методическое пособие для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей Часть 1

Работа добавлена на сайт samzan.net:

Министерство путей сообщения Российской Федерации

Федеральное агентство железнодорожного транспорта

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

САМАРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПУТЕЙ СООБЩЕНИЯ

М.В. Жесткова, С.Я. Никитина

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

учебно-методическое пособие

для студентов 1 курса

железнодорожных специальностей

Часть 1

Самара

2010

УДК 420

ББК

Ж 64

Рецензенты:

кандидат педагогических наук

Самарский государственный университет путей сообщения

И.А. Зайцева;

кандидат филологических наук

Самарский государственный медицинский университет

Н.В. Гончарова

Жесткова М.В.

Английский язык : учебно-методическое пособие для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей. Часть 1. / М.В. Жесткова, С.Я. Никитина. – Самара: СамГУПС, 2010. – 75 с.

Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей дневной формы обучения. Цель данного пособия заключается в том, чтобы выработать у студентов навыки чтения, адекватного понимания и перевода текстов по специальности широкого профиля, а также активного владения основами грамматической системы современного английского языка.

УДК 420

ББК

© Жесткова М.В., 2010

© Никитина С.Я., 2010

        © СамГУПС, 2010

CONTENTS

Unit One. Higher Education

Text A Samara State University of Transport     4

Text B Learning at Samara State University of Transport   13

Grammar Review         19

to be, to have

there + to be

Possessive Case

Present, Past, Future Simple Active and Passive

General and Special Questions

Unit Two. Traveling by Train

Text A Mistaken Identity (after M. Twain)      27

Text B The Man Who Took Notice of all the Notices    35

Text С Eurostar          39

Text for Additional Reading 4.50 from Paddington (after A. Christie) 44

Grammar Review         47

Present, Past, Future Continuous Active and Passive

Degrees of Comparison

Modal Verbs

Equivalents of Modal Verbs

Appendix

Watch the Film and Discuss It

(A) Traveling by “White Nights” Steam Express (Russia)  57

(B) Traveling through China       58

(C) Traveling through Andalusia (Spain)     60

Краткий грамматический справочник     62

Таблица неправильных глаголов      74

UNIT ONE

HIGHER EDUCATION

Text A

SAMARA STATE UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT

(SSUT)

Ex. 1. Practice the reading of the words and phrases.

region, specialist, graduation, towards, company, industry, engineer, comprise, initially, faculty, construction, initiate, technical, structure, vehicle, service, install, kind, cover, event, among, various, recent, foreign, priority, intellectual, science, scientist, miniaturized;

higher educational institution, successful career, portfolio of courses and programs, extra-mural education, degree course, computing facilities, postgraduate student.

Ex. 2. Copy the following words and memorize their meanings.

access – доступ  advanced (= state-of-the-art, up-to-date) – современный, передовой  branch – филиал; отрасль  to comprise (= to contain, to include) – содержать, включать  to develop – развивать, разрабатывать  to equip with – оборудовать чем-л.  to employ – предоставлять работу; нанимать на работу  to establish (= to set up) – учреждать, основывать, создавать  facilities – аппаратура, оборудование; здания, сооружения  to increase (≠ to decrease) – увеличивать, возрастать (≠ уменьшить, сокращать) increasingly – всё больше  to offer (= to propose, to suggest) – предлагать; предоставлять  to operate – работать (о приборах, механизмах); эксплуатировать; приводить в движение, управлять (машиной, оборудованием)  recent – недавний, последний  research – (научное) исследование  staff – штат, персонал, сотрудники  structure – сооружение  to support – поддерживать  to take part in (= to participate in) – принимать участие в чём-л.  various – различный  vehicle – транспортное средство

Ex. 3. Translate the nouns into Russian and memorize their meanings.

decrease, development, employee, employer, establishment, increase, participation, participant, proposal, suggestion, support, equipment, offer, operation, railway operator.

Ex. 4. Mind the translation of the words develop and development.

to develop a project, to develop speed, to develop a system, to develop industry, the development of national economy, the development of new equipment, the development of a system, the development of transport.

Ex. 5. Read the sentences and translate them.

1.  The railway transport played a very important role in industrial development of Britain during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
2.  There are plans to open a new high-speed rail line between London, Manchester and Leeds running at up to 180mph. These plans are supported by two political parties.
3.  The Trans-Siberian Railway was built according to the project proposed by the Minister of Railways K.N. Posyet (Посьет).
4.  The railway bridge across the Amur river represents a solid (прочный) structure of metal and concrete almost 2,600 m long and 64 m high.
5.  Competition between various kinds of vehicles is increasingly intensifying now.
6.  Amtrak is the public company (акционерная компания окрытого типа), which operates passenger trains in the US. It was set up by Congress in 1970.
7.  The railway has a permanent staff of 1,500 and in addition, it employs seasonal staff during the summer period.
8.  About 11% of the Konkan Railway (India) is laid down in tunnels. These tunnels are equipped with sensors to monitor air contamination (загрязнение), temperature and visibility.
9.  The National Railway Museum is a museum in York, which contains a large collection of old railway carriages and locomotives, including the world speed record holder for steam locomotive, the Mallard. The museum is a branch of the Science Museum in London.
10.  A.S. Yartsev suggested using cast iron (чугунные) rails instead of wooden ones in 1788.
11.  Over the past 10 years, Spain has built 64 technologically advanced tunnels with a total length of over 170 km. This is part of a program to develop the country’s high-speed rail network to decrease journey (поездка) times and increase train speeds.
12.  The most state-of-the-art electronic equipment is used for controlling train movement: if changes are necessary, they are made automatically and with lightning speed.
13.  A train station is a facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers and/or goods.
14.  On some railway lines, the operation of double-deck trains is limited by low bridges and tunnels.
15.  The Central Pacific Railroad is a U.S. railroad company established in 1861 by a group of California merchants, including Mark Hopkins and Leland Stanford.

Ex. 6. Complete the sentences with a word from the list.

On this dangerous section of track, trains usually ___ their speed.  The station building was a high wooden ___ with a curved roof.  Some of the new metro stations in Hong Kong will be ___ with high-speed lifts instead of conventional escalators.  Pavel Melnikov ___ George Whistler, a famous American railroad engineer, to be a consultant on the building of Russia’s first major railroad, the Moscow-St. Petersburg line.  In ___ years, the speed of passenger and freight traffic has been greatly increased.  The railway operator ___ additional discounts for passengers traveling to Finland with children under the age of 17.  The rail transport is a ___ of industry playing a very important role in economic life of our country.  Traveling by train from London to Norwich (184 km) takes exactly two hours, ___ stops.  All the ___ was conducted behind a screen of secrecy.  The middle part of the bridge is ___ by two huge towers.  There are regular class discussions, but some of the students never ___.  Tell the mechanic to check the ___ of the braking system.  People ___ use the Internet to book train tickets.  Our best diesel locomotive ___ a speed of 170 km per hour.  About 250 trains ___ daily on the Shinkansen network, running at 7.5-minute intervals during the morning and evening rush hours.

branch  decrease  develops  employed  equipped  including  increasingly  offers  operate  operation  participate  recent  research  structure  supported

Ex. 7. Read the sentences, replacing the italicized Russian words with their English equivalents.

Современный ticket-vending machines have been недавно installed at the railway station.

Railway transport is an important отрасль of industry employing thousands of people.

Our company предоставлять free technical поддержка for those buying our computer оборудование.

Professor Wilson was invited to speak about the results of his исследование.

We asked high school students to принять участие в an anti-drugs campaign.

No one wants to принимать на работу somebody who badmouths (=says unpleasant things about) their former работодатель.

Доступ to this confidential information was denied to journalists.

The company plans to увеличить its штат to 1,000 сотрудники.

Regular servicing guarantees the smooth работа of the оборудование.

Such engineers as Frolov, Yartzev and Polsunov made great contribution (вклад) to the развитие of railway transport in Russia.

Различные транспортные средства are used for transporting passengers and freight over long distances.

The first suspension bridges (подвесные мосты) were made of six strong cables, four of which поддерживать a platform and two cables served as handrails.

Siemens has won a contract to оборудовать China’s first 300km/h line with signaling and communications equipment.

At the end of the conference, all the участники were asked to fill out a questionnaire.

The track gang (путевая бригада) must inspect a railway track and track сооружения all year round.

Ex. 8. Change one word in each sentence so that it makes sense.

1.  You need a password to get support to the computer system.
2.  All high-comfort passenger cars are offered with the air-conditioning system.
3.  Many state-of-the-art vehicles can be seen in the Transport Museum.
4.  It is a multi-national corporation with 140,000 employers worldwide.
5.  One of the world’s oldest universities was developed in Egypt in the 10th century.
6.  We will need a reference (рекомендательное письмо) from your last participant before we can employ you.
7.  The use of modern research makes loading/unloading of freight cars easier and quicker.
8.  The stone arch bridge is one of the town’s oldest developments.
9.  After the reconstruction of the old railway bridge, the speed of trains will be decreased.
10.  Track-laying machines (путеукладчики) and other up-to-date staff are used in railway construction.

Ex. 9. Choose the appropriate alternative to translate the words and phrases.

1.  available

a) имеющийся в распоряжении b) удобный   c) полезный

1.  students’ body

a) количество студентов b) здание института  с) студенты

1.  students’ hall

a) столовая   b) концертный зал  с) общежитие

1.  to enjoy services

a) выбирать услуги b) пользоваться услугами  с) служить

1.  to focus on

a) установить фокус  b) сосредоточиться  с) освещать

1.  to grant a status 

a) предоставить статус b) получить статус с) иметь статус

1.  to install

a) ставить    b) внедрять  с) устанавливать

1.  to keep fit

a) быть в форме   b) носить форму  с) купить форму

1.  to meet the needs

a) требовать  b) отвечать потребностям  с) встречать

1.  former student

a) первокурсник  b) будущий студент  c) бывший студент

Ex. 10. Match the English phrases in column A with their Russian equivalents in column B.

