do you think are the most important to study at school\university?

4. Here are some school subjects but the letters are mixed up. What are the subjects?

Example: MGREAN – German.

1. TAHMS

2. IRTHOSY

3. CNECSEI

4. NISGEHL

5. HOGTCEYNLO

6. EHGORAGPY

7. RAT

8. SIMCU

9. EHNFCR

10.NEOCCIOSM

5. Look at the heading of Text 2 and try to guess what it is about.

6. Suggest some possible types of homework.

7. Read and memorize the following words.

waste марнування

survey обстеження, інспектування

to conclude дійти висновку

to perform well добре встигати

amount кількість

issue спірне питання

to prove довести

assignment завдання

rote механічне запам’ятовування

concept поняття

value цінність

grade оцінка

to encourage заохочувати

score кількість набраних очок

to emphasize надавати особливого значення

to research досліджувати

proof доказ

resource можливість; засіб

to share a room жити в одній кімнаті

chore робота по дому

inequality нерівність

to fly in the face суперечити

opportunity можливість

low achiever невстигаючий учень

sick note лікарняний

strict punishment суворе покарання

library facilities можливості бібліотек

to skip lessons пропускати заняття

8. Read Text 2.

Text 2. HOMEWORK: IS IT GOOD FOR YOU?

Do You Like Homework? Did It Help You in School?

Is Homework a Waste of Time?

In the middle of the 1980s, a commission conducted a survey of American education and concluded that pupils were ‘at risk’: they were not getting a good education and not performing well in school. One easy way to improve was to increase the amount of homework.

But now, some educators think homework has gone too far. Even six-year-old pupils get homework. In some schools in California, primary school pupils do an average of two hours a week. Educators disagree on homework. There are two main issues they disagree on. The first issue is whether or not homework actually improves your studies. The second issue is whether or not homework is fair.

Does Homework Help?

There are a lot of different types of homework. Some teachers give assignments that are ‘rote’ assignments. You repeat an idea, word or concept over and over again. This might mean writing ten sentences using the verb to be or doing ten math calculations using the same formula. Critics of homework say that this work has no real learning value. Other kinds of homework include reading, writing papers or studying for tests.

Some of these types of homework assignments may indeed help you get a better grade or get a better test score. That would mean your academic achievement is higher. But are you really learning more? Some educators encourage homework that is more creative and emphasizes understanding. If you are studying Japan, for example, you might be asked to create a costumed doll or do a report on Buddhism or research food in Japan.

Is Homework Fair?

Etta Briggs from a college in California says there is no proof that homework makes you do better in school. She believes that homework is unfair.

Why? Some children have well-educated parents and lots of books and resources, including a computer, at home. They have their own room and a quiet place to study. Other children have poorly-educated parents. They have to share a room with a sister or a brother. They have no place to study, and no resources at home. They may even have a job. Etta Briggs thinks homework increases social inequality and flies in the face of the American ideal of equal educational opportunity.

Some students say that homework is good because it means they spend time with their parents. Some educators found that students who were low achievers and did very little homework had less educated parents.

Etta Briggs and other educators believe that the pupils should have time for independent work, like doing exercises, researching, writing papers and studying for exams, during the school day. What do you think?

Answer the questions about Text 2.

Why did the commission decide to increase the amount of home work?
What are the two main issues the educators disagree on?
Why does Etta Briggs think that homework is unfair?
Is there any connection between low achievers and less educated parents?
Which assignments can be called ‘rote’?
Can you suggest any types of creative homework (you may use such verbs and expressions, as: write, compare, describe, find some differences, speak about the similarities, make up a dialogue, etc.)?

10. Translate these expressions from Ukrainian into English and make up sentences with them:

відповідати стандартам, освіта забезпечується, вищий навчальний заклад, аспірантура, позакласні заходи, школа з правовим нахилом, технічний ліцей, обов’язкові та факультативні курси, дітей навчають, менша кількість уроків.

11. Describe the system of education of Ukraine.

12. Match the words with the definitions.

lateness being kept in school after class

truancy permanent removal from school

low standards temporary removal from school

indiscipline repeated absence from school

detention arriving late for class

suspension rudeness or violence from pupils

expulsion teaching period for a small group of learners

tutorial poor class and exam results

13. Fill in the gaps with one of the words from the list below.

classroom blackboard bell

staffroom sports hall office canteen

corridor playground playing fields

1. Lessons are held in the ______ .

2. Some schools have a(n) ______ where pupils can buy their lunch.

3. The ______ rings to mark the end of one lesson and the beginning of another.

4. The pupils normally go out into the ______ to take their breaks.

5. In between lessons or at breaktime, teachers gather in the ______ .

6. Game lessons are given inside in the ______ or outside on the ______ .

7. The traditional ______ is now being replaced by the whiteboard in most classrooms.

8. The pupils walk between classrooms along a …

9. Pupils who behave especially badly in class are sent to the headteacher`s …

14. Choose the solutions to the following problems, then fill in the table.

Possible solutions: pupils should provide sick notes when they are absent; suspension; government grants should be given to schools and pupils; stricter punishment; schools should install more computers; improve library facilities and organize a PTA (Parent Teacher Association); expulsion; donations by the rich should be given to schools; extra staff should be appointed; the school administration should set up tutorials.

Problem	Solutions
truancy
large class sizes
lack of discipline
poor exam results

Model 1:

If students were asked to provide sick notes when absent, then this would stop them from skipping school. Stricter punishment would be a positive step too. Also the organization of a PTA would help because parents would be personally and immediately informed and some actions could be taken by them.

Model 2:

The problem of large class sizes could be solved by appointing extra staff. If this was done, there would be smaller groups and students would receive individual attention. If a class is large, it means that there are too many pupils in it and they don’t receive enough individual attention from their teacher.

15. Think of some other problems which occur in the classroom and say how they could be solved.

PART II. Education in Great Britain

Pre-reading Activities

1. Study the words to the topic.

degree ступінь

to attend відвідувати

maroon темно-бордовий

Fellow викладач, член ради коледжу

secondary school середня школа

comprehensive school загальноосвітня школа

option вибір

independent самостійний, незалежний

public school закритий приватний привілейований середній навчальний заклад (у Великій Британії)

selection відбір

influential впливовий

further education подальша освіта

to award нагороджувати

to govern керувати

curriculum навчальна програма

infant school школа в Британії для дітей віком від 4 до

8 років

junior school школа в Британії для дітей віком від 7 до

11 років

boarding school школа-пансіон, де деякі або всі учні живуть, як і вчаться, на протязі семестру

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) кандидат наук (англ.)

vocational професійний

Master of Arts (MA) магістр мистецтва, магістр гуманітарних

наук

Master of Science (MSc) магістр природничих наук

Bachelor of Arts (BA) бакалавр мистецтва, бакалавр

гуманітарних наук

Bachelor of Science (BSc) бакалавр природничих наук

2. Try to answer these True/False statements by guessing, then read Text 3 and find out if your guesses were correct.

Children go to junior school at the age of 7.
Most secondary schools in Britain are private schools.
In boarding schools pupils live during term-time.
Further education means post-school education.
Attending lectures is compulsory for Oxford and Cambridge students.
The Department of Education and Science has a lot of control over the curriculum of any university.

Reading Activities

Read and translate Text 3:

Text 3. EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Primary and Secondary Education

Around half of 3 and 4-years-olds in Britain receive nursery education – they attend nursery schools and many other children attend pre-school playgroups.

Some parents send their children to private (fee-paying) nursery schools or kindergartens.

Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 16 (inclusive). Children first attend infant schools and move to junior schools or departments at 7.

The usual age for transfer from primary to secondary school is 11 (12 in Scotland). At the age of 16 pupils (students) may continue their secondary studies for 2 years (sixth form), leading most typically to an A-level qualification. The leaving age for compulsory education was raised to 18 by the Education and Skills Act (2008). The change will take effect in 2013 for 17 year olds and 2015 for 18 year olds. State-provided schools are free of charge to pupils and there is also a tradition of independent schooling. Parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means.

The independent school sector is separate from the state educational system. An independent school in the United Kingdom is funded by private sources in the form of tuition charges and gifts. The most important of the independent schools are the public schools. In England and Wales the term “public school” refers to a privately funded independent school which had its origin in medieval schools.

About seven per cent of pupils go to private schools. These schools do not receive any money from the state: parents pay for their children. Most of these schools are single-sex boarding schools, that is, for boys or girls only, where students live during term-time. Usually they are very expensive, but their standards are very high.

Most pupils in Britain schools wear school uniform. The favourite colours for school uniforms are blue, grey, black and maroon.

Further Education

The next stage in the British educational system is further education much of which is vocational. This term usually means post-school, non-university education. Young people have several options at 16. They can stay on at school until the age of 18 or leave school but continue full-time education in a further education college which prepares a variety of professions for industry, commerce and administration. Such colleges have various titles – colleges of further education, colleges of technology, colleges of commerce, colleges of art, agricultural colleges, drama schools, art schools, ballet schools, schools of librarianship, etc. A large proportion of further education establishments are independent or private, i.e. fee-paying.

Higher Education

There are 91 universities in Britain (including the Open University), 47 colleges of higher education and 30 polytechnics. Universities offer three- and four-year degree courses; colleges of higher education offer two-year Higher National Diploma courses and degree courses.

A degree is a qualification you get from university when you pass your final exams.

The titles for a first degree are Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BSc) or BEd (Bachelor of Education) and for a second degree Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MSc) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil).

British Universities are independent, self-governing institutions. They all receive financial support from the state, but the Department of Education and Science has no control over their curriculum, examinations, appointment of staff, or the way in which money is spent.

The university is like a federation of colleges. It arranges the courses, the lectures and the examinations, and awards the degrees. Each college has its own building, its own staff and students. The colleges are governed by twenty to thirty ‘Fellows’. Fellows of a college are ‘tutors’ (teachers, often called ‘dons’).

Undergraduates – students who are studying for degrees – go to lectures, but most of the work takes place in tutorials: lessons in groups of ten or more when the students discuss their work with the lecturer.

In Oxford and Cambridge the study system is based on tutorials which take place once a week. Attending lectures is optional for Oxford and Cambridge students.

The Open University was founded for those people who, for some reason, had no chance to enter any of the other universities. It takes both men and women at the age of 21 and over. Its degrees are the same as those of other universities.

Most British students go to university a long way from their home town. They think going to university is a time to be independent. Until 1998, British students did not pay for university. Now they must pay about £ 1,000 a year. Many students, whose parents do not earn a lot of money, are given a grant. Some students borrow money from the bank, which must be paid back after they leave university. In fact the grant is not large enough. Students often work during the holidays to earn more money. About 38 per cent of the population under 24 years of age go on higher education.

Post-reading Activities

1. Answer the questions on Text 3:

1. Where do children in Great Britain receive nursery education?

2. Which schools do the pupils attend first?

3. What is the usual age for transfer from junior to secondary schools?

4. What is an independent school?

5. Is the independent school sector separate from the state educational system?

6. Are the public schools expensive?

7. What does the term „further education” mean?

8. Which options do the young people have at 16?

9. Does the Department of Education and Science have any control over the universities?

10. What degrees do the universities award?

11. What do you know about the Open University?

2. Complete the sentences.

1. Full-time education is compulsory … .

2. Children receive nursery education at… .

3. The leaving age for compulsory education … .

4. Usually children go from junior to secondary school at ...

5. An independent school is funded by… .

6. British universities award such titles: … .

7. A lot of further education establishments are … .

3. Fill in the gaps with the correct word(s) from the list below:

options variety vocational financial support

are governed federation wear tutorials

university

1. Further education in Britain is mainly … .

2. A further education college prepares a … of professionals for industry, commerce and administration.

3. The university is like a … of colleges.

4. Most pupils in Britain … school uniform.

5. The … arranges the courses, the lectures and the examinations, and awards the degrees.

6. Young people have several … at 16.

7. The colleges … by Fellows.

8. British universities receive … from the state.

9. In Oxford and Cambridge the study system is based on … .

4. Write a summary of the text ”Primary and Secondary Education”, using the following words and phrases:

a nursery school, compulsory, transfer, an independent school, a public school, standards, a school uniform, tuition charges, the leaving age.

5. Read the conversation between Tom, a pupil of a secondary school, and his old friend, Mark, who has just started his studies at the university.

Tom: Hi, Мark. How’s college?

Мark: Great. I’m having such a good time. I used to study harder when I was at secondary school.

Tom: You’re so lucky to be a year older than me. I’m still studying four hours a night.

Мark: I know! It’s funny; it seems like only yesterday that we were little schoolchildren in kindergarten together. Now here I am, an undergraduate at university, and next year you will be, too.

Tom: If I pass my exams.

Мark: Of course you will. Listen, why don’t you relax tonight. Take a night off and come out with me.

Tom: I can’t. I’ve got to study for an exam tomorrow.

Мark: What exam are you taking?

Tom: It’s one of Davis’s history tests.

Мark: Oh, I remember Davis’s history tests. You don’t have to worry about them. His tests are always easy. Nobody ever fails.

Tom: Well, I’m in real trouble if I don’t pass.

Мark: Listen, you’re a good student, aren’t you?

Tom: Yes, but …

Мark: You attended all his classes, right?

Tom: Yes, of course, but …

Мark: And did you take good notes in his lessons?

Tom: Yes, I took pages and pages of notes in a big notebook and …

Мark: And did you do all the homework?

Tom: Yes, I kept it all in my notebook with my lesson notes.

Мark: And did you write all the essays you had to do?

Tom: Yes, they’re all together in the same big notebook.

Мark: So, why are you worried?

Tom: There’s only one problem. I’ve lost the notebook.

