Subject of the infinitive or the ing form is omitted when it is the sme s the subject of the min verb
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- The subject of the infinitive or the -ing form is omitted when it is the same as the subject of the main verb.
e.g. I would like to help with the preparations.
When it is different, however, it is not omitted. The subject of the infinitive can be an object pronoun, a name or a noun.
e.g. I would like herlMary/my assistant to help with the preparations.
The subject of the -ing form can be an object pronoun, a possessive adjective, a name or a possessive case.
e.g. I remember him/his/Steve/Steve's winning the gold medal.
- We use tor + noun/pronoun to introduce the subject of the infinitive in the following cases:
- with verbs such as arrange, hope, long, prepare, ask, wait, etc.
e.g. We've arranged for the plumber to come
tomorrow
- with adjectives such as anxious, cheap, convenient, dangerous, difficult, important, necessary, etc.
e.g. I'm anxious for Beth to go to university.
- with nouns such as advantage, disadvantage, demand, disaster, idea, mistake, etc.
e.g. It was a mistake for you to lend him the money.
- with too/enough.
e.g. It was easy enough for her to find a job.
- when the to -infinitive expresses purpose. e.g. There are benches for people to sit on in the
park.
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- after modal verbs (can, should, must, etc.). e.g. He should apologise to his parents. BUT: Ought is followed by to -infinitive. e.g. She ought to find a job.
- after the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel, e.g. They saw her talk to the manager.
BUT: be made, be heard, be seen + to -infinitive (passive).
e.g. She was seen to talk to the manager. When see, hear and watch are followed by an -ing form, there is no change in the passive. e.g. I saw her getting into a taxi.
She was seen getting into a taxi, can/could + see/hear + -ing form. e.g. We could see smoke coming out of the building. (NOT: We could see smoke eome ..)
- after had better and would rather, e.g. You had better see a doctor.
- Help is followed by either the to -infinitive or the bare infinitive.
e.g. She helped me (to) fill in my application form.
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Forms of the Infinitive
Passive
Active
Present (to) lose Pres. Cont. (to) be losing Perfect (to) have lost
(to) be lost
(to) have been lost
Perf. Cont. (to) have been losing
Active
- present infinitive: refers to the present or future
e.g. He expects to stay here tor a week. present cont. infinitive: (to) be + -ing Refers to an action happening now. e.g. He seems to be working hard. perfect infinitive: (to) have + past participle Refers to the past and shows that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb. e.g. He claims to have won a lot of money. (First he won the money, then he claimed that he had won it.)
perfect cont. infinitive: (to) have + been + -ing Refers to the past and emphasises the duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the verb.
e.g. He's got a headache. He claims to have been working on the computer all morning. (We emphasise what he has been doing all morning.)
The perfect infinitive is used with verbs such as seem, appear, believe, know, claim, expect and modal verbs.
Passive
- present infinitive: (to) be + past participle e g. He hopes to be offered a promotion.
perfect infinitive: (to) have been + past participle e.g. She is believed to have been kidnapped.
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The verb tenses corresponding to the tenses of the infinitive are as follows:
Verb tenses
he works / witt work
he is working / will be working
he worked / has worked / had worked / will have worked
he was working / has been working / had been working / will have been working
Infinitive to work to be working
to have worked
to have been working
Forms of the -ing form
Active Passive
Simple losing being lost
Perfect having lost having been lost
The simple -ing form refers to the present or future. eg Swimming is an energetic form of exercise. The perfect -ing form shows that the action of the -ing form happened before the action of the verb. e.g. He denied having lied to his parents. We can use the simple -ing form instead of the perfect -ing form with no difference in meaning.
e.g. He admitted to having stolen I stealing the car.
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to express purpose
e.g. Sam went to the bank to get some money.
- after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse, etc.).
e.g. He promised to help us with the decorations.
- after adjectives which a) describe feelings/emotions (happy, glad, etc.), b) express willingness/ unwillingness (willing, eager, reluctant, anxious, unwilling, etc.), c) refer to a person's character (mean, clever, etc.) and also with the adjectives lucky and fortunate.
e.g. I was annoyed to hear that he had left. He is reluctant to help You were clever not to believe them.
Note: With adjectives which refer to character we can also use an impersonal construction. It + be + adjective + of + noun/ pronoun.
e.g. It was clever of you not to believe them.
- after certain nouns and pronouns such as something, somewhere, anyone, nothing, etc. usually to show that something is necessary or possible.
e g We've got a lot of homework to do Take something to drink on the bus
- after too/enough.
e.g. She is too young to stay out so late.
- with it + be + adjective/noun
e.g. It is important to get there on time. It is her ambition to open her own shop.
- to talk about an unexpected event which can be unpleasant, usually with only.
e.g. She came home to find her sister waiting for her. They rushed to the airport (only) to be informed that the flight had been cancelled.
- after: be + the first/second, eXc.lnextllastlbest, etc. e.g. He was the first to arrive
- after verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, find out, wonder, want to know, decide, explain, etc. when they are followed by question words (who, what, where, how, etc.). Why' is followed by a subject + verb, not by an infinitive.
e.g. He explained how to operate the machine. I don't know why he left
Note: If two to -infinitives are joined with and' or or', the to' of the second infinitive can be omitted.
e.g. He agreed fo come and help us.
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- as a noun.
e.g. Cycling is a popular form of exercise.
- after certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (for activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand, etc.).
e g They considered moving abroad. He avoided answering my question.
- after: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference.
e g She likes painting
BUT: would like/would love/would prefer + to ■inf to express specific preference. e.g. I would like to paint your portrait.
- after expressions such as be busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, have a hard/difficult time, etc. e.g. What's the use of waiting for an answer?
She is busy writing the wedding invitations.
- after: spend, waste, lose (time, money, etc.).
e g. We wasted a lot of time trying to find a parking space.
He lost £100.000 investing in unsuccessful companies.
- after prepositions.
e.g. He was found guilty of lying in court.
- after the preposition 'to' with verbs and expressions such as look forward to, be used to, get round to, object to, In addition to, prefer (doing sth to doing sth else), etc.
e.g. She objects to working on Saturdays.
- after the verbs: hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, and feel to describe an incomplete action, that is to say that somebody saw, heard, etc. only a part of the action. ,
e.g. I listened to James singing a song. (I listened to part of the song. I didn't listen to the whole song.)
BUT: hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, feel + bare infinitive to describe a complete action, something that somebody saw, heard, etc. from beginning to end. e.g. I listened to James sing a song. (I listened to the song from beginning to end.)
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