A	B
academic staff	строительство железных дорог
to cover interesting events	конкурс талантов
department	сетевые ПК
Doctorate degree holder	университетский городок
intellectual contest	кафедра
job market	широкий спектр услуг
to maintain contacts	перечень (разнообразие) курсов
networked PCs	освещать интересные события
online news services	учебный полигон
PhD paper	профессорско-преподавательский состав
portfolio of courses	рынок труда
railway construction	КВН
simulation test ground	доктор наук
talent show	кандидатская диссертация
university campus	поддерживать контакты
wide range of services	новости в режиме онлайн

 

Ex. 11. Read the sentences, replacing the Russian words/phrases with their English equivalents from the list, and translate them.

For the students of факультет дневного обучения, the complete course of studies at most technical higher schools lasts 5 years.  Students of the факультет заочного обучения have the opportunity to get высшее образование, combining work and study.  Paul закончить from Stanford University with a degree in электротехника.  It is difficult to поступить Moscow University because the конкурс is always intense there.  A recent study of Open University выпускники found that students aged 60-65 had better results than any other age group.  Приём to the University of Transport is on the basis of the applicants’ results in the Unified State Examination for the secondary school.  15 teams representing 8 different cities participated in the volleyball соревнование organized by our higher school.  For those graduates who want to continue their education, our University has a аспирантура.  The Kuibyshev Railway has its own system of education and professional training. This system includes средние школы, профессионально-технические училища, техникумы, and a ВУЗ.  Our University has a факультет дополнительного образования; railway engineers may take courses for improving their qualification once in six years with or without discontinuing work.

admission  competition  Electrical Engineering  enter  extra-mural faculty  Faculty of Continuing Education Development  full-time faculty  graduated  graduates  higher education  higher educational institution  post-graduate course  secondary schools  technical schools  vocational schools

Ex. 12. Mark the difference between the following pairs of words.

•  only – только     the only – единственный
  •  train – поезд     to train – готовить, обучать
    •  stock – запас; подвижной состав  to stock – иметь в наличии
    •  house – дом     to house – вмещать, содержать
    •  number – число, количество   to number – насчитывать
    •  close – тесный; близкий   to close – закрывать
    •  high school – средняя школа   higher school – вуз

Ex. 13. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the constructions:

either…or – или…или…, либо..либо… neither…nor – ни…ни…

1.  She graduated from either Harvard or Oxford.
2.  Neither Ann nor Helen participated in the conference.
3.  The passenger buys a ticket either at the station or on the train at a higher fare.
4.  I either lost the ticket on my way to the station or left it at home.
5.  We can leave either today or tomorrow – whichever you prefer.
6.  We have neither time nor money to go on holiday.
7.  He asked for a transfer to the company’s branch either in Paris or in London.
8.  This summer, we can go either to Paris or to Rome. What do you choose? –       I want to go neither to France nor to Italy. Can’t we go to Portugal instead?
9.  You can get to that part of the city either by bus or by underground.
10.  Neither Siemens nor Bombardier won the contract to supply signaling equipment for the new high-speed line.
11.  These days, electric trains can be controlled either by a driver or by means of Automatic Train Control System.

Ex. 14. Read the text and translate it.

Samara State University of Transport (SSUT)

Samara State University of Transport is the only higher educational institution in the Volga region, which trains specialists for railway transport. SSUT has a strong orientation towards the job market; it offers a broad portfolio of courses and programs, which meet the needs of our students and their employers. Many former students have started a successful career in the rail industry after their graduation from Samara State University of Transport. The University is playing an increasingly important role for local companies and the region’s development.

Our higher school was set up in 1973 as Kuibyshev Railway Engineering Institute. The first admission comprised 75 students. Initially, two faculties were opened: Railway Operation Faculty and Railway Construction Faculty. They were located in a building at 18 Bezymyanny pereulok.

In 2007, our higher school was granted University status. The University has branches in the cities of Orenburg, Orsk, Ruzaevka, Ufa. SSUT initiated the establishment of the University complex including railway technical schools in Samara, Orenburg, Penza, Rtishchevo, Saratov, Kazan, Ufa and other towns.

The University has three institutes – Institute for Transport Engineering1, Institute for Transport Structures and Vehicles2, Institute for Transport Economics and Management; three faculties – Transport Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Extra-Mural Faculty and Faculty of Continuing Education Development. Teaching is provided either in the full-time form or in the form of extra-mural education. There are thirty-seven departments; sixteen departments offer degree courses.

Staff and students enjoy a wide range of computing services. State-of-the-art computing facilities support teaching, learning and research activities. Over 1200 computers are installed in forty-five computer classes. Access is available to all kinds of electronic information, including bibliographic databases, electronic journals and online news services. These are also available mostly on networked PCs. The scientific library stocks over 800 thousand books and periodicals.

Samara State University of Transport runs its own website. Two University papers cover the most interesting events of the University life.

SSUT contains fourteen buildings equipped with the latest facilities. The University has a simulation test ground (miniaturized railway station operating in real time) which is the best among railway higher schools. It houses over forty most advanced vehicles.

The students’ body is over 10 thousand. The academic faculty numbers over 700 people, among them 80 are Professors and Doctorate degree holders and over 360 have PhD degree in various sciences. All education is linked to research. 85% of academic staff are research active. 200 postgraduate students write their PhD papers.

In recent years, Samara State University of Transport has been focusing on the cooperation with leading foreign universities. Close contacts are maintained with higher schools of Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, Poland, Ireland.

A large number of SSUT students come from other towns or regions. There are four students’ halls close to the University campus.

Physical development of students is a top priority for the University administration. A swimming pool and fitness centers help students to keep fit. All these facilities are only a short distance from the students’ halls. SSUT students are active participants in popular local, national and international sports competitions as well as in talent shows and intellectual contests.

Notes: 1Institute for Transport Engineering – транспортный общеинженерный институт;

2Institute for Transport Structures and Vehicles – институт транспортной техники и

 сооружений;

3departments offer degree courses – кафедры являются ведущими.

Ex. 15. Answer the following alternative questions to the text.

1.  Does SSUT train specialists for railway transport or aerospace industry?
2.  Does the University offer a broad portfolio of courses or jobs?
3.  Do these courses meet the needs of students or online news services?
4.  Is the University playing an increasingly important role for local or international companies?
5.  Was our University established as a technical school or an institute?
6.  Did the first admission comprise seventy-five or fifty-seven students?
7.  Does the University complex include railway technical schools or high schools?
8.  Does SSUT have three or five faculties?
9.  Is teaching provided in the full-time or evening form?
10.  Do sixteen or thirty-seven departments offer degree courses?
11.  Do state-of-the-art computing facilities support research or sports activities?
12.  Is access available to electronic or electrical databases?
13.  Do University papers cover the most interesting or the funniest events of the SSUT life?
14.  Are SSUT buildings equipped with the latest news or facilities?
15.  Does the University simulation test ground house railway or rocket vehicles?

Ex. 16. Go back to the text and find sentences, which are similar to the following statements.

1.  More than 10 thousand students study at Samara State University of Transport.
2.  700 teachers work at Samara State University of Transport.
3.  Eighty teachers have a university degree of the highest level.
4.  International cooperation with leading foreign higher schools is very important to our University.
5.  Many students of SSUT originate from other cities and towns.
6.  Sport is very popular among the students of SSUT.
7.  There are many sports facilities on the University campus.
8.  It doesn’t take a long time to get from the students’ hall to the swimming pool or fitness centers.
9.  SSUT students take an active part in sports competitions held in our country and abroad.
10.  Many students are active participants in all kinds of social events; they demonstrate how smart and talented they are.

Ex. 17. Using the questions below, make up stories on the following topics:

(A) The school I went to

1.  What school did you go to? (secondary school; gymnasium; vocational school; technical school; lyceum; specialized English school)
2.  At what age did you begin to attend it?
3.  Where is it situated?
4.  What subjects did you study at your school?
5.  What were your favorite subjects?
6.  How many times a week did you have your English lessons?
7.  What did you do during your English lessons?
8.  What was your mark in English?
9.  Who was your favorite teacher?
10.  What exams did you pass at school?
11.  What did you like and dislike about your school?

(B) Entering the University

1.  When did you first start thinking about entering a higher school?
   1.  Did anybody advise (советовать) you or was it your own choice?
   2.  What made you choose the University of Transport rather than some other higher school? Give your reasons.
   3.  Do your parents approve (одобрять) your choice?
   4.  Did you take entrance exams or were you admitted on the basis of your results in the Unified State Examinations for the secondary school?
   5.  How many points did you get in Physics and Mathematics?
   6.  How did you prepare for the exams? (You attended the fitting school подготовительные курсы; your teacher helped you; you read a lot of books yourself or you didn’t prepare for your exams at all)
   7.  Were you afraid of taking exams?
   8.  What was the most difficult subject for you to take?
   9.  Was the competition intense?
   10.  How does it feel to be a student?

Ex. 18. Translate the following text into English.

Самарский государственный университет путей сообщения (СамГУПС) готовит специалистов для железных дорог и предприятий (businesses) железнодорожного транспорта. Наш вуз был основан в 1973 году как Куйбышевский институт инженеров железнодорожного транспорта. Первый набор составил 75 человек. В то время институт имел два факультета – эксплуатационный факультет и строительный факультет.

В 2007 году вузу был присвоен статус университета. СамГУПС  выступил с инициативой создания университетского комплекса, который включает филиалы в Оренбурге, Орске, Рузаевке и Уфе, а также техникумы в Самаре, Оренбурге, Пензе, Саратове, Казани и других городах Поволжья.

Сейчас в институте обучается 10 тысяч студентов и работает свыше 700 преподавателей. СамГУПС имеет три института, три факультета, 37 кафедр.    16 кафедр являются выпускающими. 14 корпусов университета оснащены новейшим учебным и научным оборудованием. Студенты и преподаватели имеют доступ к современным информационным ресурсам через Интернет. СамГУПС имеет 45 компьютерных классов. Учебный полигон нашего вуза является лучшим среди железнодорожных университетов России.