6. Choose the best answer according to the information in the dialogue.

1. Who is probably older?

a) Tom b) Mark c) impossible to know

2. How many years have Tom and Mark known each other?

a) about four b) about twelve c) about eight

3. Who now does more studying?

a) Tom b) Mark c) they do the same

4. Has Mark ever taken Davis’s history test?

a) yes b) no c) impossible to know

5. Is Tom a good student?

a) yes b) no c) impossible to know

6. Is Tom going to fail his history test?

a) yes b) no c) impossible to know

7. Put the following events in the logical order.

1 ___ ___ ___ a) take an exam b) pass an exam c) study for an exam

2 ___ ___ ___ a) go to college b) go to secondary school c) go to kindergarten

3 ___ ___ ___ a) learn b) listen c) forget

4 ___ ___ ___ a) be a teacher b) be a schoolchild c) be an undergraduate

5 ___ ___ ___ a) have a lesson b) do homework c) take a test

Just for fun. Which of the following characteristics do you like best in a teacher? Put them in order from 1-8.

is friendly ___ gives a lot of homework ___

gives frequent tests ___ is young and attractive ___

has a good sense of humour ___ keeps good control of the students’

behaviour ___

makes a subject interesting ___ knows his or her subject well ___

Discuss your answers with your group-mates.

9. Translate these sentences from Ukrainian into English.

1. Мій брат не відвідував дитячий садок.

2. Ці батьки будуть віддавати дітей до державного дитячого садка.

3. В цих університетах система навчання базується на індивідуальних заняттях.

4. Їй потрібно працювати на канікулах, щоб заробити грошей.

5. Я отримав ступінь бакалавра гуманітарних наук, а моя сестра – ступінь бакалавра педагогіки.

6. Факультети організовують навчальний процес.

7. Учні цієї приватної школи повинні носити шкільну форму.

10. Think about:

1. At what ages do you take important examinations in your country?

2. What subjects do you think are the most important to study at school?

3. Do you think a good education should prepare you for life in general or for a particular job?

11. Study the words and read the following texts (4 and 5) about the education system of Great Britain.

to enter вступати

level рівень

to obtain отримати

limited обмежений

approximately приблизно

adult доросла людина

tuition навчання

free безкоштовний

grant стипендія

expense витрата

accommodation житло, квартира

undergraduate студент

degree ступінь

to complete закінчувати

science природничі науки

postgraduate course аспірантура

graduate той, хто має вчений ступінь; випускник

to conduct (research) проводити (дослідження)

tribe плем’я

vs=versus проти

to take/make notes вести конспект

except за винятком, крім

occasional що відбувається час від часу, іноді

bone кістка

fertilizer добриво

precise точний

term семестр

Text 4. STUDIYING AT UNIVERSITY (IN ENGLAND AND WALES)

If you want to go to (= enter) university, you must first pass examinations that most students take at the age of eighteen (called ‘A’ levels). Most students take three ‘A’ levels (three examinations in three different subjects) and they must do well in order to get/obtain a place at university because the places are limited. At the moment, approximately 30 % of young adults go to university in Britain.

If you get a place at university, the tuition (= the teaching) is free, and some students also get (= receive) a grant (= money to pay for living expenses, e.g. food and accomodation) as well. Students at university are called undergraduates while they are studying for their first degree.

Most university courses last (= go on for/continue for) three years, some courses last four years, and one or two courses, e.g. medicine, may be longer. During this period students can say that they are doing/studying history, or doing/studying for a degree in history, for example. When they finish the course and pass their examinations, they receive a degree (the qualification when you complete a university course successfully). This can be a BA (= Bachelor of Arts) or a BSc (=Bachelor of Science), e.g. I have a friend who has a BA in history, and another who has a BSc in chemistry.

Text 5. POSTGRADUATE COURSES

When you complete your first degree, you are a graduate. (In the US, students also use this word as a verb and say, they ‘graduated in history’ or ‘graduated in chemistry’, for example.) Some students then go on to do a second course or degree (postgraduate course/ postgraduate degree). These students are then postgraduates. There are usually three possible degrees:

MA (Master of Arts) or MSc (Master of Science), usually one year;

MPhil (Master of Philosophy), usually two years;

PhD (Doctor of Philosophy), at least three years.

When people study one subjects in great detail (often to find new information), we say they are conducting/doing/carrying out research; e.g.

I’m doing some research into/on the languages of different African tribes.

school vs. university. At school, you have teachers and lessons, at university, you have lecturers and lectures. When a lecturer gives/does a lecture, the students listen and take/make notes (= write down the important information), but do not usually say much, except to ask occasional questions.

12. Read these sentences spoken by university students. What is each person studying? Mark the stress on each of your answers, check with the answer key, and practise saying the words.

1. We have to know every bone in a person’s body.

2. I’m concentrating on the modernist style and the work of Le Corbusier.

3. The way we use fertilizers is much more precise than twenty years ago.

4. We’re going to concentrate on Freud and Jung this term.

5. I’ve been reading some books on time management.

6. Expressionism was really a reaction to the work of the Impressionists.

7. We’ve spent a lot of time on American foreign policy and how it has been affected by various domestic problems.

8. You must know this case – it’s one of the most famous in legal history.

13. What do you call:

1) the money some students receive if they get a place at university?

2) the qualification you get at the end of university?

3) the name we give students during this period at university?

4) teachers at university?

5) students when they have completed their first degree?

6) students studying for a second degree?

7) the study of one subject in great depth and detail, often to get a new information?

8) the talks that students go to while they are at university?

14. Replace the underlined verbs with different verbs that have the same meaning in the context.

1. Who is giving the lecture today?

2. Did she receive a grant for her course?

3. Is it more difficult to obtain a place at university?

4. You have to pass the exams before you can enter university.

5. He’s studying physics, I think.

6. I think they’re carrying out some research into computer studies.

7. I didn’t take any notes in the lecture yesterday.

8. The course goes on for three years.

15. How similar is university education in your country? Answer these questions.

1. Do you need to pass examinations before you can go to university?

2. Do any students get a grant to study at university?

3. Is the tuition free if you go to university?

4. Do most students go to university at the age of 18 or 19?

5. Do most degree courses last three years?

6. What is Ukrainian equivalent of the British MA or MSc?

7. Do you have similar postgraduate degrees in your country?

8. Do you think higher education should be free or fee-paying? Give your reasons.

9. Would you like to study abroad? Why?

16. Write a letter to a pen-friend about the system of higher education in Great Britain.

17. Find at least 3 differences and 3 similarities between the systems of education in Ukraine and Great Britain.

18. Retell Text 3.

PART III. Education in the USA

Pre-reading Activities

1. Match the following words and word-combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1) church-related schools a) відділ народної освіти

2) board of education b) навички спілкування

3) standards and requirements c) прийом до коледжу

4) tuition fee d) безкоштовно

5) summer support classes e) оцінки

6) social skills f) плата за навчання

7) admission to college g) залишитися на другий рік

8) extra-curricular activities h) позашкільні та позакласні заходи

9) grades i) навчальні матеріали

10) teaching materials j) норми та вимоги

to repeat a course k) релігійні школи
at no cost l) заняття для студентів, які не

встигають

Reading Activities

Read Text 6 and find out some new information about the system of education in the United States.

Text 6. EDUCATION IN THE USA

Americans have always shown a great concern for education. Here are some figures to support this statement. Today, there are 43 million pupils and students in public schools, and another 6 million in private schools throughout the country. In other words, 88% of American children attend public schools (financed by the government) and 12% go to private schools. Every year about 12 million Americans become students in over 3,000 colleges and universities of every type: private, public, church-related, small and large, in cities, counties and states.

The United States does not have a national system of education. It means that most educational matters are left to the separate states or the local community. In general, colleges, universities and schools, whether state or private, are quite free to determine their own individual standards and requirements.

The major result of this unusual situation is that there is a lot of variety in elementary, secondary and higher education throughout the nation. For example, although all states today require that children attend school until a certain age, it varies from 14 to 18 years. Or, as another example, in about 60% of the states, local schools are free to choose subjects and teaching materials or textbooks which they think are appropriate. In other states they only use the teaching materials approved by the state Board of Education. Some universities are free to residents of the state, others are expensive, especially for out-of-state students, with tuition fees of thousands of dollars each year. Some school systems are extremely conservative, some very progressive and liberal. These and other important differences must always be considered while describing American schools.

Because of the great variety of schools and colleges, and the many differences between them, we cannot speak about a typical American school or college. Yet, there are basic similarities in structure among the various schools and systems to give some general comments.

Most schools start at the kindergarten level at the age of 5. The elementary school (or grade school) goes from age 6 to 11 or 12 (grades 1 to 5 or 6). This is usually followed by a middle school (grades 6-8) or Junior High School (grades 7-9). High schools include 3 or 4 years, usually until the age of 18. Pupils who do not do well often have to repeat courses or attend summer support classes which are also called ‘make up’ or remedial classes.

Like schools in Britain and other English-speaking countries, those in US have always stressed ‘character’ or ‘social skills’ through extra-curricular activities, including sports. Most schools publish their newspapers, have student orchestras and choirs, theater and drama groups and clubs. Many sports are available to students at no cost, and many schools have swimming pools, tennis courts and stadiums.

Students who wish to go to a good university have to work hard. During studies any student can be asked to leave because of poor grades. As tuition fees are rather high at most colleges and universities, students who must work at outside jobs as well as study are the rule rather than the exception.

Post-reading Activities

1. Decide whether the following statements about the USA education are true or false.

The USA like many other countries has a national system of education.
More American children study in private schools than in public schools.
American children must attend school until a certain age.
It would be difficult to describe a ‘typical’ American school because there are many differences from place to place.
All US schools teach the same subjects and use only the materials approved by the state board of education.
All American universities are very expensive.
College students with poor grades have to repeat the course.
Sports and extra-curricular activities are important school subjects as they develop ‘social skills’.

9. Many US students enjoy sports activities free of charge.

2. Read the dialogue. Complete it asking the questions about the education systems in Great Britain and the USA.

A: Is the education system in Britain the same as in the United States, Alex?

B: Well, Bill, it’s fairly similar, but in most of the country we don’t have what you call junior and senior high schools. We just have secondary schools.

A: ……………………………………………………………………………..

B: Yes? They do.

A: ……………………………………………………………………………..

B: Well, most of them start when they’re eleven. Then all students continue until they’re sixteen and many continue till they’re eighteen.

A: ……………………………………………………………………………..

B: It is a school where some or all of the pupils live as well as study during the term.

Here are some phrases to help you:

– Do public schools differ in Britain and the USA?

– What is a boarding school?

– And how old are children when they enter secondary school?

3. Test yourself:

1. Music, English and Mathematics are different sorts of ______ .

a) terms b) curricula c) qualifications d) subjects

2. The ______ are the teachers working in a school.

a) pupils b) staff c) persons d) helpers

3. The person in charge of a school is called the ______ or the ______ .

a) headmaster/headmistress b) deputy head c) staff d) teacher

4. A school where the pupils are made up of both boys and girls is called a ______ school.

a) single b) co-educational c) preparatory d) public

5. In England and Wales, the school year is divided into three ______ .

a) terms b) times c) years d) months

6. The ______ is everything that is taught in a school.

a) material b) subject c) curriculum d) term

7. Education in Great Britain from 5 to 16 is divided into two levels – ______ and _______ .

a) primary / secondary b) public / primary c) infant / junior d) elementary / infant

8. If you want to know what day or time you have a particular lesson, you can always look at the _____ .

a) subject b) term c) time-table d) curriculum

9. A ______ school is one where pupils live all the time and only go home to their families in the holidays.

a) junior b) primary c) public d) boarding

10. Most children in Great Britain go to ______ schools.

a) state b) boarding c) public d) single-sex

4. Pay attention to the essential vocabulary:

School an institution for educating children

attend / go to school

start school

leave school

in / at school in the school building; attending a school

be absent from school

school year

school rules

school holiday (s)

school yard

school playground

school building / schoolhouse

schoolroom

school library

school-time lesson time at school

schoolwork = classwork

school bag

schoolbook = textbook

school uniform

school tie

school bus

school report a written statement by teachers about a child’s work at school which is sent to his or her parents

school meal

school dinner

school age

school-age child

school-leaving age

school children / pupils

schoolboy / schoolgirl / child / kid

school friend / schoolfellow / schoolmate

school-leaver

schoolteacher

schoolmaster / mistress

after-school activities

nursery, day care center (in the US) a place where small children between three and five years old are looked after while their parents are at work

playschool (in Britain playgroup) a type of school where children below school age meet regularly and play together while supervised by adults

nursery school a school for children from two or three to five years old (= kindergarten)

infant school a school in Britain for children aged between four and eight

first school a school in Britain for children between the ages of 5 and 8 or 9

primary school a school for children in England and Wales between 5 and 11 years old

elementary school / grade school a school in the US where basic subjects are taught for the first six years of a child’s education

junior school a school in Britain for children from the ages of 7 to 11

junior high school a school in the US and Canada for children aged between 12 and 14

middle school (1) a school in Britain for children between the ages of 8 and 12; (2) a school in the US for children between the ages of 11 to 14

secondary school a school for children between the ages of 11 and 16 or 18

high school a secondary school in the US and Canada for children of 14 or 15 to 18 years old

preparatory school / prep school (1) a private school in Britain for children between 8 and 13 years old whose parents pay for their education; (2) a school in the US, usually a private one, that prepares students for college

public school (1) a private school in Britain, esp. England for children aged between 13 and 18 whose parents pay for their education. Public school usually provide food and accommodation for pupils. (2) a free local school in the US, Australia, Scotland controlled and paid by the government

private school a school where education must be paid for by the children’s parents

comprehensive school / comprehensive a state school in Britain for children over the age of 11 of different abilities

grammar school a school in Britain for children over the age of 11 who have to pass a special examination to go there. The school concentrates on academic rather than technical or practical courses.

state school a British school which receives money from the government and provides free education

academy a secondary school in Scotland that prepares pupils for higher education

boarding-school a school where some or all of the pupils live as well as study during the term

day-school a school attended daily by pupils living at home

night school lessons giving in the evening for adults in a wide range of subjects, eg languages, sport or cooking

Sunday school a class held on Sundays at which children learn about the Christian religion

finishing school a private, expensive school where girls are taught how to behave in fashionable society

independent school a school not owned or paid for by the government

single-sex school a school where only boys or girls are taught

coeducational school a school where only boys or girls are taught together; the system of educating boys and girls together in the same building and classes

Key to the Test (p.132):

1. d 4. a 7. a 10. c 12. a

2. b 5. d 8. c 11. d

3. b 6. b 9. a

Focus on Grammar

Infinitive / The –ing form

Verb + ing

1. Here are some verbs that are followed by –ing:

stop delay fancy consider admit enjoy

finish postpone imagine avoid deny suggest

miss risk involve practise mind dislike

give up (=stop) think

put off (= postpone)

carry on / go on (= do something repeatedly)

Look at these examples: I enjoy dancing (not ”I enjoy to dance”).

