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Polysemy - the ability of words to have more than one meaning.
A word having several meanings is called polysemantic.
Words having only one meaning are called monosemantic (terms, nouns, plurals).
The greater the frequency of a word the more polysemantic is.
The commoner the word the more meanings it has
Each of the individual meanings may have its own types of meanings: connotational, part-of-speech, etc.
Diachronic Approach to Polysemy - growth and development in the semantic structure of the word.
The word retains its previous meaning(s) and at the same time acquires (a) new one(s).
Some of the old meanings may become obsolete or disappear.
ME a table (primary meaning) and OE tabule (“a flat slab of stone or wood”).
A table – 1)people seated at a table for a meal; 2)food provided at a table – secondary, derived meaning.
Primary meaning – the first meaning with which the word appeared in the language.
Secondary meaning – could appear only after the primary meaning.
Derived meaning – could not have appeared before primary meaning was in existence and is dependent on it.
Synchronic Approach to Polysemy - coexistence of various meanings at the same historical period of the development of the language.
A table - “ a piece of furniture” – basic/central meaning.
A table - 1) people seated at a table for a meal; 2) food provided at a table – minor/marginal meanings.
Basic/ central meaning – the meaning that first occurs to us whenever we see or hear a word, occurs in different contexts, has the highest frequency.
Minor/ marginal meaning – less frequent, observed only in certain contexts.
Synchronic and Diachronic Approaches to Polysemy
Revolution
Middle English – 1) “the revolving motion of celestial bodies” - primary meaning and central meaning 2) “a complete overthrow of the established government” – secondary and minor meaning.
Modern English – 1) “ a complete overthrow of the established government” - secondary and central meaning.
Homonyms proper (or perfect homonyms) are words which are identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning. (mole-mole)
Homophones are words which are identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. (brake n – break v)
Homographs are words which are the same in spelling but different in sound and meaning. (row – row)
Full (complete) homonyms are 2 (or more) words which coincide in all their forms (their paradigms are identical) (blow – blows – blowing – blew – blown)
Partial homonyms are words which coincide only in some of their forms. (lie –lies – lying – lay – lain) – (lie – lies – lying – lied – lied)
Lexical homonyms are words which belong to the same part of speech but differ in lexical meaning. (bank-bank)
Lexico-grammatical homonyms are words which differ in their lexical and grammatical meaning. (bear n – bear v) (right adj – writte v)
Grammatical homonyms are homonymous word-forms of one and the same word differing in grammatical meaning. (cats – cat’s – cats’) (played past ind – played past part)
Paronyms are words that are often kindred in origin, very close in sound form and therefore liable to be mixed but in fact different in meaning and usage and consequently mistakenly interchanged. Paronyms may be briefly defined as false homonyms