Вы можете узнать об университете на сайте СамГУПС или из газет, которые освещают наиболее важные и интересные события студенческой жизни.

Руководство СамГУПС уделяет большое внимание международному сотрудничеству с ведущими зарубежными вузами, например, Германии, Великобритании, Польши, Швеции и других стран.

В университете есть четыре общежития для студентов, которые приезжают из других городов. На территории университетского городка находится большой спортивный комплекс с плавательным бассейном и фитнес-центрами. Многие студенты принимают активное участие в региональных и международных соревнованиях.

Text B

LEARNING AT

SAMARA STATE UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT

Ex. 1. Practice the reading of the words and phrases.

entrance, unified, length, lecture, lecturer, allow, area, laboratory, others, dozen, discuss, variety, major, study, Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Economics, Logistics, might, choice, together, exam, final, commission, subject, term, continue, senior, regularly, recruit, control, own, integral;

digital voice recorder, general engineering subjects, foreign language.

Ex. 2. Copy the following words and phrases and memorize their meanings.

aim – цель  to allow – позволять, разрешать  as well as – а также  to attend – посещать (занятия и т.п.)  to broaden – расширять broad (= wide) – широкий  to carry out – выполнять, осуществлять, проводить  to discuss – обсуждать discussion – обсуждение  to devote – посвящать  to divide (into) – делить (на)  length – длина, протяжённость  to link (= to connect) – соединять, связывать  major – крупный, важный; специальный предмет  to own – владеть, быть собственником; иметь own – свой, собственный  to provide (with) – снабжать, обеспечивать чем-либо; предоставлять (услугу, информацию и т.п.)  to record – записывать  to recruit – нанимать на работу  skill – навык, умение skilled – квалифицированный  to vary – отличаться, различаться variety – ряд, множество  to use – использовать, применять useful – полезный

 Ex. 3. Read the sentences and translate them.

1.  In Spain, most of the railroads were built by foreign investors, although the Spanish government provided major subsidies.
2.  To allow the train to travel at speeds of up to 250 km/h between Moscow and St. Petersburg, Russian Railways modernized the infrastructure of this line.
3.  The library is installing new equipment to broaden access to its huge database.
4.  Containers can be divided into two categories: a large type used for transporting a load of up to 5-7 tons and a small type suitable for a load of about 1 tonne in weight.
5.  The Trans-European expresses are passenger trains linking major cities of Europe and running at high speeds.
6.  The aim of modernizing the 567-km Ankara-Istanbul railway is to cut the journey time from 6h 30min to 3h 30min.
7.  Arizona law limited train lengths to 14 passenger cars or 70 freight cars in the interests of safety (безопасность).
8.  Flatcars can transport a wide variety of freight, including steel beams (балка, брус), timber, farm machinery, construction materials and equipment as well as many other large, heavyweight materials.
9.  John Smith was recruited as an electrical engineer on a six-month trial basis.
10.  More than 1000 people attended the conference devoted to the problems of developing environmentally-friendly kinds of transport.
11.  Skilled engine drivers are needed to operate modern locomotives.
12.  Trainspotting is recording the names and registration numbers of locomotives. It used to (раньше) be a popular hobby in Britain but is less common now.
13.  For the first time, the idea of building the underground railway in Moscow was discussed before the revolution but the construction of the first line (from Sokolniki to Central Park) began only in 1932.
14.  Russian Railways is the state-owned railway company. It owns 19,700 locomotives, 24,100 long-distance passenger carriages, 15,600 short-range passenger carriages and 624,900 goods wagons. A further 270,000 freight cars in Russia are privately owned.
15.  The first plans for constructing a new railway line along the west coast of India were offered in 1880s, but they were not carried out because of financial and technical difficulties.

Ex. 4. Complete the sentences with a preposition from the box given below.

1.  The aim ** reconstructing this railway is to increase the train speeds up to 240 kmh.
2.  The Russian Railways company is divided ** 17 territorial railway operators.
3.  Long-distance trains have a dining car to allow passengers to have a meal ** the course of their journey.
4.  Dallas, a major transportation hub (узел) in the south of the US is served ** six railroads.
5.  ** Spain, first-class train passengers are provided ** free newspapers and at-seat meals.
6.  The Alaska government plans to construct a railroad, which will link the rail networks of the US, Canada and Russia via a 90 km rail tunnel ** the Bering Straits.
7.  ** 1947, the Britain’s railways were owned by four private companies.
8.  This booklet provides information ** the movement of trains all over the country.
9.  The very (самый) first railways were used ** transporting coal.
10.  Russia ranks second in the world ** the US in the length of the railway network.

about         after          before          by         during          in       for           into           of           under              with

Ex. 5. Read the sentences, replacing the italicized Russian words with their English equivalents.

1.  The использование of container cars is very efficient because their loading/unloading осуществлять very quickly.
2.  All railroads, except the very short ones, разделять на sections.
3.  The whole incident записывать on an amateur video tape.
4.  After days of обсуждение, the project of reconstructing the Helsinki-St.Petersburg railroad was approved by both Russian and Finnish sides.
5.  Air-conditioning system in a railway car обеспечивать a constant supply (подача) of fresh air in hot weather and heating the saloon in cold weather.
6.  In Europe, there are many tourist railway lines, which работать only at summer weekends and использовать steam locomotives and old carriages.
7.  There is a school for diesel train drivers in Derby, Britain. Railway workers who have already received some practical experience (опыт) on different railways посещать the school to improve their навыки.
8.  The railway network связывать all the крупный cities in Britain, and via the Channel Tunnel, links Britain with France and Belgium.
9.  Many new electronic devices разрабатывать to обеспечить the safety of high-speed traffic.
10.  Electrification of the line позволять a doubling of train weights to 6,000 tonnes.

Ex. 6. Guess the meaning of the words and phrases below.

academic year  choice  Computer Science  digital voice recorder  engineering student  laboratory lessons  to make notes from lectures

post-graduate course  professional communication  professional communication skills  railway engineer  senior students  to travel around the world  Unified State Examinations (USE)

Ex. 7. Match the English phrases in column A with their Russian equivalents in column B.

work placement	сдавать зачеты
general engineering subjects	учебные навыки
independent work	представлять на рассмотрение
graduation project	производственная практика
to submit	общетехнические предметы
study skills	делать заметки, кратко записывать
to take tests	дипломный проект
entrance to the University	семестр
term	поступление в университет
to scribble down brief notes	диплом инженера
engineering degree	самостоятельная работа

Ex. 8. Match the sentences in column A with the synonymous statements in column B.

A	B
As a rule, the course of study lasts for five years.	You have the choice of learning English, German, or French.
Many railways of the Russian Federation employ SSUT graduates.	Most courses at SSUT are five years in length.
There are various forms of teaching: lectures, seminars, etc.	The final year is devoted to working on the graduation project.
Students of technical universities have more laboratory classes than students of Economics.	Major railways of the Russian Federation regularly recruit our graduates.
Now students use not only pens and pencils to make notes from lectures but have modern digital devices.	Teaching is carried out in various forms: lectures, seminars, group work, independent work, etc.
Students study general engineering subjects as well as special disciplines.	Our University maintains close contacts with many railways of the country.
At our higher school, students can choose English, German or French as a foreign language.	A wide variety of general engineering subjects as well as majors are studied.
If you want to visit a foreign country or communicate with foreigners, you can attend the course in foreign language professional communication.	Some people use digital voice recorders to record the lecture and make their notes later.
Senior students focus on writing their diploma paper.	The engineering students have usually more lectures and laboratory lessons.
Samara State University of Transport has strong links with major railways of the Russian Federation.	Studying at university is very different from going to school or attending college.
There is a great difference between going to school and attending university.	Developing your study skills is an integral part of your life as a university student.
A student must not only attend lectures and practical hours but also develop his/her own study skills.	The language course gives SSUT students a chance to get a good job and to travel around the world.

Ex. 9. Read the text and translate it.

Learning at Samara State University of Transport

Entrance to the University is on the basis of the Unified State Examinations for the secondary school.

Most courses at Samara State University of Transport are five years in length. The academic year is divided into 2 terms: from September to January and from February to July.

Teaching is carried out in various forms: lectures, seminars, group work, independent work, etc. Lectures are the most traditional form of teaching in higher education. They allow lecturers to provide information and to focus on difficult areas in some detail. The number of lectures varies from course to course. The engineering students have usually more lectures and laboratory lessons. There are many ways to make notes from lectures. Some people use digital voice recorders to record the lecture and make their notes later. Others scribble down brief notes as the lecture goes along. You will soon learn what is most useful to you. At a seminar, a group of a dozen students meets with a teacher to discuss the material of the lecture.

A wide variety of general engineering subjects as well as majors are studied, for example Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics, Chemistry, History, Transport Economics and Logistics, Railway Operation, Railway Construction, Computer Science and many others.

Railway engineer is a profession that can take you around the world. If this is your aim then you might wish to broaden your communication skills by learning a foreign language. You have the choice of learning English, German, or French together with your engineering degree. The University offers a program in foreign language professional communication. The language course gives SSUT students a chance to get a good job and to travel around the world.

Tests and exams are taken at the end of each term. The final year is devoted to working on the graduation project, which is submitted to the State Examination Commission. The subjects of diploma papers are oriented towards the needs of railway transport. For those students who want to continue their education, SSUT has a post-graduate course.

SSUT has strong links with major railways of the Russian Federation that provide work placements for our senior students and regularly recruit our graduates.

Studying at University is very different from going to school or attending college. One of the biggest changes between university and school or college is that you are in control of your own learning. Developing your study skills is an integral part of your life as a University student.

Ex. 10. Answer the following questions.