Would you mind closing the door? (not ”mind to close”).

He suggested going to the cinema (not ”suggested to go”).

Paula has given up smoking.

Don’t keep interrupting me while I’m speaking.

Are you thinking of buying a car?

Verb + to

offer decide hope deserve attempt promise

agree plan aim afford manage threaten

refuse arrange learn forget fail

Study the examples:

We decided not to get out because of the weather.

I promised not to be late.

want ask help would prefer would love

expect beg would like would hate

These verbs are followed by to… (infinitive). The structure can be:

Verb + to or verb + object + to

We expected to be late. We expected Tom to be late.

Would you like to go now? Would you like me to go now?

4. There are two possible structures after these verbs. Compare:

Verb + –ing (without an object) verb + object + to

advice recommend encourage allow permit forbid

She doesn’t allow smoking. She doesn’t allow us to smoke

in the house. in the house.

5. These verbs can be followed by –ing or to with little or no difference in meaning.

begin start intend continue

So you can say:

John intends buying a house. John intends to buy a house.

1. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example.

Example: 1. A: Is this problem too difficult for you to solve?

B: Yes, it`s too difficult. I can`t solve it.

2. book/boring/to read.

3. school/uniform/expensive/to buy.

4. the Eleven Plus/easy/to pass.

5. boarding school/comfortable/to live.

6. dish in a school canteen/expensive/to buy.

7. exercise/difficult/to do.

8. school bag/heavy/to carry.

9. lecture/difficult/to listen to.

10. evening school/expensive/to pay.

2. What do Kharkiv applicants want to know at the Education Information Center?

Example: 1. ‘What are the oldest universities in Ukraine?’

Kharkiv applicants want to know what the oldest universities in Ukraine are.

2. ‘How can we find out about Kharkiv National Pedagogical University?’

3. ‘Is the tuition fee-paying or free in Kharkiv National Universtity?’

4. ‘Which way is the faculty of foreign languages of Kharkiv National Pedagogical University?’

5. ‘When does the academic year start?’

6. ‘Is there the Institute of Postgraduate Education in Kharkiv National Pedagogical University?’

7. ‘When does the first term start?’

8. ‘Which way is Kharkiv Medical University?’

9. ‘When does the vacation start?’

10. ‘How can we find out about the degrees which are given by Kharkiv universities?’

3. Choose the most appropriate verb from the box. Remember they all follow the pattern verb+infinitive.

offer agree order refuse decide promise fail

Example: 1. John`s parents decided to spend more time with their child.

2. The school administration … to set up tutorials.

3. The pupils like this teacher as he … to increase the amount of homework.

4. The pupils had enough time for independent work but … to pass their exams.

5. The teacher … the pupils who behave especially badly in class to go to the headteacher`s office.

6. The regional education authorities … to give grants to some schools of the city.

7. The teachers … the pupils to provide sick notes when they are absent.

8. The school administration … to improve library facilities and organize a Parent Teacher Association.

9. The district education authorities … to appoint some extra staff.

10. The school administration … to install more computers.

4. Write sentences using the structure I prefer to do something rather than do something else.

Example: 1. get a taxi/walk home. – I prefer to get a taxi rather than walk home.

2. write an essay/do math calculations.

3. read/study for tests.

4. study Japanese/do a research on food in Japan.

5. have one`s own room/share a room with a sister.

6. spend time with the parents/work with a computer.

7. do exercises/study for exams.

8. make up a dialogue/retell the text.

9. go to a private school/go to a state school.

10. wear school uniform/wear casual clothes.

5. There are lots of books about living a healthy life. Most of the experts say the same things. Change the following sentences into reported speech.

Example: 1. ‘You should eat more fruit’-They tell you to eat more fruit.

2. ‘It`s bad to have fatty foods’-They tell you not to have fatty foods.

3. ‘You must get some exercises.’

4. ‘Don`t eat sweet things.’

5. ‘You must relax sometimes.’

6. ‘Find time for a hobby.’

7. ‘You mustn`t smoke.’

8. ‘Don`t go to bed very late.’

9. ‘It`s bad to drink alcohol.’

10. ‘You ought to see a doctor sometimes.’

6. Monica Collins is a famous educator. She is going to another country to take part in a scientific conference. Say what she expects to be done on her arrival, as in the example.

Example: 1. meet at the airport.-She expects to be met at the airport.

2. give some flowers.

3. drive to the hotel.

4. give a scientific degree.

5. invite to appear on TV.

6. give a grant for research.

7. photograph for newspapers and magazines.

8. inform immediately about the agenda of the conference.

9. give donations for research.

7. Complete each sentence with the – ing form of one of the verbs:

go try take write listen steal work leave

Mind that we use – ing form after the verbs:

avoid stop enjoy admit finish carry on suggest give up

Example: 1. He tried to avoid answering my question.

2. She suggested … to the cinema.

3. I enjoy … to music.

4. She admitted … the money.

5. Have you finished … your essay yet?

6. Jim is 65 but he isn`t going to retire yet. He wants to carry on …

7. Could you please stop … down notes?

8. He suggested … immediately.

9. She gave up … to find a job in this country and decided to go abroad.

8. Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive form or the –ing form. Note that there are two possible structures after these verbs:

advise recommend encourage allow permit forbid

Compare: verb+ ing (without an object) verb+object+to…

Example: 1. I wouldn`t I wouldn`t recommend anybody

recommend attending this lecture. to attend this lecture.

2. I`ll advise you … your child to a private kindergarten (send).

3. I advise you … to our university (go).

4. This discipline encourages … the history of your country (study).

5. The rules forbid … a scientific degree after a one-year post-graduate course (receive).

6. They allowed me … for the tuition in a week (pay).

7. When this lecturer gives a lecture he doesn`t permit … the questions (ask).

These verbs take the to-infinitive or the –ing form without a change in meaning:

begin start continue

Example: They started talking/to talk.

9. They continue … their post-graduate course (do).

10. They began … additional tutorials (set up).

9. Choose the correct answer.

The Ministry of Education and Science recommends this college … a variety of professions for industry, commerce, and administration.

a) prepares b) prepare c) will prepare d) to prepare

2. British students began … for their teaching at university.

a) pay b) will pay c) paying d) pays

3. Would you mind … part in the work of this tutorial?

a) to take b) take c) takes d) taking

4. Helen`s parents always encourage her … hard at school.

a) will study b) study c) studying d) to study

5. My room-mate doesn`t allow … in the hostel.

a) smoking b) smoke c) to smoke d) smokes

6. Where would you recommend me … for the summer vacation?

a) go b) goes c) to go d) going

7. The Ministry of Education and Science allowed our university … control over the curricula, appointment of staff and the way in which money is spent.

a) have b) to have c) having d) has

8. Glasses make him … older.

a) looking b) looks c) look d) to look

9. Do you want him … a Master`s degree?

a) will get b) to get c) get d) getting

10 .She doesn`t enjoy … tests, she just can`t help … that.

a) write b) writes c) will write d) writing

a) does b) do c) doing d) to do

Exercise 10

Choose the correct answer.

Everyone enjoys … on holiday.

a) to go b) go c) going d) will go

2. He advised me … warm clothes.

a) wear b) wearing c) to wear d) will wear

3. They denied … the window.

a) breaking b) to break c) break d) will break

4. They refused … him any more money.

a) to give b) give c) giving d) will give

5. You had better … your umbrella with you today.

a) taking b) to take c) take d) will take

6. They don`t allow … in the examination room.

a) talking b) talk c) to talk d) will talk

7. The boys avoided … through the dark forest.

a) walking b) to walk c) walk d) will walk

8. Karen suggested … a new car.

a) buy b) buying c) to buy d) will buy

9. You have … home early tonight.

a) to come b) come c) coming d) will come

10. I`d rather … at home. I`m tired.

a) staying b) to stay c) stay` d) will stay

English in Use

SHOPPING I. FOOD PRODUCTS

1. Study World List I and Conversational Formulas.

World List I

onion цибуля vermicelli вермішель

tomatoes томати strawberries полуниця

potatoes картопля raspberries малина

mushrooms гриби currants смородина

cauliflower кольорова carrot морква

капуста

dill кроп tangerine мандарин

parsley петрушка persimmon хурма

broccoli брокколі peach персик

lettuce салат dried apricots курага

aubergine баклажан prunes чорнослив

cabbage капуста pineapple ананас

We`ve run out of... У нас закінчився...

Conversational Formulas

Requests Answers

-Can I have …, please? -Yes, of course.

-Could I have …, please? -Here you are.

-Have you got any …? -I`m afraid we haven`t got any left.

-I would like …, please.

Offers -No, thank you. I`d rather have…

-Would you like…? Yes, please. Thank you very much.

2. Practise the models:

Model 1: Customer: Can I have some peaches, please?

Assistant: I`m afraid we haven`t got any left.

Model 2: C: I would like some bread, please.

A: Yes. How much would you like?

C: Two loaves, please. Is there any cheese?

A: Of course. How much do you need?

C: One kilo, please.

A: Here you are.

C: Thanks.

3. In pairs, act out similar dialogues using the useful expressions:

a bar of chocolate

a carton of juice, milk

a packet of flour, sugar, crisps

a bottle of Coke, lemonade, ketchup

a box of biscuits, a loaf of bread

4. Practise the illustrative dialogue:

Mary: Oh dear! We`ve run out of lemons.

John: Don`t worry. I`ll go and buy some. What else do we need?

Mary: We need tangerines, peaches and persimmons.

John: What do you need them for?

Mary: I want to make a fruit pie. And these fruit are good for our muscles and nerves, they keep our skin healthy and contain a lot of vitamins.

John: I see. Having a healthy diet will make you feel better.

Mary: That sounds nice. Let`s go shopping, then!

5. a) Complete the dialogue with the sentences from the list:

-I need some carrots and broccoli.

-Do we need anything for stewed vegetables?

-Well, there are some aubergines but we don`t have any cauliflower and cabbage.

John: I`m going to the supermarket. 1)……

Mary: 2)……

John: What else do you need?

Mary: Let me see. 3)……

b) Act out similar dialogues using the words in the list:

pizza: mushrooms, ham, cheese, dill, parsley, tomatoes, onions.

6. Fill in: any, much, some, many.

A: Let`s check what we need for the dinner party tonight.

B: Would you like me to make a shopping list?

A: Yes. Is there … meat in the fridge?

B: No. How … do you need?

A: I need two kilos.

B: All right. Do you need … eggs?

A: No, I think we have enough eggs, but I need … carrots.

B: How … do you need?

Have Fun!

Jokes and Funny Stories

a) Teacher (checking Tommy`s homework): I don`t see how it`s possible for a single person to make so many mistakes.

Teddy (proudly): It isn`t a single person, teacher.

b) Mrs. Brown: ‘Do you think I’m going to wear this old squirrel coat all my life?’

Mr. Brown: ‘Why not, dear? The squirrels do.’

c) Mother: ‘I sent my little boy for two kilos of plumps and you sent a kilo and a half.’

Shop-assistant: My scales are all right, madam. Have you weighed your little boy?’

SHOPPING II. CLOTHES

Study the words and useful expressions:

WORD LIST II

checked в клітинку

striped pattern малюнок в полоску

polka-dotted в горошок

flowery квітковий малюнок

casually звичайнo

a V-neck jumper джемпер з горлом у формі

літери V

a T-shirt футболка

a suit костюм

size розмір (e.g.large/small/medium/14/16)

a fitting-room/changing-room примірювальна кімната

to match підходити (за кольором)

to fit підходити (за розміром та

формою)

Can I try it on? Можна приміряти?

I`m looking for… мені потрібен (потрібна)...

What size are you? Який в тебе розмір?

How much is it? Скільки це коштує?

Do you take credit cards? Ви приймаєте кредитні

картки?

I`ll pay cash Я заплачу готівкою

Practise the models:

Model 1: Assistant: Can I help you?

Customer: Yes, I`m looking for a polka-dotted blouse.

Assistant: What size are you?

Customer: Small.

Assistant: Here it is. The last one in stock.

Customer: Great. Can I try it on?

Assistant: Yes, of course. The fitting-room is just over there.

Model 2: C: Excuse me - how much is this pair of boots?

A: These boots? They`re 300 hryvnas.

C: Do you take credit cards?

A: I`m afraid not.

C: That`s okay. I`ll pay cash, then.

3. Complete this dialogue with a suitable word or phrase.

A: What can I do for you, madam?

C: I`m looking for a ……like this, but in blue.

A: I see. And what ……are you?

C: Medium usually.

A: We have a lot of new ……, they`ve just come in. If you go to the ……, I`ll bring some for you to try on.

C: Thanks.

4. Complete the dialogue with a suitable word or phrase:

Anne: Hello!

John: Oh! Hello, Anne! How glad I am to see you. You are dressed so smartly! This ……matches your shoes.

Anne: I bought it at sales and paid 20 hryvnas for it.

John: It ……you.

Anne: Thanks! And you`re looking elegant and stylish in this suit.

John: Thanks! Usually I`m casually dressed. I prefer …… and …….

LEISURE ACTIVITIES

1. Study Useful Expressions:

Suggestions Replies

Let’s … Yes, let’s do that.