1.  How many terms are there in the academic year?
2.  When does the first term begin?
3.  When does the second term begin?
4.  What is the most traditional form of teaching in higher schools?
5.  What do students do in a seminar?
6.  Is Mathematics a general engineering subject or a major?
7.  Is Railway Construction (or Computer Science) a general engineering subject or a major?
8.  Is Foreign Language an important subject in the University course?
9.  What foreign language do you learn? What about your classmate(s)?
10.  When do students take tests and exams?
11.  What do you like better: to take exams or to pass exams?
12.  What needs are the subjects of the graduation projects oriented towards?
13.  In what way does Samara State University of Transport cooperate with major railways of the Russian Federation?
14.  Is there any difference between going to school and attending university?

Ex. 11. Some odd words in the sentences below make the statements nonsensical. Correct the mistakes and translate the sentences into Russian.

1.  Door to the University is on the basis of the USE for the secondary school.
2.  Teaching is transported in various forms: lectures, seminars, group work, independent work.
3.  Lecturers allow students to provide information and to focus on difficult regions in detail.
4.  Some people use digital voice recorders to operate the lecture and make their notes later.
5.  Transport Economics and Logistics is a general engineering subject.
6.  You can broaden your communication vehicles by learning a foreign language.
7.  The tongue course gives SSUT students a chance to get a good job and to travel around the world.
8.  Tests and exams are taken part at the end of each term.
9.  The graduation project is submitted to the City Examination Commission.
10.  The students who want to continue their research can enter the mail-graduate course.
11.  Major railways of the Russian Federation provide work placements for SSUT junior students.
12.  One of the biggest changes between university and school is that you are in support of your own learning.

Ex. 17. Using the questions below, make up a story on the following topic:

You are a freshman now

Do you like being a student?

Was it difficult for you to get accustomed (привыкать) to the system of lectures and seminars after the school system of classes?

What do you find more useful: lectures of seminars?

Do yon always take notes of lectures?

Is it difficult or easy for you to follow the lectures?

Some lectures are certainly more interesting than others. What does interest depend on? (It depends on the subject of the lecture or the personality of the lecturer)

Why are some lectures boring (скучный)? (the subject is boring; the subject is of no importance to you; the subject is too difficult for you to master; you find it hard to concentrate; you are not interested in the subject; you are not yet accustomed to listening to lectures every day; you get tired easily; the lecturer’s manner of speech is monotonous; the lecturer speaks too fast for you to make notes; the lecturer gives no original information; the lecturer’s arguments are too complicated for you)

What subjects are included in the first-year program at your faculty?

What subject is the most interesting; the least interesting; the one you think the most important; the one you find the most difficult?

What must you do to pass your winter exams successfully?

What marks do you expect to get?

How much time do you spend to prepare your homework?

Do you have a lot of spare time?

What do you usually do during your spare time?

Grammar Review

Ex. 1. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the verbs to be and to have. Put general and special questions to the underlined words.

to be

1.  Public transport is a system for transporting passengers from one place to another by road or rail.
2.  The top speed of the first steam locomotive was 13 miles per hour.
3.  Our train tickets are on the table. Don’t forget to take them.
4.  The trains will be late because of an accident near Reading.
5.  A lot of passengers waiting for the local train arrival were on the platform.
6.  All the underground stations are of the same size: 6 m high, 100 m long, and 18 m wide.
7.  In Britain, the penalty (штраф) for traveling without a ticket is £200.
8.  The next stop of the train will be Doncaster.
9.  A total weight of the locomotive is 85.5 tons.
10.  The Orient Express was the passenger train running from Paris to Istanbul. The train was famous for its five-course French meals and for its passengers, who were often diplomats, royalty, or government couriers.

to have

1.  Before 1973, the University had only one faculty.
2.  Each Sapsan train has 10 carriages, of which 2 are first-class and 8 are second-class.
3.  Tomorrow I will have a meeting with my supervisor about my research topic.
4.  Railway cars have a very long service life – from 30 to 40 years.
5.  We had unlimited access to all the sports facilities.
6.  The London Underground has 273 stations with more than 470 trains running during peak periods.
7.  All the railwaymen had the right of free travel by train once a year.
8.  Each railway has two kinds of trains: regular trains and extra trains.
9.  In 1840, the US had 2,800 miles of railroad tracks consisting mainly of short lines.
10.  The experimental locomotive will have a test run on a specially built track.

Ex. 2. Read the sentences and translate them, paying attention to the construction there + to be.

1.  There is an escalator of only five steps at one of the Tokyo Metro stations.
2.  There were no signaling devices at the first railways as there was no need for them.
3.  There are four pairs of sliding doors on each side of a Metro car.
4.  In April 1998, there was a 300 km traffic jam on the No 4 motorway (the main road from London to Wales) at the end of the Easter holidays.
5.  There is one minute left before the train leaves.
6.  Several people were injured (травмированы) in a train accident, but there were no fatalities.
7.  In Britain, there are three types of passenger trains: fast intercity trains, stopping trains and commuter trains.
8.  There will be a scheduled (предусмотренный графиком) train stop for 20 minutes at the next railway station.
9.  There is usually a considerable increase in passenger traffic in summer.
10.  In Metro, there are special pumps and fans that suck in the air from the street, purify it, and make it warm or cool on its way to the station.
11.  There were locomotives at both ends of a heavy freight train.
12.  Tickets cost £3; there is a £1 discount for students.

Ex. 3. Complete the sentences with the verb to be in the required tense form and translate them.

1.  There to be a train at 6.15 and one at 10.30 but nothing in between. (Present)
2.  In 1830, there to be only 64 km of railroad track laid in America. (Past)
3.  In the London Metro, there to be 11 underground lines; each of them has its own color. (Present)
4.  On each car of the first Metro trains, there to be an attendant to operate the doors. (Past)
5.  There to be no trains today because the railroad workers are on strike. (Future)
6.  Among the tunnels of the BAM, there to be two of particular note: a 15-km Muisky tunnel and a 7-km Baikal tunnel. (Present)
7.  There to be one case of derailment of a freight train on a section of line at Bexley, Britain. (Past)
8.  Nowadays, there to be underground railways in 80 cities all over the world. (Present)
9.  By 2030, there to be a total of 1,528 km of high-speed railway lines capable of handling passenger trains traveling at 350 km/h. (Future)
10.  There to be considerable public disquiet (беспокойство) about the safety of the new high speed trains. (Past)
11.  In the US, there to be a special discount for those passengers who buy return tickets. (Present)
12.  On the first railways, there to be no conductors and an engine-driver collected the passengers’ fare (оплата за проезд) himself. (Past)

Ex. 4. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the nouns in the Possessive Case.

1.  The Cherepanovs, who were Demidov’s serfs (крепостные), built Russia’s first steam locomotive.
2.  The length of the London Underground’s first line was almost four miles.
3.  One of Europe’s first railway tunnels (130m long) was built on the Sverdlovsk railway.
4.  Much of the world’s freight is transported by train; and in the US, the rail system is used more for transporting freight than passengers.
5.  On a large diagram in a dispatcher’s room, small lights display the location of each train.
6.  Several Ann’s friends came to the terminal to see her off.
7.  In the 19th century, the railroad had an important influence (влияние) on every country’s economic and social development.
8.  About 70 of the train’s 500 passengers were injured in the crash.
9.  Last year was very good for Paris’ public transport: ridership (= the number of passengers) increased for the first time in three years.
10.  Singapore’s 20km fully-automatic underground North East Line was opened for passenger service on June 20, 2003.

Ex. 5. Give 4 forms of the following regular verbs. Mind the reading of the   -ed ending.

to allow  to attend  to broaden  to carry  to complete  to comprise  to connect  to control

to construct  to contain  to cover  to decrease  to develop  to devote  to discuss  to divide

to employ  to enter  to equip  to establish  to finish  to graduate  to include  to increase

to install  to limit  to link  to move  to offer  to operate  to own  to participate

to provide  to record  to start  to stop  to support  to train  to vary  to use

Ex. 6. Learn 3 forms of the following irregular verbs.

to be  to become  to begin  to break  to build  to buy  to come

to do  to draw  to drive  to find  to get  to give  to go

to grow  to have  to hear  to know  to lay  to learn  to leave

to lose  to make  to mean  to meet  to pay  to run  to say

to see  to sell  to send  to speak  to spend  to take  to think

Ex. 7. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the verb tense form. Put general questions and give short answers.

1.  Passenger trains never stop at this station.
   1.  The company plans to renew its fleet (парк) of vehicles.
   2.  The first steam locomotive moved at a speed of 12 km/h.
   3.  During peak hours, the trains in the Moscow Metro run with intervals of about 80 seconds.
   4.  This train will proceed to its destination without any stops.
   5.  A mail train is a train that carries letters and packages.
   6.  The first U.S. railroad, the Baltimore-Ohio, began operation in 1827.
   7.  Four million passengers travel the Helsinki-Tallinn route annually.
   8.  Our train will leave from platform No 2 in five minutes.
   9.  The train ride from Moscow to Vladivostok takes about seven days.
   10.  Most of us use public transport to get to work.
   11.  France’s high speed train TGV set a new world speed record of 320 m/h in 1990.

Ex. 8. Express the idea in Present, Past and Future Simple.

1.  Passengers to cross the railway lines by the bridge.
   1.  The students to repeat the new words before the lesson.
      1.  The fast train for London to depart from platform No 2.
      2.  Railway lines to connect all parts of this country.
      3.  This mechanism to activate the emergency brake.
      4.  In the Samara Metro, trains to run every 8 minutes.
      5.  The trains to be late because of track repair (ремонт) works.
      6.  He to have enough time to do this work.
      7.  The railways to play an important role in the transportation of freight.
      8.  The new bridge to reduce traveling time from 50 minutes to 15 minutes.

Ex. 9. Put special questions to the following sentences. Begin with the question-words given in brackets.

1.  In Great Britain, first-class tickets cost 50% more than second-class tickets. (Where)
   1.  The first refrigerator cars in Japan entered service in 1908 for fish transport. (When)
      1.  At the next railway station, the train will stop for 20 minutes. (How long)
         1.  The repair of railway track usually takes place in summer. (When)
         2.  Commuter trains leave from Victoria Station every hour. (How often)
         3.  I got off the train at Central Station. (Where)
         4.  One Metro train takes up to 1,500 passengers. (How many)
         5.  Typically, high-speed trains travel at top service speeds of between 250 km/h and 300 km/h. (What speed)
         6.  The factory will employ over 2000 people. (How many)
         7.  In 1913, the railway network of Russia consisted of 25 state lines and 13 private lines. (When)

Ex. 10. Put the verbs in brackets into the required form of the Active Voice.

1.  The train (to leave – Present Simple) in half an hour and you aren’t ready yet.
   1.  The first steam locomotives (to be – Past Simple) not strong and they often (to break – Past Simple) down.
      1.  The train (to cover – Future Simple) the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 3 hours if it (to move – Present Simple) at a speed of 250 kmh.
         1.  After the war, the government (to grant – Past Simple) great sums of money to renew the equipment and the roadbed (земляное полотно) of all the railways.
            1.  Many railway lines in England (to radiate – Present Simple) from London.
            2.  The Flying Scotsman (to be – Present Simple) an express passenger train that (to run – Present Simple) between London and Edinburgh.
            3.  The Japanese Railways (to begin – Past Simple) testing the new high-speed train for the famous Tokaido Line.
            4.  Russian Railways (to be – Present Simple) one of the world’s biggest railway companies. It (to employ – Present Simple) 1.2 million people and (to handle – Present Simple) 80% of all passenger transportation and 82% of all freight in Russia.
            5.  In 1808, Richard Trevithick (to build – Past Simple) a circular railway in London’s Torrington Square. Steam carriage "Catch Me Who Can" (to weigh – Past Simple) 10 tons and (to move – Past Simple) at a speed of 15 mph.
            6.  If he (to leave – Present Simple) for London by train, he (to get – Future Simple) there on Friday.

Ex. 11. Read the text, using the verbs in brackets in the required tense form of the Active Voice. Put five special questions to the text.

Train Model

One of Moscow designers1 (to make – Present Simple) micro models of different vehicles. This (to be – Present Simple) his hobby. His first model (to be – Past Simple) a plane. Its weight (to be – Past Simple) 0.35 gr. It (to work – Past Simple) and (to make – Past Simple) several circuits in the air.

In the last 10 years, he (to construct – Past Simple) eight unique working micro models. He (to make – Past Simple) them of wood with the help of a knife.

His collection (to include – Present Simple) a little locomotive and a car – 13 cm and 18 cm long respectively. The locomotive (to consist – Present Simple) of 2,566 separate parts and the car – of 1,035. It (to take – Past Simple) him four months to study the locomotive design and fifteen months to build this model.

The locomotive and the car (to work – Present Simple) like full-size models. There (to be – Present Simple) even a whistle2 1 mm long. You can control the whole operation from the locomotive.

Notes: 1designer – конструктор;

 2whistle – гудок.

Ex. 12. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the tense/voice form of the verbs. Put general questions and give short answers.

1.  About 75 % of the railroads in Latin America are concentrated in Argentina, southern and eastern Brazil, and Mexico.
2.  The first Russian steam locomotive was built and tested in Nizhni Tagil.
3.  The new railway will be 100 km long. It will be used for freight traffic only.
4.  The first passenger cars were lighted by candles. Later, candles were replaced by oil and gas lamps. Nowadays electricity is used for lighting and heating passenger carriages.
5.  When inactive, locomotives are housed in a train depot.
6.  Heathrow (Britain’s largest international airport) is linked with the capital by the Underground railway.
7.  After the test runs, the new loco will be used for hauling heavy iron-ore trains.
8.  On the first railways, sleepers (шпалы) were laid down along the track; nowadays sleepers are laid down transversely.
9.  Freight trains are loaded and unloaded in freight yards by using cranes.
10.  The 1927 electric locomotive was newly restored in 1984.

Ex. 13. Put special questions. Begin with the question-words in brackets.

1.  The first steel rails were made and laid in Derby in 1857. (When)
   1.  Tomorrow, the movement of trains on that section of the line will be stopped because of the track repair. (Why)
   2.  The number of passengers is usually increased in summertime. (When)
   3.  The first underground system was proposed by Charles Pearson in 1843. (Whom)
   4.  The old railway terminal will be upgraded next year. (When)
   5.  The Trans-Siberian Railway is divided into six railways in the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East. (How many)
   6.  The system of automatic ticket selling was developed in Japan. (Where)
   7.  This car will be coupled (прицеплять) to train No 15 going to the Far East. (What train)
   8.  The old London Bridge over the Thames River was constructed by monks (монахи) in 1209. (Whom)
   9.  In Canada and the United States, long freight trains are hauled by three, four, or even five locomotives. (How many)

Ex. 14. Put the verbs into the required tense/voice form. Translate the sentences.

1.  The switch (стрелочный перевод) (to be – Present Simple Active) the mechanism, which (to use – Present Simple Passive) to move the trains from one track to another.
2.  When the Liverpool-Manchester Railway (to build – Past Simple Passive), the railway company (to offer – Past Simple Active) a prize of £500 for the best steam train. The prize (to win – Past Simple Passive) by George Stephenson with his famous locomotive called the “Rocket”.
3.  The distance between Boston and New York (to be – Present Simple Active) 230 miles; it (to take – Present Simple Active) the train 3 hours 15 minutes to cover it.
4.  The two-speed escalators (to install – Future Simple Passive) at the new Metro stations.
5.  The first railways (to appear – Past Simple Active) in England and (to use – Past Simple Passive) to carry coal.
6.  Most railway stations in Great Britain (to date – Present Simple Active) from the Victorian era and (to locate – Present Simple Passive) on the edge of city centers.
7.  Track (to strengthen – Future Simple Passive) on this section of the railway because it (to plan – Present Simple Passive) to increase the volume of freight traffic here.
8.  The railway line between two large Japanese cities Yamagata and Akita (to open – Past Simple Passive) for traffic in March 1997. It (to become – Past Simple Active) so popular that passenger services between these cities (to increase – Past Simple Active) by more than 50 percent.
9.  Modern steam locomotives (to operate – Present Simple Passive) only in countries where coal (to be – Present Simple Active) much cheaper than oil such as in China.
10.  Tomas Bouch (to design and to construct – Past Simple Active) the railway bridge on the Tay River in 1878. This bridge (to speak – Past Simple Passive) about as one of the wonders of the world.

Ex. 15. Say the same, using the Passive Voice.

Model: The designers will test the new locomotive tomorrow.

  The new locomotive will be tested by the designers tomorrow.

1.  The London Underground transports around a billion passengers a year.
2.  The Cherepanovs constructed the first steam locomotive in Russia.
3.  The conductor will check the tickets during the journey.
4.  A dispatcher controls the movement of trains over a definite section of track.
5.  Last year, Taiwan Railways bought 225 trailers and 56 motor cars.
6.  The engineers will install the new equipment next week.
7.  The state spends large sums of money to train skilled engineers.
8.  Heavy snowstorms disorganized the movement of trains in this region.
9.  At present, diesel locomotives handle about 50 % of the transportation.
10.  Rudolf Diesel got his first patent for developing the internal combustion engine (двигатель внутреннего сгорания).

Ex. 16. Say the same, using the Active Voice.

Model: The heavy freight trains are hauled by two locomotives.

  Two locomotives haul the heavy freight trains.

1.  Two Japanese islands are connected by the long railway bridge.
2.  The first electric locomotive was developed by Werner von Siemens.
3.  The trains of the future will be operated by automatic drivers.
4.  Before 1947, the Britain’s railways were owned by four private companies.
5.  The Internet is often used by people to work at home.
6.  Wood was replaced by steel as a material for constructing passenger cars.
7.  The articles about high speed trains are published in each issue of the journal.
8.  The renewal of signaling equipment of all the railroads will be financed by the government.
9.  The passengers were invited to get on the train. (the attendant)
10.  This distance is covered by train in an hour.

Ex. 17. Find grammar mistakes and correct them. The number of mistakes is pointed out in brackets.

1.  When our train will start? (1)
2.  Electrical equipment will be export from the France. (2)
3.  There is two types bus stops about Britain – compulsory stops and request stops. (3)
4.  We were inform of the train delay. (1)
5.  Where did he bought the train tickets? (1)
6.  The length the Great Trans-Siberian Mainline are 8,000 km. (2)
7.  Nowadays all the rail are make of steel. (2)
8.  There are 3,000 Americans who likes to collect antique cars. (1)
9.  Does the railways play an important role in the transportation of freight? (1)
10.  How often are trains run in our Metro? (1)
11.  Werner von Siemens was constructed first experimental electric locomotive. (2)
12.  What the equipment do this plant produces? (3)
13.  There are twelve bridges and viaducts at these railway line. (2)
14.  The profession an engineer require special training. (2)
15.  How much students will works as car attendants in this summer? (3)

UNIT TWO

TRAVELING BY TRAIN

Text A

MISTAKEN IDENTITY

(after M. Twain)

Ex. 1. Practice the reading of the following words.

crowd, official, vacant, would, to whisper, conductor, to realize, politeness, grateful, couple, entirely, disposal, to touch, comfortable, to bow, above, below,       to burn, whole, attitude, companion, recognize.

Ex. 2. Copy the following words and phrases and memorize their meanings.

to add – добавлять to appear – появляться to arrive in /at – прибывать в (город, страну) / на станцию (аэропорт) arrival – прибытие to change – менять, изменять to change trains – делать пересадку (с поезда на поезд) compartment – купе to depart – отправляться departure – отправление entire (= whole, total) – весь, общий, целый to fix – устанавливать; прикреплять to get on (= to board, to take) the train – заходить (садиться) в поезд to get off the train – выходить из поезда to improve – улучшать, усовершенствовать improvement – улучшение, усовершенствование luggage rack – багажная полка to notice – замечать to serve – служить, обслуживать service – обслуживание, услуга; перевозки, движение to try – пытаться, пробовать

Ex. 3. Read the sentences and translate them.