Why don’t we …? That’s a good idea.

Why not …? That / It might be interesting.

Shall we …? I don’t mind.

What / How about … ing? OK. All right.

We could … I don’t feel like…ing

Are you doing anything special? I’d rather … I’d rather not.

Do you feel like…ing? I`d love to.

2. Practise the models and make up short dialogues using one item from each column of the table.

Model 1: A: Let’s go out for a meal tonight

B: I’d rather not. Eating out is so expensive now. I’d rather cook

myself.

Model 2: A: Do you feel like going for a drive in the country this afternoon?

B: Yes, I`d love to.

A: Well, I`ll call for you at about two, then.

B: That`s fine, I`ll be ready.

Model 3: A: Why don`t we go to the new exhibition at the art gallery?

B: I haven`t got any time this week unfortunately.

Let’s

Why don’t we

Why not

We could

Shall we

the cinema

the art exhibition

the pub

the park

the circus

What

How

about

going

for

a walk in the wood

a drive in the country

a swim in the river

a picnic in the park

3. Practise the illustrative dialogue.

Ann: What shall we do tonight?

Bill: Why don`t we go to the cinema? There`s a new French film on at the Kinopalats.

Ann: I don`t feel like seeing a film.

Bill: Well, how about asking Martin and Jenny round for supper? If they`re free, of course.

Ann: That`s a great idea. But what can we give them for supper?

Bill: There`s some cold meat. And we could make a salad.

Ann: OK. I`ll go and give them a ring.

4. Complete the dialogue using the phrases:

-That`s a good idea. What time?

-Are you doing anything special…?

-I`ll see you then.

Alison: ……on Saturday night?

Brian: No, I don`t think so.

Alison: Well, I`m having a little party and I`d like you to come.

Brian: Thank you ……

Alison: Half past seven.

5. Act out similar dialogues based on the models and useful expressions.

Then learn one of the dialogues and reproduce it with another student

in class.

6. Study useful expressions about ‘Likes and Dislikes’:

I like… I enjoy… I`m very fond of… I`m quite keen on… I`m mad about/on… I`m crazy about…

Possible replies are:

Positive Negative

So do I. I don like/enjoy

I do too. I`m not keen on/fond of…

So am I. Do you? Are you? I can`t stand…

7. Study the models:

a) A: I like science fiction very much.

B: So do I.

b) A: I like going for walks in the country.

B: Do you? I`m not very keen on walking myself.

A: My brother`s absolutely mad on chess at the moment. He spends every spare minute either playing, or reading about it.

B: I can`t stand chess.

A: I`m crazy about computer games.

B: Really? I don`t know what you see in them.

8. Complete the dialogue:

A: What do you like doing in your spare time?

B: Well, I`m …of reading.

A: What sort of books do you like?

B: Psychological novels, mainly.

A: Well, what else do you …reading?

B: I enjoy a good thriller occasionally.

A: Oh, I can`t… thrillers.

9. In pairs, act out similar dialogues talking about the following leisure activities:

- gardening - taking photos - dressmaking

- cooking - watching sport on TV - swimming

- mountain climbing - painting - camping - dancing -reading detective stories

10. Reading ‘Just for Fun’.

‘Of course,’ he continued, taking another mouthful of steak, ‘I’ve always been good at sports. I’m a brilliant footballer, you know. I’m not bad at skiing, either. Well, my brother …’ he washed the steak down with some Coke, ‘he was always hopeless at football. Not very good at tennis, either. I think I take after my father – he’s a fantastic footballer, you know, and he’s quite a good tennis player, too’.

He stopped. She was silent. ‘Well,’ he said at last, ‘that’s enough about me. Tell me – what are you good at?

She smiled. ‘Well,’ she said. ‘People tell me that I’m a very good listener …’

CHOOSING A CAREER

PART I

Pre-reading Activities

1. Answer your teacher’s questions about the profession of a teacher and write them on the board.

1. What do young people do after leaving school?

Where can young people learn about different professions?
Why is it difficult to choose the way in life?
What do you want to become?
What should you take into consideration in choosing a career?
Why did you choose your faculty?
Why is teaching a very specific and difficult job?

2. Study the words and their Ukrainian equivalents.

ability – здібність

questionnaire – анкета

to make a decision – прийняти рішення

to take into consideration – брати до уваги

to support – підтримувати

to choose a profession – обирати професію

to influence – впливати

to follow advice – дотримуватися поради

to encourage – заохочувати

attitude – відношення

to learn – дізнаватися

to succeed – досягати успіхів

Reading Activities

Read and translate the texts.

Text 1. MY FUTURE PROFESSION

I’m going to tell you about my future profession. Choosing a career and getting a job are the two things any person does in his lifetime.

When millions of young people leave school, they begin an independent life. Some of them start working, go into business and some of them enter a university or college.

Young people can learn about professions in magazines and advertisements. Magazines for teenagers often offer questionnaires to help young people to find out their interests and abilities more clearly and to make a decision.

While choosing a career you should take into consideration all main possibilities that your future profession may provide; the profession must be interesting, you have to be sure of your future (that means that you will be able to find a job after the graduation from the university). Your profession must be well paid, otherwise you won’t be able to support yourself and your future family.

As we know there are many professions in the world and all of them are necessary and important. It’s not easy to decide which profession to choose. There are so many people who influence you in choosing your profession. Some pupils follow the advice of their parents, others can’t decide even after leaving school. To make the right choice, we should consider our possibilities, characters and abilities.

I’d like to be a teacher… (of Biology, Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science, in a primary school).

A good teacher should encourage his pupils to be creative, give them a lot of praise and support. To be a good teacher, you need some of the abilities of a good actor. You should be able to hold the attention of your pupils and be a fine speaker with a clear voice. One of the most important parts of the teacher`s job is keeping up with new ideas and developments. Most good teachers attend refresher courses regularly. Another important aspect is that all successful teachers spend time preparing their lessons thoroughly and constantly update their material. There`s always something new to learn.

Teachers do not only teach their subjects. They develop their pupils’ intellect, form their views and characters, their attitude to life and to other people. It’s not as easy as it may seem at first. But I think that love for children combined with the knowledge I’ll get at our University will be quite enough to succeed in my work.

I hope I’ve chosen the right profession.

Text 2. I WANT TO BE A PROGRAMMER

I want to become a computer programmer. I am interested in computers. My favourite subject in school was Computer Science.

My hobby is computer games and computer programming. I have got a computer at home and can spend hours working with it.

It is much easier to do things on computer, for example to write a composition. You can change the text as many times as you want and you don’t need to rewrite everything if you have changed something. You can even go on dates sitting at your computer.

We are living in the age of technology and the profession of programmer can give you a lot of opportunities. I think future will belong to computers.

Post-reading activities

1. Fill in the correct word.

Choosing a career and getting a job are the two things any person develops/does in his lifetime.
Some of school leavers enter a university/business.
He wants to find a job after the graduation from/after the university.
You should take into consideration all the possibilities that your future profession may prove/provide.
To make the right choice/character we should consider our abilities.
I think my knowledge will be enough to succeed/speak in my future work.

2. Find the English equivalents:

вибір професії; закінчувати школу; поступити до університету; анкета;

знайти роботу після закінчення університету; курси підвищення кваліфікації

PART II

Pre-reading Activities

1. Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations:

choice — вибір

major — загальний

to give one's preference to smth — віддавати перевагу…

the humanities — гуманітарні науки (предмети)

favourite subject — улюблений предмет

to do well without any effort — добре навчатися без зусиль

instructive — продуктивний

to look forward to smth. — с нетерпінням чекати…

to improve — покращувати

language skills and habits — мовні навички і уміння

adapted — адаптований

on a regular basis — постійно

to graduate from — закінчувати вищий навчальний заклад

nowadays — в наші дні

to be of great demand — користуватися великим попитом

to entrust — довіряти, вірити

noble — благородний

devotion to one’s cause — відданість справі

unique — єдиний у своєму роді, неповторний

responsible – відповідальний

from time immemorial — з давніх-давен

honorable — почесний, благородний, шановний

authoritative — авторитетний

to develop the character — розвивати характер

to broaden the world outlook — розширювати світогляд

to be of great social importance — мати важливе соціальне значення

to impart — передавати

generosity — великодушність, щедрість

to take a real interest — дійсно цікавитися

to obtain — отримувати, набувати.

2. Answer the following questions:

What is your future profession? / What is your profession?
Did you have a dilemma in choosing your profession (occupation)?
What subjects have you always given your preference to?
Did your parents (friends) impose their views, likes and dislikes on you?
When did you make your choice to become a teacher?
How many hours a day do you (your parents) work?
How do you (your parents) earn your (their) living?
What special education does your (future) profession require?
Why are the teachers proud of their profession and their role in educating young people?

10. What is the noblest and most difficult of the professions?

11. Are the teachers of great demand nowadays?

12. What is the teacher’s aim in life?

13. What should one do to be a good teacher?

Reading Activities

Read the following text and try to understand its general meaning. Ве ready to retell this text:

CHOOSING A CAREER

School! Lessons, games, clubs, homework. A bell rings. You go to a classroom. A bell rings. You have lunch. A bell rings. You go home.

Nevertheless, one day you go to school for the last time. What to do after that? You realize that the time to choose one job out of the hundreds has come. It is going to be a hard choice and nobody can make it for you.

Before you can choose, you ask yourself quite a lot of questions. What do you know you are good at? What do you enjoy doing? It is difficult to know all the answers to these questions until you have left school and actually begun work.

Many young people consider teaching as a career. It is not surprising: after your parents, your teacher may be the most important person in your life. With all the teachers you meet, you think there is not anything you do not know about the work. That is where you are wrong, since only those who are in it can appreciate it. Have you ever asked yourself why most teachers are so devoted to their work and privately think, though they may not like to admit it openly, that they serve humanity doing the most vital job of all? Those of us who spend our days in schools know how rewarding the job is. At the same time, it is not easy and a challenge to your character, abilities and talent, as teaching is a constant stream of decisions.

Children in your classroom are not just boys and girls. Every one is a unique individual who has never been before and will never again exist. If you like people, you will love teaching. To be a good teacher you must be genuinely interested in what you are doing.

The most important things in the world are awareness and learning — wanting to know every day of your life more and more and more. Because every time you learn something new you become something new. An ignorant teacher teaches ignorance, a fearful teacher teaches fear, and a bored teacher teaches boredom. However, a good teacher catalyzes in his pupils the burning desire to know and love for the truth and beauty.

John Steinbeck, writing about his school days said, „I’ve come to believe that a great teacher is a great artist and you know how few great artists there are in the world. Teaching might even be the greatest of the arts since its medium is the human mind and the human spirit”. What an incredible responsibility to be the guardians of the human spirit and the human mind! I think, that is the reason why humanity has the deepest respect for teachers.

I would never stop teaching and I am sure that you, having chosen it for your career, feel the same way. If you do not feel that way then, please, for all our sakes, get out! The human mind and the human spirit are too wondrous to destroy. But if you are prepared to accept the responsibility, I wish you all the luck in the world.

A TEACHER

Post-reading Activities

1. Transcribe and learn to read the following words:

Machines, appreciate, humanity, vital, challenge, individual, awareness, ignorance, fearful, boredom, medium, accept, routine, stimulating, variety.

2. Explain the meaning of the words and word combinations listed below:

Think privately, the most vital job, a rewarding job, a challenge to your character, an ignorant teacher, a guardian, the same routine, stimulating work, to go in for teaching

3. Write English equivalents of the following words and phrases.
Use them in the sentences of your own:

Зробити вибір, бути зацікавленим в, цінувати, мати здібності, повага до, присвятити себе будь-чому, заробляти на життя, відповідати за, професія вчителя, розпалювати зацікавленість, професійна майстерність, глибокі знання, благородна справа.

4. Find in the text the synonyms for the following words and word combinations:

to do well in smth., in fact, because, faithful, confess, gratifying, sincerely, knowledge, to ruin.

5. Enlarge upon the following topics:

1. After your parents your teacher may be the most important person in your life.

2. Teaching is not easy and a real challenge to your character, abilities and talent.

3. To be a good teacher you must be genuinely interested in what you are doing.

4. Teaching is a constant stream of decisions.

5. Every time you learn something new you become something new.

Prompts: there’s one more thing to be noted, moreover, what's more..., I might as well add that..., in addition, on top of that..., something else I'd like to say is..., talking of... .

6.Make your comments about teaching profession and requirements to teachers using the following phrases:

I should (I'd) like to make it clear that...		Look, I'll tell you what...
There's much truth in what you're saying, yet...		It's like this. You see...
It is as well to remember that...		I'll start by saying that...
There's no denying that...		As I see it...
What I'm going to say may seem not so relevant, yet...		In my opinion...
I see your point, but...		As far as I can see...
In conclusion I'd like to say that...		On the one hand... on the other... For one thing... for another...
This is the way I look at it. This is the way I see it.		It's common knowledge that...
You are free to disagree with me but...		All things considered...
I should (I'd) like to make it clear that...		All other things being equal...
There's much truth in what you're saying, yet...		It must be admitted that...
It is as well to remember that...

7. Read the following text. Be ready to discuss it:

GRYGORIY SKOVORODA

G. S. Skovoroda, an outstanding Ukrainian enlightener, philosopher and poet was a spokesperson of the ideas of humanism and peasant enlightenment, a herald of new trends in philosophy and sociology in Ukraine in the second half of the 18th century.

Grygoriy Savych Skovoroda was born on the 22nd of November 1722 in the village of Ghernukha of the Kyiv province in the family of a land-starved Cossack. A gifted boy learned to read very early, liked folk music and singing, composed melodies himself and played the cow-flute. Having finished a village primary school, being a twenty-year old youth, G.S. Skovoroda entered the Kyiv Academy— the first higher school and cultural-enlightening center of Ukraine.