The passengers were invited to get on the train and take their seats.

Where can I change my traveler’s cheques into dollars?

The dining car was crowded but we were served rather fast.

If you buy train tickets in advance (заранее), 1% will be added to the price.

The railway is developing a major change program to improve the quality of passenger services.

Foreign tourists are provided by AMTRAK (“American Track” – the major passenger railroad company) with the railway tickets for 14, 21 and 60 days, which allow them to go by any train in any compartment and to change trains in any place and at any time.

A luggage rack is a metal frame fixed to the roof of a car and used for carrying bags, cases and other large objects.

Travel from Berlin to St. Petersburg by direct train. It departs from Berlin on Fridays and Sundays all year round at 15:15 and arrives in St. Petersburg (at the Vitebsky terminal) at 06:15 two nights later.

One of the first things a foreigner notices about the British railways is the platforms. They are almost on a level with the floor of the carriage. This makes it easier for passengers to get on and off the car with their luggage.

The first double-deck buses appeared in London in 1851. At that time, the upper deck had no roof and the passengers were given raincoats to put on if it started to rain.

The information about the platform number and times of the train’s arrival and departure can be received in the enquiry office.

During the World War II, the underground stations served as air-raid shelters for thousands of Londoners.

When the engine driver saw the car on the track, he tried to brake but it was too late.

Ex. 4. Match the two parts of the sentences.

There are 5 minutes left …	where I had boarded the train.
Various services are proposed for passengers in high-class trains …	on the luggage racks at the end of the coach.
As it was very stuffy (душно) in the compartment …	to the roof of the house.
On the Eurostar train, passengers put large bags …	in 2007 it added 2,000 employees.
The ticket inspector asked me …	a change of train in Paris.
Train journeys from the UK into Europe often involve …	my traveling companion tried to open the window but it was locked.
The company had 650 employees; …	they had grown to forty-two rail systems.
The workmen fixed the antenna …	20 minutes late.
The train arrived at the station …	before the train departure.
The first railways appeared in India in 1853, and by the time of India’s independence in 1947, …	such as interurban telephone calls, branch press, first-aid kits, food and security.

Ex. 5. Guess the meaning of the italicized words, using their dictionary definitions.

•  aboard   →   on or onto a train; in a carriage
•  berth   →   a place for someone to sleep in a ship or on a train
•  booking office   →   a place where you can buy train or bus tickets
•  conductor   →   someone who checks passengers’ tickets on the train
•  crowd   →   a large group of people
•  fare   →   the price you pay to travel somewhere by bus, train, or plane
•  porter   →    someone whose job is to carry people’s bags at railway stations,

        airports, etc.

•  suitcase   →    a large case with a handle, used for carrying clothes and

 possessions when you travel

•  tip   →    a small amount of additional money that you give to someone such

    as a waiter or a taxi driver

•  traveling companion   →    a person that travels with you

Ex. 6. Read the sentences, replacing the Russian words with their English equivalents.

Увеличение in train плата за проезд has aroused public indignation (возмущение).

Проводник punched our tickets and showed us our seats.

In the US, if you take носильщик to carry your чемоданы в вагон, it is necessary to give him чаевые.

Eddy is a great попутчик – funny and sensible at the same time.

I don’t go to football games because I don’t like big толпа.

Children under 14 travel by train half-плата за проезд.

I asked in касса whether they could поменять my ticket.

The boy carried my bags up to my room and then stood waiting for чаевые.

Police Superintendent Tony Thompson said 144 passengers had bought tickets, but there could have been more or fewer в поезде.

In купе, passengers put their чемоданы into a special box under the lower полка.

Плата за проезд on the London Underground depends on the distance you travel.

If you want to become a train проводник, you can complete the course in 23 weeks. This course включать both classroom instruction and on-the-job training.

In Britain, railway stations usually have билетные кассы, ticket machines, or both, although on some lines tickets are sold в поезде.

He and his bride зашли в поезд, and проводник announced: "All aboard!"

Ex. 7. Read the text, filling the gaps with a word from the list.

Every Friday, I drive to the station and to 1___ to London to meet my boyfriend. I 2___ the flat at 6 o’clock. The 3___ is terrible at that time and the journey takes 20 minutes. I get on a train to Cambridge first and then 4___. I listen to the announcement (объявление) about which 5___ to go to and then I 6___ to find a seat. If I haven't bought the 7___ in advance I sometimes have to (приходится) stand 8___. In London, there are usually 9___ of tourists with large 10___ waiting for tickets in front of the 11___. I squeeze (пробираться, протискиваться) past them and join the queue at the 12___ and wait for a taxi. If I’m at the back of the 13___, I feel impatient and nervous. I really hate 14___. My boyfriend always says: ‘Why don’t you 15___ ?’ but that takes even longer. The taxi 16___ from the station is £4.50. Altogether, the 17___ costs me about £30. Should I 18___ my job and work in London or should I get a new boyfriend?

all the way  booking office  catch the bus  change  change trains  crowds  fare  get on the train  leave  platform  queue  round trip  suitcases  taxi rank  ticket  traffic  try  waiting

Ex. 8. Match the verbs in column A with their Russian equivalents in column B. Consult the dictionary if necessary.

A	B
to bother	узнавать, признавать
to burn	выворачивать наизнанку
to continue	показывать, указывать
to disappear	следовать
to interrupt	поворачиваться, отворачиваться
to feel hurt	угождать
to follow	говорить шёпотом, шептать
to hand	исчезать
to please	гореть
to point	(при)касаться, дотрагиваться
to realize	давать, вручать
to recognize	прерывать
to touch	надоедать, беспокоить
to turn one’s back	продолжать
to turn inside out	понимать, осознавать
to whisper	обижаться

Ex. 9. Complete the sentences with the required verbs from Ex. 8. Four verbs should be used twice. Mind your grammar!

I ___ that you are very busy, but could I talk to you for a few minutes?

You don’t have to ___, no one can hear us.

In English the letter Q is always ___ by a U.

The plane came down so low that its wings ___ the trees.

She watched the boat sail out to sea until it ___ over the horizon.

That security guy never ___ me. I always have to show him my ID.

The teacher ___ at Marcus and told him to come to the front of the class.

An average household candle will ___ for about six hours.

Alice ___ deeply ___ that he hadn’t called back.

Sorry to ___ you, but could you help me one more time with the copier?

You should ___ the jeans ___ before you wash it.

The project’s organizers hope the government will ___ funding it next year.

She’s hard to ___. Everything has to be perfect.

We hadn’t seen each other in thirty years, but I ___ her right away.

The compass arrow always ___ north.

Train service was ___ for about ten minutes.

The patrol car ___ the BMW for a few miles and then lost it.

The letter had mysteriously ___ from the file overnight.

All the delegates entered the room; they were each ___ a name-badge.

When on stage, try not to ___ on the audience.

Ex. 10. (A) Practice the following expressions and memorize their meanings.

(We have) nothing left – (У нас) ничего не осталось.

to be in (good, bad) mood – быть в (хорошем, плохом) настроении

to be at smb.’s disposal – быть в чьём-либо распоряжении

to be of service to smb. – оказывать услугу кому-либо

to make smb. comfortable – помочь кому-либо устроиться

to make oneself comfortable – устроиться (удобно)

(B) Read the sentences and translate them.

I’ve only got a few dollars left.

There were a couple of vacant seats left at the back of the bus.

Hurry up! We don’t have much time left.

Nothing was left of the house.

Suddenly, for the first time in months, I found myself in a very good mood.

The good weather put him in an excellent mood.

The boss is in a bad mood, you’d better come some other time.

He is in a much better mood than usual.

Jasper had a lot of cash at his disposal.

The company’s car was at my disposal.

Please allow me to be of service to you.

We try to make ourselves comfortable on the hard bench, but there is no back to lean against.

Look, why don’t you sit down and make yourself comfortable?

Come in and make yourself comfortable.

Ex. 11. (A) Pay attention to the phrase:

(I) asked … if (I) could … .

(Я) спросил (поинтересовался), могу ли (я) … .

I asked the clerk in the booking office if I could change my ticket.

I asked my traveling companion if he could help me to put my suitcase on the luggage rack.

The conductor asked me if I could take the upper berth.

The old lady asked the porter if he could carry her luggage to the taxi stop.

The passenger asked the official in the information bureau if he could tell why the train was being late.

(B) Make your own sentences, using the phrase given above.

Ex. 12. Make sure you know the following words. If not, consult a dictionary.

angrily, attitude, below, bow, couple, except, expression, grateful, politeness, same, speech, suddenly.

Ex. 13. Read the story by Mark Twain part by part; translate it and be ready to do exercises 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.

Mistaken Identity

(I) Several years ago I arrived in New York, where I was to change trains and take a sleeper1. There were crowds of people on the platform; they were all trying to get on the long sleeper train, which was already crowded. I asked the young man in the booking office if I could have a sleeping-berth. The answer was: “No”. I went off and asked another local official2 if I could have some poor little corner somewhere in a sleeping car. The man interrupted me angrily saying: “No, you can’t, every corner is full. Do not bother me any more”. He turned his back and walked off. I felt so hurt that I said to my companion: “If these people knew who I was, they… .” But my companion stopped me there: “Don’t talk such nonsense. If they knew who you were, do you think it would help you to get a vacant seat in a train which has no vacant seats in it?”

My friend’s words did not improve my mood, but then I noticed that the porter of a sleeping car was looking at me. I saw the expression of his face suddenly change. Pointing at me, the porter whispered something to the conductor. I realized that I was being talked about.

(II) The conductor came forward, his face all politeness.

“Can I be of any service to you?” he asked. “Do you want a place in a sleeping car?”

“Yes,” I said. “I will be very grateful to you if you can give me a place; anything will do.”

“We have nothing left except the big family compartment,” the conductor continued, “with two berths and a couple of arm-chairs in it. It is entirely at your disposal3. Here, Tom, take these suitcases aboard!” Then he touched his hat and went off.

(III) The porter made us comfortable in the compartment and then he said, with many bows and smiles:

“Is there anything you want, sir? Because you can have anything you want.”

“Can I have some hot water?” I asked.

“Yes, sir, I’ll get it myself.”

“Good! Well…, this lamp is too high above the berth. Can I have a better lamp fixed at the head of my bed below the luggage rack, so that I can read comfortably?”

“Yes, sir. The lamp you want is being fixed in the next compartment. I will get it from there and fix it here. It will burn all night long. Sir, you can ask for anything you want – the whole railroad will be turned inside out to please you.” After that he disappeared.

(IV) I smiled at my companion and said:

“Well, what do you say now? Didn’t their attitude change the moment they understood I was Mark Twain?” My companion did not answer. So I added:

“Don’t you like the way you are being served? And all for the same fare.”

As I was saying this, the porter’s smiling face appeared in the doorway and this speech followed:

“Oh, sir, I recognized you the minute I set my eyes on you.”

“Is that so, my boy?” I said, handing him a good tip. “And who am I?”

“Mr. McClellan, Mayor of New York,” was the answer, and the porter disappeared again.

Notes: 1sleeper (train) = overnight train – ночной поезд;

2official – служащий;

3at your disposal – к вашим услугам.

Ex. 14. Answer the following questions. (Part I)

In what city did Mark Twain arrive?

Did he travel alone or did he have a companion?

Did he want to do a tour around this city?

Why were there a lot of people on the platform?

What ticket did Mark Twain want to get?

Was the clerk in the booking office helpful to him? What about another local official?

What was Mark’s mood?

Did Mark Twain want railway officials to know that he was a famous writer?

In what way did Mark’s companion react to these words? (Could this news help get tickets for the crowded train?)

Why did Mark Twain pay attention to the porter of a sleeping car? (Was anything unusual about the man?)

Could Mark hear what the porter was telling the conductor?

Why did Mark Twain realize that he was being talked about?

Ex. 15. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. (Part II)

Проводник был очень вежлив с пассажирами купейного вагона.

Я могу быть вам чем-то полезен?

Я спросил у служащего в билетной кассе, могу ли я купить билет в купейный вагон.

Я буду вам очень благодарен, если вы покажете мне город.

Я бы хотел почитать какой-нибудь детектив. – Вы хотите книгу английского или русского автора? – Все равно (подойдет любая).

После вечеринки в холодильнике ничего не осталось.

Научная библиотека в вашем распоряжении – вы можете читать любые книги и периодические издания.

Носильщик отнес наши чемоданы в вагон.

Ex. 16. Choose the right alternative to complete the sentence. (Part III)

The porter left the compartment with many … .

1.  bows and cries         b) bows and smiles        c) barks and smiles

According to the porter, Mark Twain and his companion could have … .

a) nothing they wanted    b) something they wanted    c) anything they wanted

The passengers asked for some … .

1.  mineral water              b) hot water              c) ice water

The porter was ready to … .

a) bring it himself  b) boil it himself  c) buy it himself

Mark Twain and his traveling companion wanted the lamp to be … .

1.  removed   b) replaced   c) hung lower

The porter promised to take a lamp from … .

1.  the next compartment b) the next coach  c) his office

This lamp will burn … .

1.  all night large  b) all day long  c) all night long

The porter was sure the whole railroad will be turned inside out to … .

1.  make every traveler on board the train comfortable
2.  make everything to please the famous writer and his companion
3.  make these two passengers feel at home

Ex. 17. Translate Part IV of the text into Russian. Try to be as creative as possible when doing this task!

Ex 18. Mark the following statements as ‘True’ or ‘False’. Correct the false statements.

Last year Mark Twain arrived in Washington where he was to change buses.

At the railway station, there were many people trying to get on the local train.

Mark Twain asked the clerk in the booking office if he could change the ticket.

There were no tickets for the sleeper train available in the booking office.

Mark Twain asked the local official if he could help him and his companion to get the tickets for the sleeper.

The local official was very polite.

The famous writer felt deeply hurt when nobody recognized him.

The porter named Willy seemed to recognize Mark Twain.

There was only one vacant compartment aboard.

The compartment was very large and comfortable: there were two berths and a couple of chairs in it.

Twain asked the porter if he could fix the better lamp above the luggage rack.

Twain’s companion was very pleased with the way they were being served.

The porter thought Mark Twain to be Mayor of New York.

Text B

THE MAN WHO TOOK NOTICE

OF ALL THE NOTICES

Ex. 1. Match the English words and phrases in column A with their Russian equivalents in column B.

A	B
to take notice of smth.	контролёр
notice	уборщик
signalman	уходить на пенсию
to run the station (business, etc)	напоминать
to polish	руководить станцией (компанией и т.п.)
ticket collector	начальник
to paint	обращать внимание на что-л.
cleaner	главный
waiting room	объявление, предупреждение
to remind	красить
to retire	зал ожидания
to be strict about the rule	полировать, натирать до блеска
master	строго соблюдать правило
chief	стрелочник, сигнальщик

Ex. 2. Read the sentences and translate them.

I didn’t convince (убеждать) the ticket collector that I had lost my ticket only some moments before.

The railway plans to modernize its wagon fleet; about 480 passenger coaches will be painted in a new livery (= color), re-painted inside and equipped with new comfortable seats.

There was a notice on the announcement board saying the flight had been cancelled.

He had run the railway station for 30 years but had to retire on medical grounds.

Passengers were reminded that no smoking was allowed on this train.

A signalman is a railroad worker responsible for operating signals and switches.

Having worked as a cleaner, painter and bus driver, Neil decided to go back to University.

After graduating from Edinburgh University, Robert Stephenson, George Stephenson’s only son, ran the Newcastle locomotive works. In 1833, he was appointed chief engineer of the London and Birmingham Railway, the first railway into London.

To avoid accidents, both drivers and pedestrians must be strict about the traffic rules.

I was so intent (сосредоточенный) on my work that I didn’t take notice of the time.

When the train is on motion, the train master communicates with passengers over a public address system.

After his demobilization from the Navy, he was accepted by the railway authorities as a signalman.

Ex. 3. Complete the sentences with the words from Ex 1. Several words should be used twice. Mind your grammar!

The tickets should not be thrown away as ___ may check them during the trip.

China is a vast country and the railways are the chief means of land transport.

James had previously worked at the depot as a wagon ___ but then he was promoted to the assistant of mechanic.

The station ___ said that no trains had arrived at the station during the night because of the heavy snowstorm in the mountains.

I just want to ___ you that your task (задание) must be completed by Friday.

A ___ passed by our train, motioning with his green flag.

He ___ the piano until the wood shone.

All the passengers should ___ of behavior aboard.

Employees can ___ at 60 if they choose.

At each railway station, there is a ___ where passengers can rest until boarding the train.

The ___ engineer ordered these devices to be repaired as fast as possible.

The ___ made two passengers get off the train because they didn’t pay fares.

We finish work at six, and then the ___ come in.

In the UK, men usually ___ in their late 50s or early 60s.

On the first railways there were no signals because trains were few and traveled at low speeds. But as trains became more frequent, the railways began to employ men known as ___ to regulate the traffic.

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the verbs:

to allow (=to permit, to let) – позволять, разрешать;

to forbid – запрещать.

These glasses allow you to see the film in 3D format.

We do not allow smoking in the hall.

Railcard is a card that can be bought at train stations in Britain by students and people over 60. It allows them to buy train tickets at a reduced price for a period of one year.

Radios are not permitted in the library.

Visitors are not permitted to take photographs in the church.

We hope to visit the castle, if time permits.

The password permits access to all files on the hard disk.

Cash machines permit you to withdraw (снимать) money at any time.

I would like to go to Europe this summer, but my parents won’t let me.

Let me help you to put the suitcase on the luggage rack.

The management forbids employees to accept tips from customers.

The United States has forbidden the use of federal funds for human cloning research.

Ex. 5. Practice the phrase:

It doesn’t matter … – Не имеет значения …

It doesn't matter what you wear – you should look neat and tidy.

Does it matter what I think?

We’ve missed the train. – It doesn't matter, there’s another one in 10 minutes.

Well, what were you saying about John? – Forget it, it doesn’t matter.

It doesn’t matter if you’re a few minutes late. We’ll wait for you.

It doesn’t matter what other people think. You should do what you think is best.

Ex. 6. Listen to the tape and practice the reading of the text. Try to imitate the speaker as best as you can. Translate the text, using a dictionary, if necessary.

The Man Who Took Notice of All the Notices

My Uncle Tom worked on the railway. It wasn’t a big station. Only about two trains a day stopped there; and Tom was a station master, a chief porter, and a signalman – all in one. In fact, Tom did any work that came along, and there wasn’t a happier man in the whole England.

The chief cleaner (Tom) cleaned the waiting room of the station every day; the chief ticket collector (Tom) sold and collected the tickets – sometimes there were as many as four tickets a day – and the chief clerk1 (Tom) counted the money every evening.

Tom ran the station very well. He was very strict about the rules. He knew what a passenger was allowed to do and what wasn’t; where a passenger was permitted to smoke and where smoking was forbidden.

He was there for fifty years and then he had to retire. The representative of the Railway Company thanked Tom and gave him a small check as a present. Tom was very pleased but he said: “I don’t need money, but can I have, instead, something that will remind me of the happy days I have spent here? Could the company let me have a part of an old railway carriage, just one compartment? It doesn’t matter how old and broken it is. I want to put it into my back garden and every day I could go and sit in it.”

About a week later, a compartment was sent to him. Tom put it into his back garden, cleaned it, painted it and polished it.

One day, about a year after Tom retired we decided to visit him. It was a bad day for a visit, it was raining hard. We knocked but there was no answer. We went into the garden, sure enough, he was there, but he wasn’t sitting in the carriage, he was outside, on the step of the carriage, smoking a pipe.