In 1745—1750 G.S. Skovoroda made a trip abroad, was in Hungary, travelled along Austria, Slovakia, and Poland, visited a number of cities of North Italy and Germany. Being abroad, he deepened his knowledge, made acquaintance with the mode of life, daily round habits and art of the peoples of Europe.

In 1751 the pedagogical activity of G.S. Skovoroda began. In Pereyaslav seminary he taught poetics. The pedagogue-innovator tried to restore the teaching of poetics on a new progressive foundation.

In 1753 G.S. Skovoroda graduated from the Kyiv Academy and during almost six years was working as a home teacher at a landlord's in the village of Kovrae near Pereyaslav. It was during these years when G.S. Skovoroda used to be among the people that his outlook of the philosopher-humanist and public figure was being formed and his poetic work began.

In 1759 G.S. Skovoroda accepted the invitation to teach poetics in the Kharkiv Collegium which in the 18th century was the centre of education of Slobidska Ukraine. There a young pedagogue was working with some intervals during ten years.

G.S. Skovoroda expounded his pedagogical views in a number of works. Vivid expressions of pedagogical convictions were found in his letters to his closest pupil-friend M. I. Kovalynsky. He expresses in them his profound, passionate thoughts about the upbringing of love to work, devotion to the Fatherland in young people. The pedagogical inheritage of G.S. Skovoroda entered the treasury of home pedagogy, his name is beside the names of the most famous pedagogues of the world.

G.S. Skovoroda entered the history of the Ukrainian culture first of all as an outstanding thinker. One of the first in the history of the Ukrainian philosophical and sociological thought G.S. Skovoroda sharply criticized the vices of feudal-serfdom society, parasitism of temporal and acclesiastical nobility, bravely and sharply protested against lifeless scholasticism and religious dogmatism.

8. Prepare a 3-minute talk on one of the great teachers of the past or today, give reasons for your choice:

9. Act out the dialogue "Choosing is not so easy as it looks".

10. Prove that the following proverbs (sayings) have sense:

1. Business before pleasure.

The work shows the workman.
Idleness is the mother of all evil.
Practice makes perfect.
A bad shearer never had a good sickle. (A bad worker quarrels with his tools).
Jack-of-all-trades is master of none.
The hardest work is to do nothing.
Ninety per cent of inspiration is perspiration.
Through hardship to stars.
What is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree.
He that will not work shall not eat.
He'll eat till he sweats and work till he freezes.
Doing is better than saying.
Make the best of a bad job.
Translate into English:

1. Успіхи учнів значною мірою залежать від професійної майстерності вчителя.

2. Я працюю вчителем вже багато років і можу сказати, що немає більш благородної справи.

3. В його роботі немає різноманітності, але є і сильні сторони.

4. Вона вважала, що школярам буде нелегко зробити ті завдання.

5. Нажаль, не кожна людина, яка закінчує університет, може похвалитися глибокими знаннями.

6. Валентина провчилася вже два роки, коли зрозуміла, що не зможе працювати у школі.

7. Коли студенти завершать своє навчання, кожний із них отримає диплом.

8. Любов до музики та зацікавленість у педагогіці примусили дівчину обрати професію вчителя музики.

9. Схильність до навчання та велике бажання ділитися отриманими знаннями привели юнака до педагогічного університету.

10. Робота в школі потребує від вчителя не лише глибоких знань, але й тактовності та взаєморозуміння.

11. Make a report on the topic “My Profession”.

Focus on Grammar

1. Questions. Fill in the blanks.

A) do B) does C) is D) are E) have F) has

1. What subjects _________ she good at?

2. _________ your brother got a camera?

3. _________ your mother like cooking?

4. What floor ________your bedroom on?

5. __________ your parents in France now?

6. Where ________ the nearest bookstore?

7. _________ your friend have any money?

8. Where _____________ your uncle work?

9. What sports___________they fond of?

10. What bike _________ you got?

11. What __________ the weather like today?

12. What languages_________you speak?

13.____________you like science fiction?

14. What_________ your favorite pop group?

15. What bike _________ she got?

16. How many apples ________ you got?

17. What subject ________ you like best?

18. Where __________ the capital of your country?

19. ________ you know what time it_______?

20. How far _________ London from Liverpool?

Put the verbs into Past Simple.

On the 15-th of October, two men (to try) to get to the top of Everest. They (to make) their camp at the bottom of the mountain. They (to feel) very well in it. It (to be) the highest camp on the mountain. The night before the climb, they (to drink) tea and had supper. They (to discuss) what to take with them to the top. They (to decide) to leave their sleeping bags and tents behind because the equipment (to be) too heavy.

Early in the morning they (to have) breakfast and (to get) dressed. Then they (to start) to go up the mountain. It (to be) extremely difficult. The snow (to be) very deep. After a long, hard fight they (to reach) the top together. They (to laugh), (to shout) and (to take) some photographs.

Then the sun (to disappear) and the two men (to realize) they (to be) on the top of Everest and it (to be) almost night. Their camp (to be) too far to reach. They (to go) a little way down the mountain, but there (to be) no moon and it (to be) too dangerous.

They (to have) to spend the night on the mountain, at about 10,000 meters, with no tent, sleeping bags or food. They (to believe) it (to be) possible. They (to dig) a hole in the snow, and (to bury) themselves. They (not to sleep). It (to be) -30 °C. When the light (to come) at last they (to begin) climbing down, and soon they (to get) to their camp. Everybody (to be) happy.

3. Choose either the Future Simple or - to be going to - in the following sentences.

1. It probably ______ (not to rain) in Western Europe.

2. ____ you ______ (to come) to my house, please?

3. - Why have you got the flowers? - Because I ____ (to visit) my teacher.

4. The sky is very dark. It ____ (to rain).

5. - Come to the party. - OK. I ____ (to bring) my friend.

6. - I ____ (to walk) the dog. - Wait a minute, and I ____ (to come) with you.

7. I probably never ____ (to learn) this poem.

8. I ____ (to stop) smoking - I really will.

9. - Have you decided what to buy Alex for his birthday? - Yes, I ____ (to buy) a computer game.

10. I love sewing. I ____ (to be) a fashion designer.

11. - How about going for a picnic at the weekend? - That's a good idea. I ____ (to make) a cake.

12. - What presents do you think people ____ (to give) you next Christmas? -1 think my father ____ (to give) me a book.

Perhaps somebody ____ (to give) me perfume. I don't think anybody ____ (to give) me a car.

13. What ____ fashion ____ (to be) like in the year 2000? - I'm sure people____ (not to wear) long dresses and suits.

Clothes ____ (to be) comfortable and simple.

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Future Simple.

1. If I ____ (to be free) tomorrow night, I____ (to go) to the concert.

2. He says he ____ (to look in) to see us before he ____ (to leave) our town.

3. Jane ____ (to stay) at home until she ____ (to feel) better.

4. When ____ you ____ (to visit) your grandma? - Probably next year.

5. When my brother ____ (to finish) school he ____ (to go) to college.

6. I ____ (to tell) you as soon as I ____ (to know).

7. I'd like to know when Dan ____ (to be back).

8. Give my love to Laura if you ____ (to see) her.

9. I ____ (not to know) when she ____ (to take) her exam.

10. I don't think we ____ (to finish) our work in time unless you ____ (to help) us.

11. I____ (to give ) you my bike for tomorrow providing you ____ (to bring) it back the day after tomorrow.

12. Mothers says we ____ (to have dinner) after she ____ (to unpack) our things.

13. Don't get off the train until it ____ (to stop).

14. You may take this book so long as you ____ (not to keep) it too long.

15. Your boss ____ (to give) you the day off on condition that you ____ (to work) on Saturday morning.

16. Provided that they ____ (not to do) anything stupid, they ____ (to win) tonight's match easily.

5. Choose either the Present Simple or Present Continuous in the following sentences.

1. He's in the bathroom. I_________(to think) he (to wash) his hair.

2. - Can I speak to your parents, please? - I'm sorry. They__________(to have) lunch at the moment.

3. I usually (to cook) meals, and my brother (to wash) dishes.

4. Mr. Anderson _______ (to be) an English tourist who _______ (to travel) to Eastern Europe tomorrow. Just now he _______ (to have) breakfast at home. After breakfast he __________ (to go out) to do a lot of things.

5. She's a school teacher. She ________ (to teach) Maths.

6. I _______ (to wear) glasses only for reading and watching TV.

7. On Sunday they________ (to have) dinner at a restaurant.

8. The coffee _______ (to taste) delicious.

9. We _________ (to look for) someone who _____ (to want) to make money.

11. John ______ (to play) in the school team this season.

12. ______ you ______ (to see) that nice butterfly near the stream?

13. If you______(not to listen) to the radio, please______ (to switch) it off.

14. I ______ (to hear) someone speaking in the next room.

15. We ______ (to see off) our grandparents this morning.

16. Don't disturb him. He _______ (to smell) flowers in the garden.

17. The cook _______ (to taste) the soup to see if it is right.

18.I _______ (to like) this cake, I _______ (to taste) almond in it.

19.I ______ (not to want) to go anywhere. I _____ (to have) a headache. I _____ (to feel tired.)

20. It ________ (to get) dark. Let's go home.

21. I _________ (to have) my English now.

22. I _________ (to have) my English every day.

6. Put the verbs into Past Simple or Present Perfect.

1. George went to the cinema, but he ____ (not to enjoy) the film much.

2. ____ you ever ____ (to have) any serious illness?

3. I ____ (to come) to school without glasses. I can't read the text.

4. Who ____ (to eat) all the apples?

5. So far we ____ (to have) no troubles.

6. Jane ____ (to move) to a new flat a month ago.

7. We ____ (to wonder, often) where he gets his money.

8. Do you know that they ___ (to be born) on the same day?

9. How often ____ you ____ (to fall) in love?

10. I'm delighted to tell you that you ____ (to pass) your exam.

11. I ____ (to use) to swim every day when I was young.

12. Some people think that "The twelfth night"____ (not to be written) by Shakespeare.

13.I____ (to break, already ) two plates. Shall I go on washing up?

14. I'm not sure we ____ (to meet) before.

7. Mixture of tenses. Put in the correct auxiliary verb in each sentence.

A) do B) did C) are D) have

1. I ___ not see Andrew yesterday.

2. How long ___ you lived there?

3. Why ___ you learning English?

4. ___ you seen anybody today?

5. What ___ you think of your new teacher? To my mind she is very nice.

6. ___ you angry about what happened?

7. ___ you read a newspaper yesterday?

8. My mother knows Mrs. Dave better than I ___ .

9. ___ you ever forgotten about your friend's birthday?

10. How ___ you get to the station when you are late?

11. ___ you disappointed with you exam results?

12. ___ you been abroad? ___ you enjoy it?

13. I ___ known Jane for three years, but I___ not know what she's thinking.

14. They ___ a lot of crying last night.

15. You ___ always making mistakes.

8. Use either the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous in the following sentences.

A) Present Perfect (have / has done)

B) Present Perfect Continuous (have / has been doing)

1. I_____ (to try) to open this box for the last forty minutes but in vain.

2. It ____ (to snow): the garden is covered with snow.

3. Who ____ (to break) the window?

4. Have you ____ (to smoke)?! I can smell tobacco on your clothes.

5. It's the best book I (ever to read).

6. I ____ (to listen) to you for the past half an hour, but I can't understand what you are speaking about.

7. How long has your aunt ____ (to be ill)?

8. The school _____(to be closed) for two months.

9. Hey! Somebody ____ (to drink) my coffee! My cup was full.

10. I don't think I ____ (ever to see) her looking so upset before.

11. I ____ (to sit) here in the park for an hour, and I______ (to meet) three friends of mine.

12. How much money have you _____(to save) for your last holidays?

9. Put the verbs into the right order.

A) Past Simple B) Past Continuous

C) Past Perfect D) Past Perfect Continuous

1. The workers ____ (to be) on a strike for three weeks when the agreement on pay ____ (to be reached).

2. When she got the results of her medical tests, she realized that she ___ (to be feeling ) ill since she ____ (to be) on holiday.

3. The door was unlocked. She ____ (to wonder) who ____ (leave) the door open.

4. He ____ (to play) football when the ball ____ (to hit) his head.

5. He ____ (to drive) to work for half an hour when suddenly his car ____ (to break) down.

6. When he arrived at the office he____ (to discover) that he ____ (to leave) all the necessary papers at home.

7. Susan ____ (to type) some letters when the boss ____ (to ask) her into his office.

8. She looked tired. She____ (to type) letters all morning.

9. Yesterday afternoon it ____ (still to rain) when I____ (to get) home.

10. He ____ (to clean) the car when the phone rang, so he ____ (not to answer) it.

11. When I ____ (to be) little, my mother ____ (to use) to feed me.

12. Jane's clothes were wet. She ____ (to wash) her dog.

13. Jerry ____ (to be) nervous, for he _____ (never to flow) in an aero plane before.

14. I ____ (never to like) going to the cinema on my own I when I was a teenager.

15. Kate ____ (to dance), but when she saw a newcomer she ____ (to stop).

10. Choose the correct variant.

1. This house ... by my husband's great-grandfather in 1790 (is built / are built / was built / will be built).

2. Poirot... faintly ... by the graciousness of the little lady's manner(is ...puzzled / are ... puzzled / was...puzzled).

3. As a result of an earthquake, the house there ... ... and her parents and

brothers and sisters all lost their lives (is burned down / are burned down / was burned down / will be burned down).

4. While I sat there a note... me from the house (is brought / has brought / was brought / had brought).

5. I... ... ... in an orphanage and then I ... ... by some people who died (is brought up / was brought up / has brought up / had brought up; is adopted / was adopted / have adopted / had adopted).

6. Andrew approached the Dumay's house. The door of the house...... as usual (is unlocked / are unlocked / was unlocked / were unlocked).

7. The girl ... last ... here about twenty minutes to eleven. By midnight, according to medical evidence she was dead (is seen / was/seen / were seen).

8. Diana is a huntress, isn't she? She ... always ... wearing a tunic (am portrayed / is portrayed / are portrayed).

9. He was lying on his bed. His cheeks and hands...... and swollen with scratches from the fight (is scarred / are scarred / was scarred / were scarred).

10.1 don't want to stop here. I......... (recognize / will recognize / will be recognized).

11. While I sat there a note ...... me from the house (bring / brings / is brought / was brought).

12. The road to the City of Emeralds ... ... with yellow brick, so you cannot miss it (pave / paves / is paved / was paved).

13. A second later I ... ... ... to a group of young American officers (was introduced / is being introduced / was being introduced).

14. Only two or three days later the Paris newspapers announced the birth of a Cox daughter, and declared that the child was ......... Juliette (call / called).

15. Blore was looking at the handle of the chopper. He said: "No fingerprints. Handle...... afterwards" (is wiped / are wiped / was wiped).

11. Choose the correct modal verb.

A) can B) could C)be able to

1. They had fish hooks so they ____ catch fish.

2. The raft is so small we ____ lie down comfortably.

8. Jane has got two books so she ____ read any of them.

4. They didn't have any shampoo so they ____ wash their hair.

5. When the ship disappeared, Mary cried and cried. She ____ stop crying.

6. They won't____ to drive a car until they are eighteen.

7. ____ they hear it before they saw it?

8. When she was a baby, she ____ only cry.

9. You ____ enter the club without a card.

10. In two weeks you will ____ speak another language.

A) must B) have to

1. You can stay out late if you like. You ____ come home early.

2. He might____ take his younger brother out to football match.

3. The bus came on time so we ____ wait long at the bus stop.

4. The rules for basketball say;

a) you ____ run while holding the ball;

b) you ____ bounce the ball while you run;

c) you ____ stand holding the ball for as long as you like;

d) you ____ do something within five seconds.

5. We read a long poem in the class yesterday. It was boring. I'm glad we ____ learn it by heart.

6. Jack has already cleaned his bicycle so he ____ do it tomorrow.

7. You ____ be here by 9.00 if you want to be sure of a seat.

8. You _____ walk on the grass!

9. Once or twice we lost our way and ____ ask a policeman for directions.

10. You ____ put your entry into the box before Friday If you want to enter the contest.

A) should B) must D) need

1. You ____ think about the future and not about the past.

2. You ____ have a visa to travel to some countries.

3. However, if you come from an EEC country and you want to travel to another one, you ____ worry about visas. You ____ even take your passport.

4. If you are traveling by air, you ____ carry anything in your luggage that could be used as a weapon, such as a knife or a pair of scissors.

5. You ____ use your energy unless you have to.

6. Books ____ be returned on or before the date stamped below.

7. They look alike. They ____ be twins.

8. Do you know how it ____ be done?

9. If Jane ____ phone, ask her to wait for us.

10. You ____ walk alone around the town late at night.

12. Adjectives and Adverbs Comparison. Put the adjectives in the right order.

1. We had some ____ soup for lunch.

A) hot delicious B)delicious hot

2. She put her copybook in a ____ bag.

A) brown small plastic B) small brown plastic

C) small plastic brown D) plastic small brown

3. She had ____ eyes and friendly smile.

A) blue big warm B) big warm blue

C) warm blue big D) warm big blue

4. What a ____ man he is!

A) pleasant young B) young pleasant

5. He was a very good-looking man with ____ hair.

A) dark long lovely B) long dark lovely

C) lovely long dark D) lovely dark long

6. Jane has just bought a ____ dress.

A) pretty purple silk B) silk pretty purple

C) silk purple pretty D) purple pretty silk

7. He was looking for a ____ flat.

A) cheap modern one-roomed

B) modern cheap one-roomed

C) one-roomed modern cheap

8. He has bought a ____ sports car.

A) Japanese red new B) red new Japanese

C) new red Japanese D) new Japanese red

9. The only thing stolen was a ____ watch.

A) Swiss antique gold B) antique gold Swiss

C) antique Swiss gold D) gold Swiss antique

10. It's a ____ day. Let's go to the beach.

A) sunny lovely bright B) lovely sunny bright

C) lovely bright sunny D) sunny bright lovely

English in Use

Social situations

1. Write what you would say in the following situations:

1. You are in the street. You need a bank to change some traveller’s cheques, but you don’t know where there is one. What do you ask a passer-by?

_________________________________________________________________

You have changed one hundred pounds’ worth of traveller’s cheques. The bank cashier asks you, ”How would you like the money?” What do you say?

_________________________________________________________________

You have enrolled at a language school. The school wants you to pay the fees today, but you can’t. Explain why not, and say when you will pay.

_________________________________________________________________

You are in a restaurant. You have asked for a black coffee, but the waiter brings you a white coffee. What do you say?

_________________________________________________________________

You want to know what is on television tonight. Ask to borrow your friend’s newspaper.

_________________________________________________________________

You’re having a party at your house on Saturday. Invite a colleague to the party.

_________________________________________________________________

A friend invites you to a party, but you can’t go. What do you say?

_________________________________________________________________

You need change to make a phone call, but you only have a five-pound note. What do you ask a friend?

_________________________________________________________________

An English friend is going to your country on business next week. He/ she asks, ”What clothes do I need?” What do you say?

_________________________________________________________________

You want to buy a good English-English dictionary. Ask your teacher for advice.

_________________________________________________________________

Applying for a Job. Job Interview.

2. Read the letters, notice their structure and essential components:

a) Dear Sir or Madam,

I should like to make an application for the post of an interpreter at your Agency.

You will find a full account of my career and qualifications on the attached personal record sheet, and I have also added the names of three referees.

If you feel that my qualifications meet your requirements, I shall be pleased to come to an interview.

I enclosed a stamped addressed envelope for your reply.

Yours faithfully,……………..

b) Gentlemen:

I have just read your advertisement in the magazine Time for the position of a manager, and I would like to offer my services for the post.

I am submitting a summary of my qualifications and experience, together with copies of three recent references.

The writers of my references have stated that they are prepared to speak for me in regard of my character, each having known me personally for several years.

I would be pleased to meet with you at almost any time by appointment.

Trusting for a favorable reply to my application.

Respectfully yours,………………………………….

c) Dear Professor Smith:

I am writing concerning my interest in a teaching position at your school as a professor of English for a period of one or two years.

Late this summer I was invited to be a visiting professor of English at Baylor University in Waco, the state of Texas. While I hoped for a two to four term position, the only one available was for one semester only. Not wishing to pass up the opportunity to teach in the USA, I accepted the position.

After my term ends on December 20, I will return to my position to Kazan University in Russia, to resume my regular teaching position. If I am chosen for the teaching position at your school, I could easily come back to the USA in August or September.

More than that, if necessary, I could begin to teach at your school in January. I currently have aJ-1 visa, which, as I understand, could be extended for a year or more.

At your school I could conduct courses in practical English for beginners and intermediate level students. I could also lecture on English literature.

As requested, I enclose a copy of my curriculum vitae, a list of some of my publications and three letters of reference.

Thank you for your assistance.

Sincerely,……………………….

Enclosure

Write your own application for a job letter.

Read and act out the job interview. Do you think the lady will get the job?

Nancy Mann has applied for a job of a journalist and is being interviewed.

The successful applicant will be based in Geneva and should:

have at least two years’ experience in business journalism
be fluent in French and German, and if possible have some knowledge of Spanish
have a degree in politics
have travelled widely

I = Interviewer N = Nancy

I Who do you work for at the moment, ms Mann?

N Um, I work for the BBC World Service.

I Ah, and how long have you worked for the BBC?

N I’ve been with the BBC for five years. Yes, exactly five years.

I And how long have you been their German correspondent?

N For two years.

I And what did you do before the BBC?

N I worked for as an interpreter for the EU.

I As you know, this job is based in Geneva. Have you ever lived abroad before?

N Oh yes, yes I have.

I And when did you live abroad?

N Well, in fact, I was born in Argentina and I lived there until I was eleven. Also, I lived and worked in Brussels for two years when I was working for the EU.

I Mmm … That’s interesting. Have you travelled much?

N Oh yes, yes indeed. I’ve travelled all over western and eastern Europe, and I’ve also been to many parts of South America.

I Mmm … And why did you go to these places?

N Well, mostly for pleasure, but three years ago I went back to Argentina to cover various political stories in Buenos Aires for the BBC.

Fill in the form, but first make sure you understand the terms “BLOCK CAPITALS” and “Delete where not applicable”

BLOCK CAPITALS

Surname (Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms˟)_________________________________________

First name________________________________________________________

Date of birth_______________________________________________________

Place of birth______________________________________________________

Marital status______________________________________________________

Present address____________________________________________________

Permanent address__________________________________________________

Hobbies/interests___________________________________________________

Present occupation Student/employee/self-employed/other˟

if other, state present occupation_______________________________________

For office use only

˟Delete where not applicable

Signed___________________

TEXTS FOR READING AND DISCUSSION

Text 1

BOLOGNA PROCESS

In May 1998, the European Ministers in charge of higher education of France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany signed the Sorbonne Declaration on the "harmonisation of the architecture of the European Higher Education System" at the Sorbonne University in Paris. Other European countries subscribed to the Declaration later. In June 1999, 29 European Ministers in charge of higher education met in Bologna to lay the basis for establishing a European Higher Education Area (EHEA) by 2010 and promoting the European system of higher education world-wide. The European Ministers decided to meet every two years. While confirming their support to the general principles laid down in the Sorbonne Declaration, they agreed to focus on the following six action lines of the Bologna Process: - adoption of a system of easily readable and comparable degrees;

- adoption of a system with two main cycles (undergraduate/graduate);

- establishment of a system of credits (such as ECTS);

- promotion of mobility by overcoming obstacles;

- promotion of European cooperation in quality assurance;

- promotion of the European dimension in higher education.

In the Prague Communiqué (2001), three additional action lines were introduced: - Lifelong learning; - Higher education institutions and students; - Promoting the EHEA. In the Berlin Communiqué (2003), another action line was introduced: - Doctoral studies and the synergy between the EHEA and the European Research Area (ERA).

Fill in the gaps in the given statements:

Originally … signed the Sorbonne Declaration.
European Ministers met in Bologna to … .
Initially there were … priority spheres for the participants of the Bologna Process.
Lifelong learning is one of … introduced by the Prague Communique.
Nowadays there are … main directions in the activities of European higher education institutions aimed at the establishment of the European Higher Education Area.

Text 2

PARTICIPANTS OF BOLOGNA PROCESS

Ukraine joined the Bologna Process. The decision on that was adopted during the Ministerial Conference at Bergen, Norway on May 19, 2005.

Ukrainian Delegation led by Minister of Science and Education also takes part in joint work to identify priorities in establishing Common European Space of Higher Education until 2010.

Bologna Convention has been signed by all countries of Central and Western Europe. The main objectives of the document are standardization of approaches to higher education system and study process in the EU.

45 countries participate in the Bologna Process: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium (Flemish Community and French Community), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, the Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, „the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.

Fill in the gaps in the sentences:

1. Ukraine became the member of the Bologna Process in … .

2. The main task of the Bologna Process is … .

3. The countries of … signed the Bologna Convention.

4. … implement the strategy of the Bologna Process.

5. The participants of the Bologna Process do their best to establish … until 2010.

Text 3

SVOBODY (FREEDOM) SQUARE

Kharkiv main square is the largest square in Ukraine and one of the largest in Europe.

This is the venue of festivals, concerts, fairs, rallies, meetings, and other public events. The central part of square is occupied by the State Industry Building or Derzhprom. This is one of city’s unique architectural and historic sights. It was built in 1925-1928 to become the first high-rise building in the country. The Derzhprom consists of a group of blocks connected by passages running on different levels. The building was designed by architects S.Serafimov, S.Kravets, and M.Feldher. The construction work was headed by prominent civil engineer and academician of architecture P.Rottert.

To the left of the Derzhprom is the building of the Kharkiv National University named after V.Karazin, one of the oldest and largest higher educational institutions founded in 1805. The University building has about 2,500 lecture rooms and laboratories.

A monument to the University founder V.Karazin is located nearby on the side of the Shevchenko Gardens. The monument was designed by sculptor I.M.Andreoletti and architect A.I.Beketov in 1906.

An eight-story building of the Hotel “Kharkiv” also faces the Svobody Square.

The square’s architectural ensemble is completed by the building of the Oblast Council of People’s Deputies erected in 1954 on site of the old one destroyed by Nazis during the war. The building was designed by architects V.Orekhov and V.Kostenko.

On the grounds of the T.Shevchenko Gardens there is an astronomical observatory of the Kharkiv National University founded in 1808. Scientists study solar processes, observe planets of the solar systems and satellites. For many years, the observatory was headed by a prominent scholar Academician N.P. Barabashov. In recent yeas, his name is more often associated with the Metro station named after this prominent scientist and Ukraine’s largest Barabashov Market. So, the T.Shevchenko Gardens provide an opportunity to recall who really was Academician Barabashov.

Text 4

THE MONUMENT TO T.G. SHEVCHENKO

The monument is a multifigured composition. The bronze figure of T. Shevchenko dominates over 16 figures. The statue is full of dynamics. Powerful inner force is seen in the whole statue: in a slightly bent head, in the energetic gesture of the right hand clenched in a fist, in the strong-willed wrinkle between eyebrow and in a severe and angry stare. The brightly expressed sculpture may be learned easily even from the large distance. The figures which twine round the pedestal are two times smaller than that of Shevchenko. They are seen better from a small distance. Actors of Kharkiv theatre ‘Beresil’ N.M. Uzhviy, A.M. Buchma, I.A. Maryanenko, A.I. Serdyuk and others helped the sculptor very much in creating the figures similar to Shevchenko’s images. The monument symbolizes people’s struggle against oppressors and glorifies free labour and the youth of new Ukraine.

Text 5

THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

According to the Constitution, Ukrainian is the state language of sovereign independent Ukraine. It is also spoken by Ukrainians living in other countries of the former Soviet Union and in Ukrainian diasporas in Canada, Australia, the USA, Great Britain and other countries of the world. Ukrainian is an independent and original unit of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Together with Russian and Byelorussian it forms the East Slavic group of languages.

The history of the Ukrainian language is divided into three periods:

1) the old period (10 – 12th centuries), when the basic literary language of Kievan Rus was Church Slavonic, to which popular elements were added slowly but regularly;

2) the middle period (14 – 18th centuries), when the so-called literary language of the 17th century was formed which was a mixture of different elements. Russian influence and pressure put an end to this development and led to its decline in the second half of the 18th century.

3) the modern period (19 – 20th centuries), when the literary language was reconstructed and based entirely on the popular language.

The fact that the literary Ukrainian language did not develop in urban centres and for the most part is based on the variety spoken in the countryside, has largely determined the peculiarities of its vocabulary which includes a lot of words and phraseological units describing village life and work, folklore, emotionally coloured elements, etc.

Under the Soviet power the linguistic policy for Ukraine was at first Russifying. Then from 1926 up to 1930, the so-called “Ukranization” policy was introduced. At that time much was done in preparing and publishing new dictionaries, opening Ukrainian schools, theatres, cinemas and newspapers. But then the general policy was changed again, and “de-Ukrainization” began which lasted practically till the time of “perestroika”. During that period the majority of Ukrainian philologists and a number of writers and poets who fought for the rights of the Ukrainian language, found themselves in exile or in prison.

Now that Ukraine is independent, the Ukrainian language, traditions and culture are experiencing their rebirth.

according to – відповідно до

Slavic – слов’янський

influence – вплив

pressure – тиск

decline – занепад

entirely – цілком

urban – міський

peculiarities – особливості

exile – вигнання, заслання

rebirth – відродження

Decide if the following statements are true or false.

Ukrainian is the only state language of Ukraine.
The Ukrainian language is widely spread abroad.
Ukrainian belongs to the Indo-European family of languages.
Ukrainian is closely related to the languages of Poland and Hungary.
The literary Ukrainian language developed mostly in the countryside.
Under the Russifying policy new dictionaries were prepared and published, Ukrainian schools, theatres and cinemas opened.
“Ukranization” policy was introduced from 1926 up to 1930.
Before the time called “perestroika” the Ukrainian language, traditions and culture were experiencing their rebirth.

Answer the following questions.

What is written about the Ukrainian language in the Constitution of Ukraine?
Where is Ukrainian spoken?
What language family and group does Ukrainian belong?
How many periods of the history of the Ukrainian language do you know?
What happened to the Ukrainian language during its early period?
What language influenced on Ukrainian greatly during the Middle ages?
When did the modern period of the Ukrainian language start?
Was the Ukrainian language mostly spoken in towns or in the countryside?
What was done during the “Ukrainization” policy?
What was the destiny of the Ukrainian language and literature from the 1930th up to the “perestroika”?

Text 6

TARAS SHEVCHENKO – THE SINGER OF UKRAINE

Born as a serf, Taras lost his parents in his early teens and grew up in poverty and misery. He was taught to read by the village deacon, and was often beaten “for wasting time” on drawing, for which he had a talent. Baron Engelhardt, the owner of Taras, took the boy with him to Vilno (modern Vilnus) and there Taras for the first time heard different languages and saw people who had been freed from serfdom. There he studied painting for four years and then his master took him to St.Petesburg.

The famous Russian artist Karl Bryullov was so much impressed by Shevchenko’s pictures that decided to help him and soon bought him out from serfdom. Immediately after that, T.Shevchenko was admitted to St.Petersburg Academy of Arts, where he studied painting and engraving. Shevchenko was awarded three silver medals for his works and by the end of his life he had become an Academician in engraving.

Studying at the Academy T.Shevchenko improved his general education and at the same time found his second and main calling – poetry. There, in St.Petersburg, Shevchenko never forgot his Motherland and her sufferings under the yoke of serfdom. He wrote poems in Ukrainian and in 1840 published his first book of poems “Kobzar”.

In 1846 in Kyiv T.Shevchenko joined the secret anti-serfdom society and soon was arrested for that and sent to prison in Orenburg. There he wrote a cycle of poems called “In Prison”.

T.Shevchenko was set free in 1857, but not allowed to live in Ukraine. He returned to St.Petersburg and started to work at the Academy of Arts. He also continued writing and became close friends with the outstanding Russian writers and poets. In 1859 Shevchenko was allowed to visit Ukraine and it turned to be his last visit before his death on March, 10, 1861.

It is difficult to estimate the value of Taras Shevchenko for Ukraine and the world literature. In his poems and drawings he shows the heart of Ukrainian people and their “mysterious Ukrainian soul”.

born – народжений

serf – кріпак

poverty – бідність

misery – страждання, бідність

deacon – диякон

serfdom – кріпацтво

engraving – гравірування, гравюра

to be awarded – бути нагородженим

yoke – гніт, ярмо

to allow – дозволяти

to estimate – оцінювати

Decide if the following statements are true or false:

Taras Shevchenko was born in slavery.
He lost his parents in his early childhood.
He was taught to read and write by his owner.
His first travelling was made to St.Petersburg.
The famous Russian artist Karl Bryullov very much liked Shevchenko’s pictures.
Russian painters and writers bought Shevchenko out from serfdom.
Taras Shevchenko became an Academician in engraving.
His first book of poems “Kobzar” was published in 1840.
In the middle 1840th the poet was arrested and imprisoned in Orenburg.
Shevchenko became close friends with the outstanding Russian writers and poets.

Answer the following questions:

Why is Taras Shevchenko called “the singer of Ukraine”?
Was his childhood happy?
Who taught to read the future poet?
What impressed young Taras in Vilno?
What role did Karl Bryullov play in Shevchenko’s life?
Where did Shevchenko study painting and engraving?
When did he begin to write poems?
What was his first book of poems?
What happened to Taras Shevchenko in 1846?

10) What did he do after he had been freed?

11) When was the poet allowed to visit Ukraine again?

12) Why is Shevchenko’s heritage considered to be of world-wide importance?

Text 7. Study the following information. Consult the dictionary.

The Sovereign

Functions of the Sovereign:

opening and closing Parliament;
approving the appointment of the Prime Minister;
giving her Royal assent to bills;
giving honours such as peerages, knighthoods and medals;
Head of the Commonwealth;
Head of the Church of England;
Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.

Ten things the Queen could do by using the royal prerogative:

1. Dismiss the Government.

2. Declare war.

3. Disband the army.

4. Sell all the ships in the Navy.

5. Dismiss the Civil Service.

6. Give territory away to a foreign power.

7. Make everyone a peer.

8. Declare a State of Emergency.

9. Pardon all offenders.

10. Create universities in every parish in the United Kingdom.

The Queen’s particular likes.

1. Horse racing („Were it not for my Archbishop of Canterbury, I should be off in my plane to Longchamps every Sunday”).

2. Scottish country dancing.

3. Jigsaw puzzles.

4. Long-stemmed, deep-pink carnations.

5. Champagne.

6. Deerstalking.

7. Quiet evenings at home watching TV with her supper on a tray.

8. Crossword puzzles.

9. The Beatles film „Yellow Submarine”.

10. Sandringham.

Dislikes of the Queen.

1. Ivy.

2. Tennis, including Wimbledon.

3. Milk pudding.

4. Grouse.

5. Any talk of Edward the 8th.

6. Charles Dickens.

7. Dictating letters.

8. Cigar smoke.

9. Sailing.

10. Listening to after-dinner speeches.

1. Comprehension check. Find these in the lists above.

1. The name of a famous French horse-racing track.

2. The name of the Queen’s country house in Norfolk.

3. The name of her favourite flower.

4. The title of the head of the Church of England.

5. The name of the sport of hunting deer.

6. A green plant which grows on the outside walls of houses.

7. A bird which is shot and eaten.

8. The name of the Queen’s uncle, who gave up the throne to marry a divorced American woman.

9. The name of a famous nineteenth-century British writer.

10. The name of a famous English music-group, known all over the world.

Text 8

WALES

The population of Wales is over 3 million people. About 75 percent of the people of Wales live in towns and urban districts. The Welsh people are fond of folk music, singing, poetry and drama. Welsh literature is one of the oldest in Europe. There are many choirs in Wales, the standard of singing is high and the love of good music is widespread.

An Eisteddfod

Every year, in August, there is a national Eisteddfod in Wales. What is Eisteddfod? It is a meeting of Welshmen interested in Welsh poetry, Welsh songs and music. One year it is in a town in North Wales, the next year it is in a town in South Wales. It lasts for a week. People come to an Eisteddfod every day. Some want to listen to the poems; some want to listen to the singing; and some want just to meet their friends and talk in Welsh. The Welsh people from many countries come back to Wales for the National Eisteddfod. You won’t hear much English at an Eisteddfod. There are competitions here for the best Welsh poem and song of the year. The competitions are organized by the Druids. The Druids wear long clothes; their leader is always a poet. Welsh traditions are very old, and the Welsh people are very proud of them.

Eisteddfod – Айстедвод – змагання валійських співаків, музикантів, поетів.

Druid – друїд – розпорядник на Айстедводі.

1. Test yourself. Complete the quiz.

1. What is an Eisteddfod?

a) a city b) a meeting c) a part of Britain

2. Where does an Eisteddfod take place?

a) in London b) in the country c) in the town of Wales

3. How long does it last?

a) for a week b) three months c) two days

4. Who organizes an Eisteddfod?

a) the composers b) the singers c) the Druids

5. Who is the leader of Druids?

a) a musician b) a poet c) a singer

2. Complete the following:

1. Every year, in August, there ______ .

2. It is a meeting of Welshmen interested in ______ .

3. You won’t hear much ______ .

4. There are competitions at an Eisteddfod for ______ .

5. The Druids wear ______ .

6. Welsh people decided to use some old traditions and ceremonies at _______ .

Text 9

FIRST AMERICAN SETTLERS

Different Indian tribes inhabited America long before European explorers and later on settlers appeared there. Indian customs and traditions were extraordinary diverse because they lived under different conditions to which they had adapted. Women were responsible for farming and food, men hunted and participated in war. Their life was communal. Their culture was oral. Most Indian tribes were closely tied to the land, some were fierce and warlike.

First Americans or Amerindians descend from tribal peoples of Eastern Siberia. There are many cultural similarities between people of Siberia and Alaska, including their myths. There used to be a „land bridge” that united the continents across The Bering Strait.

First white settlers on American continent were Vikings from Scandinavia. They came long before Columbus’s discovery. Scandinavian sagas tell us about the trip and the colony they settled called Vinland. Later on they were attacked by Amerindians and escaped to Greenland.

The Viking voyage to North America remained unknown to Europe. Only in the 60s of the 20th century archeologists found some ruins of Vikings’ houses dating from that period. The New World lay undiscovered for 500 years until in 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed into the Caribbean Sea.

America is often called „The melting pot” as it is a nation of immigrants. Immigrants of different races and nationalities from many countries of the world formed that nation. Lots of European roots can be easily traced. There were three major countries involved in the colonization of America – Spain, France and England. Spanish colonization of America started soon after Christopher Columbus’s discovery. Spain claimed the whole of the new world and considered the new continent as a possible source of wealth. Spaniards got royal license which gave them the right to the tenth of the wealth in the new colony but they equipped and financed the expedition themselves. The majority of them were adventure seekers and were interested only in gold and silver that they hoped to find in South America. For three centuries Spanish America flourished and made Spain the wealthiest and most powerful country in the world. Few Spaniards really settled in the New World. Those who did created a profitable agricultural economy. They brought with them their language and learning, tools, grains, vegetables and fruits, domestic animals.

The Spanish colonized all South America and ruled vast territories in North America, but their interest in North America was half-hearted: they didn’t find any gold there and had to fight with warlike Indians.

The Spanish were not the only nation to claim the New World’s lands. The French also had an interest there. In 1524 the French King sent an Italian sailor Giovanni Verazano to find a new way to Asia and a land rich in gold. He sailed into the harbour of New York. Today a bridge there carries his name.

Later on the French discovered the St. Lawrence river in present day Canada. The forests along the river were full of fur-bearing animals; the river was rich in fish. The French did not establish any successful colony. But they developed good contacts with Indians and beaver-fur became a major trading item for the next three hundred years. First, the French claimed Canada. Later they explored the interior and reached the Mississippi river. Traders extended down the St. Lawrence through the Great Lakes where they established some forts. These forts grew into modern Detroit and Chicago. Gradually the French went down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. Soon they claimed the vast territory from the Great Lakes down and to the west of the Mississippi. It became their colony under the name Louisiana.

The English in those days were too busy making war in Spain and their interest in the new World awoke later. They tried to establish their own settlements as far back as 1587 in Virginia. The land was called Virginia in honour of Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen. In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh, an explorer, a writer and a pirate who was a favourite of the Queen, sent the first group of settlers to the New World. The colony didn’t survive. The Indians attacked them. The survivors were brought home by the British ships.

a tribe [t r a i b] плем’я, рід, клан

to inhabit [i n΄h æ bi t] жити, мешкати, населяти

a settler [΄s e t l ə] поселенець, колоніст

diverse [d a i ΄v ə: s] різний, різноманітний

fierce [f i ə s] лютий, жорстокий, злий, жорсткий

to descend [d i ΄s e n d] походити, спускатися, знижуватися, схилятися до горизонту

the Bering Strait геогр. Берингова протока

to settle [΄s e t l] оселятися, заселяти, колонізувати

to escape [i s ΄k e i p] утекти, вчинити втечу, врятуватися

the melting pot [΄m e l t i ŋ ΄p ) t] плавильний котел (місце, де живуть різні

національні групи)

to claim [k l e i m] вимагати, претендувати

a license [΄l a i s (ə) n s] офіційний дозвіл, ліцензія

to flourish [΄f l r i ∫] процвітати, бути у розквіті

profitable [΄p r ) f i t ə b l] прибутковий, корисний

The Gulf of Mexico [g l f ə v ΄m e k s i k o u] Мексиканська затока

to survive [s ə ΄v a i v] вижити, уціліти

1. Choose the right answer.

1. Indian customs and traditions were extraordinary diverse because ______

a) they came from different territories;

b) they lived under different territories;

c) they appeared at different times;

2. First Americans descend from ______

a) western Europe;

b) Norway;

c) Tribal peoples of North Eastern Siberia.

3. First white settlers were ______

a) Vikings from Greenland;

b) Spanish monks;

c) The French.

4. The major three countries that started colonization of America were ______

a) Spain, France and Germany;

b) Spain, France and England;

c) Holland, Germany and Spain.

5. Why was Spain so interested in colonization of the New World?

a) They were looking for adventures;

b) They were looking for a new continent;

c) They needed new lands and riches as a new source of wealth.

6. The French first settled in ______

a) Canada;

b) Louisiana;

c) Spain.

7. The first people who sailed to America were ______

a) Spanish;

b) Vikings;

c) English.

8. The first European settlements in America were founded by ______

a) England;

b) France;

c) Spain.

9. The British Empire started the colonization of America a century later than Spain because it ______

a) did not need new lands;

b) was busy making war with Spain;

c) did not have a good flat.

10. The first English settlement was called Virginia in honour ______

a) of Sir Raleigh’s wife;

b) of a lake not far from the settlement;

c) of the English Queen Elizabeth the First.

2. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Різні індійські племена населяли Південну і Північну Америку задовго до перших європейських поселенців

2. Перші американці походять від народів Східного Сибіру.

3. Подорож вікінгів до Північної Америки довгий час залишалась невідомою для Європи.

4. Колумб відкрив для Європи новий континент у 1492 році, хоча сам про це не знав.

5. Іспанці були першими європейськими мешканцями на території Америки.

6. Іспанські колонізатори знайшли золото і срібло у Південній Америці.

7. Франція також претендувала на право володіння Новим світом.

8. Французи заснували колонію під назвою Луїзіана.

9. У 1585 році сер Уолтер Руйлі відправив першу групу колоністів у Північну Америку.

10. Перші англійські поселенці збудували форт і назвали колонію Вірджинія на честь королеви Єлізавети І.

Text 10

1. Study the words and read the following texts.

a crib дитяче ліжко

a screen екран

a skill уміння

a delicatessen амер. гастроном

gifted обдарований

to fit складати

to arrange розташувати

stardom становище кінозірки

a pitfall пастка

an option вибір

to afford дозволяти собі

handicapped з фізичними чи розумовими вадами

disabled неспроможний, скалічений

precise точний

a measure критерій

to score набирати очки

exhausted змучений

to skip пропускати

a peer одноліток

to fit in пристосовуватися

an issue проблема

to urge змушувати

flexible гнучкий

to expose піддавати

to fuss метушитися

an estimate оцінка

frustrating прикрий

to seek шукати

BOY GENIUS

The first time I held Jonathan, I knew there was something special about this baby of mine. Maybe it was because he was my first son.

As a baby, he would lie in his crib for hours reaching out his little hands for a wooden puzzle map of the United States that we hung above his crib. My dad taught computers and engineering. Mario and I thought it was funny when he tried teaching Jonathan to play with a computer at five months. My baby did make the mouse picture jump on the screen. But he couldn’t have known what he was doing. Could he?

At six months, Jonathan loved watching television. By the time he was a year old, he was singing his ABC and reading words aloud from books.

When Jonathan was two years and eight months, we had him tested. He had the vocabulary skills of an eight-year-old. His IQ was so high that the psychological wrote: ‘160+, probably a low estimate’. My husband didn’t seem surprised. He owns a delicatessen in Levittown, New York. His relatives are mostly professionals – doctors and lawyers. I was one of 11 children. My parents have 30 grandchildren, and 17 are gifted. But none is quite like Jonathan.

When Jonathan was a year old, he was fussing about the map puzzle over his crib. We were amazed when he tried to fit the states together. Soon he could arrange all 50 states in their proper places. Then, he learned their names. If we took one out and showed him the puzzle, he knew right away which was missing-and even what color it was. Next, Jonathan began learning all the countries of the world.

Child stardom has its pitfalls, but think of all of the opportunities that come with it. Spending time with all those interesting people. Travel. Money for special schools and tutoring. Jonathan will be old enough to start school next fall. My husband and I are struggling to decide which of our limited options will be best for Jonathan.

Three years ago we moved to East Northport, New York, and bought a house we couldn’t afford because we heard the public schools are the best in the area. They may be, but I’ve seen what they have to offer gifted children, and it isn’t much.

He goes through the books that the experts recommend for him like a hot knife through cold butter. Plus, he knows five languages: English, of course, Spanish (he’s bilingual), some Polish and Czech from my family, and he’s learning Korean.

There a school for gifted children here, but it costs $5,400 per year. The irony is, if Jonathan were handicapped, or learning disabled, we wouldn’t have to worry about paying for special schooling. Because my son was born a genius, that’s not available.

Raising a genius?

How is genius defined? Psychologists aren’t sure, says James T.Webb, Ph.D., Wright State University.

Many psychologists prefer to think in terms of IQ (intelligence quotient), which isn’t a very precise measure of intelligence, but it’s about the only measurement we have.

Anymore who scores over 160 on a standardized IQ test is classified as „profoundly gifted”. Fewer than one child out of 32,000 takes this score.

One in two million scores 180 or above, an intellectual height that has no name.

Too few classes

‘Parents are usually exhausted because society doesn’t provide for the gifted child’, notes an educator Kathi Kearney of the center for the Study and Education of the Gifted Children at Columbia University.

Nationwide, a shortage of special classes for gifted children leads some parents to try home schooling. Others supplement their children’s classes with programs at museums and colleges.

Some youngsters skip grades, satisfying their intellectual appetite but not their need for social peers.

‘Gifted children don’t always do well in traditional public schools’, warns Webb. ‘They lost interest and refuse to participate in class or do their homework’, he says. ‘They also find themselves advanced so far beyond their classmates, they may have trouble fitting in with other children of their age’.

For parents, the out-of-school issues can be just as frustrating. How do you discipline a child who thinks like a teenager, but acts like a six-year-old? What do you say when peers reject him?

If you think you child is gifted, experts advise:

1. Have him evaluated between ages five and seven by a licensed psychologist experienced with the gifted children.

2. Develop a flexible educational plan with your child’s school.

3. Expose her or him to a wide variety of educational materials and experiences. Encourage and support without pushing.

4. Seek information from parents and experts.

2. Answer the questions on the texts:

1. What did Jonathan love doing at 6 months?

2. When was the child tested and what vocabulary skills did he have?

3. At what age could he arrange all 50 states in their proper places in a map puzzle over his crib?

4. Does child stardom have its pitfalls?

5. Why did they buy a house they couldn’t afford?

6. How many languages does Jonathan know?

7. Is Jonathan’s mother satisfied with their public school?

8. Is intelligence quotient a very precise measure of intelligence?

9. What person is classified as „profoundly gifted”?

10. What problems do the parents of profoundly gifted children have?

11. Do profoundly gifted children have trouble fitting in with other children of their age?

12. Could you suggest any solutions to this problem?

Appendix

Irregular Verbs

І форма	II форма	III форма	переклад
Infinitive	Past Simple	Past Participle	The main meaning of the verb
1	2	3	4
arise	arose	arisen	підійматися
be	was, were	been	бути
bеаr	bore	born	народжувати
become	became	become	становитися, ставати
begin	began	begun	починати (ся)
bend	bent	bent	гнути
bind	bound	bound	зв'язувати
bite	bit	bitten ( bit )	кусати (ся)
blow	blew	blown	дути
break	broke	broken	ламати (ся)
breed	bred	bred	виховувати
bring	brought	brought	приносити
build	built	built	будувати
burn	burnt	burnt	горіти, палити
buy	bought	bought	купувати
catch	caught	caught	ловити, схоплювати
choose	chose	chosen	вибирати, добирати
come	came	come	приходити
cost	cost	cost	коштувати
cut	cut	cut	різати
dig	dug	dug	рити, копати
do	did	done	робити
draw	drew	drawn	тягти; малювати
dream	dreamt	dreamt	мріяти, бачити уві сні
drink	drank	drunk	пити
drive	drove	driven	вести, гнати
eat	ate	eaten	їсти
fall	fell	fallen	падати
feed	fed	fed	годувати
fell	felt	felt	почувати (себе)
fight	fought	fought	боротися, битися
find	found	found	знаходити
fly	flew	flown	літати
forget	forgot	forgotten	забувати
give	gave	given	давати
go	went	gone	іти, ходити
grow	grew	grown	рости, ставати
hang	hung	hung	вішати, висіти
have	had	had	мати
hear	heard	heard	чути
hide	hid	hidden	ховати
hold	held	held	тримати
keep	kept	kept	тримати, зберігати
know	knew	known	знати
lead	led	led	вести
learn	learnt	learnt	вчити (ся)
leave	left	left	залишати
lend	lent	lent	позичати
let	let	let	дозволяти, здавати в найми
light	lit	lit	запалювати, засвічувати
lose	lost	lost	губити, втрачати
make	made	made	робити
mean	meant	meant	означати
meet	met	met	зустрічати
put	put	put	класти
read	read	read	читати
ride	rode	ridden	їздити верхи
rise	rose	risen	підніматися
run	ran	run	бігти
say	said	said	казати
see	saw	seen	бачити
sell	sold	sold	продавати
send	sent	sent	посилати
set	set	set	помішати; заходити (про сонце)
shake	shook	shaken	трясти
shine	shone	shone	сяяти, блищати
shoot	shot	shot	стріляти
shut	shut	shut	закривати, зачиняти
sing	sang	sung	співати
sink	sank	sunk	поринати
sit	sat	sat	сидіти
sleep	slept	slept	спати
smell	smelt	smelt	нюхати, пахнути
speak	spoke	spoken	говорити, розмовляти
spend	spent	spent	витрачати
spoil	spoilt	spoilt	псувати
spread	spread	spread	поширювати
spring	sprang	sprung	стрибати
stand	stood	stood	стояти
steal	stole	stolen	красти
stick	stuck	stuck	приклеювати
sting	stung	stung	жалити
stride	strode	stridden	крокувати
strike	struck	struck	бити;страйкувати
strive	strove	striven	старатися
swear	swore	sworn	присягати
sweep	swept	swept	мести, підмітати
swim	swam	swum	плавати
take	took	taken	брати
teach	taught	taught	вчити
tear	tore	torn	рвати
tell	told	told	розказати
think	thought	thought	думати
throw	threw	thrown	кидати
thrust	thrust	thrust	штовхати
understand	understood	understood	розуміти
upset	upset	upset	перекидати; розстроювати
wake	woke	woken	прокидатися
wear	wore	worn	носити
weep	wept	wept	плакати
win	won	won	перемагати
wind	wound	wound	заводити
withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn	брати назад, відкликати
write	wrote	written	писати

LITERATURE

Аракин В.Д. та інші. Практичний курс англійської мови для 2 курсу. – М: Вища школа, 2000.
Буданов С.І., Борисова А.О. Business English, Ділова англійська мова/ С.І. Буданов, А.О. Борисова, Харків 2006.
Гужва Т.Н. Английский язык. Разговорные темы. – Киев: Тандем, 2000. – Ч.1.
Гужва Т.Н. Английский язык. Разговорные темы. – Киев: Тандем, 2000. – Ч.2.
Долгополова Я.В. Have Fun! /Сост. Долгополова Я.В. – Харьков: Ранок, 2000. – 80 с.
Иванов А.О., Поуви Дж. Английские разговорные формулы. – М.: Просвещение, 1989.
Кулиш Л., Друянова Е., Хачатурова М. Английский язык для общения. – Киев: Астария, 1995. – 256 с.
Плюхина З.А. Англичане говорят так. – М.: Высш. Школа, 1991.
Разговорные формулы. Пособие для студентов педагогических институтов. – 3-е изд., испр. – Л.: Просвещение, 1974.
Русско-английский разговорник – справочник для делового общения. – СПб.: Альфа, 1991.
Тучина Н.В., Меркулова Т.К., Кузьміна В.С. Speak English with Pleasure. – Х.: Торсінг, 2001.
Ханникова Л.Н. Интенсивный курс английской разговорной речи. – М.: Соваминко, 1991.
Черноватий Л.М., Карабан В.І., Набокова І.Ю., Рябих М.В. Практичний курс англійської мови. Частина 1. Підручник для студентів молодших курсів вищих закладів освіти. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2005.
Шелкова Т.Г., Мелех И.Я. Как вести беседу по телефону. Практическое пособие по разговорному английскому языку. – 2-е изд., испр. – М.: Высш. Школа, 1989.

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Introduction………………………………………………………….. 3

Students’ Life………………………………………..,………………. 4

Our University…………………………………………..…………… 22

Ukraine……………………………………………………………… 42

Kharkiv……………………………………………………………… 57

Great Britain………………………………………………………… 70

The USA…………………………………………………………... 96

Education in Ukraine, Great Britain and the USA………………… 114

Choosing a Career……………………………………………….. .. 147

Texts for Reading and Discussion………………………………… 169

Appendix (irregular verbs) ………………………………………… 184

Literature…………………………………………………………... 187

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TEXTS FOR READING AND DISCUSSION

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CONTENTS

Introduction………………………………………………………….. 3

Students’ Life………………………………………..,………………. 4

Our University…………………………………………..…………… 22

Ukraine……………………………………………………………… 42

Kharkiv……………………………………………………………… 57

Great Britain………………………………………………………… 70

The USA…………………………………………………………... 96

Education in Ukraine, Great Britain and the USA………………… 114

Choosing a Career……………………………………………….. .. 147

Texts for Reading and Discussion………………………………… 169

Appendix (irregular verbs) ………………………………………… 184

Literature…………………………………………………………... 187