“Hello, Tom,” I said, “why are you sitting there, why don’t you go inside the carriage out of the rain?” “Can’t you see?” – said Tom, “the carriage is a non-smoker!”

Note: 1clerk – зд.: бухгалтер.

Ex. 7. Choose the best alternative to complete the sentences.

Uncle Tom worked at a small station. It means that … .

a few trains left this station

a few trains made a stop on this station

no trains stopped on this station

Uncle Tom was the station master. It means that … .

he was in charge of the station operation

he was the owner of the station

he was allowed to sell tickets

Uncle Tom was the ticket collector. It means that … .

he had a great collection of train tickets

he printed tickets

he sold tickets to passengers

Uncle Tom was the chief clerk. It means that … .

he was in charge of the station’s finances

he was in charge of the station’s locomotives and carriages

he was in charge of collecting tickets

Uncle Tom was very strict about the rules. It means that … .

he knew what the train fare was

he knew what a passenger was allowed to do and what wasn’t

he knew that smoking was forbidden on board the train

After fifty years of work Uncle Tom had to retire. It means that … .

he got a bonus

he stopped working because he has reached a certain age

he left his job because he didn’t like it any more.

The representative of the Railway Company gave Tom a small check. It means that … .

he received a printed piece of paper with an amount of money written on it

he received a small box filled with all kinds of presents

he received a large box filled with all kinds of small presents

Instead of money Uncle Tom wanted to have something that would remind him of the happy days he had spent on the station. It means that … .

he wanted to have something related to railway

he wanted to have something related to his childhood

he wanted to have something related to his youth

The day Tom’s relatives decided to visit him was a bad one. It means that … .

it was raining cats and dogs

it was snowing

it was very cold and windy

Uncle Tom didn’t go inside the car because it was a non-smoker. It means that … .

he didn’t smoke

he was very strict about the rules

he wanted to welcome his guests

Ex. 8. What do you think might be the best translation of the story’s title?

Text С

EUROSTAR

Ex. 1. Practice the reading of the following words.

via, consortium, Belgian, excellent, complimentary, area, to reserve, to walk, apply, adult, to accompany, unfortunately, above, weight, terminal, to convert;

airline-style 3-course meal, face-to-back airline-style seating, guide dog, luxurious interior design.

Ex. 2. Copy the following words and memorize their meanings.

to accept – принимать to check in (baggage) – регистрировать (багаж) change machine – разменный автомат coach – междугородный автобус; вагон с сидячими местами to deposit – отдавать на хранение in advance – заранее left luggage locker – автоматическая камера хранения left luggage office – (ручная) камера хранения lorry – грузовик power socket – розетка to refurbish – обновлять, модернизировать, реконструировать refurbishment – обновление, модернизация, реконструкция to reserve (= to book) – бронировать, заказывать

 Ex. 3. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian.

Ask your travel agent about check-in times.

Tickets can be booked 21 days in advance by calling the box office at 622-2823.

A lorry driver signaled to the elderly lady to cross the road.

After considerable discussion, the clients decided to accept our offer.

Our friends went to Italy on a coach tour.

When Oxford railway station was refurbished 3 years ago, it was criticized for its lack (отсутствие) of disabled facilities.

Students accepted by Stanford Law School had very high scores on the LSAT (Law School Admissions Test)

We checked in our luggage and went to the departure lounge (зал ожидания).

Is the cable long enough to reach the power socket?

The railway will not accept responsibility (ответственность) for items lost or stolen.

At a railway station or airport, you can leave your bags or suitcases for a short time in a left-luggage office or in a locker.

It’s expected that 150,000 lorries will use the refurbished terminal every year.

Delta Airlines Inc., a US airline, offers a telephone check-in service for first and business class passengers with hand baggage.

On some tourist trains, passengers may deposit their valuables in the train safe.

The passengers were surprised by luxurious interior design of the recently refurbished carriages.

 Ex. 4. Translate the words in the box and match them with the definitions below.

автоматическая камера хранения            междугородный автобус   грузовик         модернизировать         отдавать на хранение         принимать         разменный автомат            розетка            (ручная) камера хранения

1.  a large vehicle for carrying heavy loads by road;
2.  a place in a wall where you can connect electrical equipment to the supply of electricity;
3.  a small cupboard that can be locked, where you can leave your clothes, bags, etc. while you go somewhere;
4.  to decorate and repair something such as a building or vehicle in order to improve its appearance;
5.  a comfortable bus for carrying passengers over long distances;
6.  a place in a station, airport etc. where you can pay to leave your bags and collect them later;
7.  to put something valuable or important in a place where it will be safe;
8.  a device used to convert banknotes into the coins;
9.  to take something that someone offers you or to agree to do something that someone asks you to do.

 Ex. 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

Вы можете заказать билеты на поезд через Интернет.

Наше турагентство организует автобусные туры в Финляндию, Польшу и Италию.

Правое крыло железнодорожной станции закрыто на (for) реконструкцию. Там будут установлены автоматические камеры хранения и автоматы для размена монет.

Извините, но мы не принимаем дорожные чеки.

Пассажиры должны зарегистрироваться за час до отправления.

Он оставил кейс в камере хранения.

Все купе вагона первого класса оборудованы розетками для зарядки сотового телефона или ноутбука.

Поезд состоял из одного багажного и четырёх пассажирских вагонов.

Ex. 6. Answer the following questions, using the information given in brackets. Translate the sentences into Russian.

What is Eurostar? (the high-speed passenger train)

What cities does this service connect? (London, Paris and Brussels)

When did it start running? (in 1994)

How many carriages are there in this train? (18)

What carriages does Eurostar contain? (both 1st class and 2nd class carriages)

How can you reserve tickets for Eurostar? (booking at the Eurostar site)

How do children under 4 travel? (free)

Whom does a special fare apply to? (children from 4 to 11 inclusive)

Where can a passenger place his/her small or medium size bags? (on the luggage racks above his/her head)

Where can passengers leave their luggage if they want to explore the city or change trains? (in left luggage offices and left luggage lockers)

Ex. 7. Read the text and translate it, using a dictionary, if necessary.

Eurostar

Eurostar is the high-speed passenger train operating from London to Paris and Brussels via the Channel Tunnel. It is run by a consortium of French railways (SNCF), Belgian railways (SNCB) and Eurostar UK Ltd. The train started running in 1994. Don’t confuse Eurostar with Eurotunnel, whose trains carry motor cars, lorries and coaches from one side of the Channel to the other. Eurostar does not carry cars, just passengers. London to Paris by Eurostar is 495 km (about 307 miles); it takes about 2 hours 15 minutes to run from centre to centre at 186 mph.

The service is operated by the eighteen-carriage Class 373 trains consisting of 2nd and 1st class cars. Eurostar is completely non-smoking. Between autumn 2004 and autumn 2005 all Eurostars were refurbished with a new interior design.

In 1st class cars the fare includes an excellent hot airline-style 3-course meal and complimentary (= free) alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, all served at your seat. Two bar cars are at passengers’ disposal. They are located in cars 6 and 13 and serve tea, coffee, hot chocolate, beer, wine, sandwiches, crisps and hot snacks. The bar accepts credit cards as well as cash. You can eat and drink in the bar area (standing space only, there are no seats) or take your meal back to your seat.

All seats on Eurostar must be reserved in advance. If you book your ticket at www.eurostar.com, you can choose which seat in which car you want.

If you want a power socket for a mobile or laptop, choose cars 5 or 14 in 2nd class. In first class, all cars have these facilities.

If you have small children, book seats in cars 1 or 18 (2nd class). These cars are at each end of the train, so less people walk through them to the bar. These cars have bays (= compartments) of 4 seats (with or without a table, your choice), which are much better for families than face-to-back airline-style seating.

Children under 4 go free on Eurostar. A special child fare applies to children from 4 to 11 inclusive. Children aged 12 and over travel at the adult fare. All children under 12 must travel accompanied by an adult.

Unfortunately, you cannot take dogs or other pets on Eurostar, except for guide dogs.

Unlike traveling by air, you don’t check in your bags when traveling by Eurostar. You keep them with you, placing small or medium size bags on the luggage racks above your head. Larger bags are placed on the big racks at the end of the coach. Also unlike air travel, there’s no weight limit. All bags taken onto Eurostar must have a label showing your name and surname.

The London terminal has a left luggage office, where you can leave your luggage. Bags are X-rayed before deposit. The Paris terminal has left luggage lockers. A small locker costs 4.50 euros, a suitcase-sized locker about 7.50 euros for 24 hours, and a locker for two large suitcases around 9.50 euros. There’s a change machine, which can convert 10, 20 or 50 euro banknotes into the coins needed for the lockers. The Brussels terminal has both luggage lockers and a left luggage office.

Ex. 8. Each of the sentences below is followed by two paraphrases. Decide which paraphrase (a, b) is closer in meaning to the original statement. Translate the original statement and the paraphrases into Russian.

Eurostar is the high-speed passenger train operating from London to Paris and Brussels via the Channel Tunnel.

Eurostar is the high-speed railway passenger train connecting London with Paris and Brussels; it runs under the English Channel via the Channel Tunnel.

Eurostar is the high-speed railway company; it carries passengers under the English Channel via the Channel Tunnel between Britain and France.

London to Paris by Eurostar is about 307 miles; it takes about 2 hours 15 minutes to run from centre to centre at 186 mph.

The London-Paris railway line is about 500 km long; journey time is 135 minutes; train speed is 300 km/h.

It takes Eurostar over 2 hours to cover the distance of 307 km at a speed of 300 kmh.

In 1st class cars the fare includes an excellent hot airline-style 3-course meal and complimentary alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, all served at your seat.

First class on Eurostar guarantees faster checking-in, as well as the improved interior of carriages.

First class on Eurostar guarantees meals being personally served at the seat of your choice.

If you book your ticket at www.eurostar.com, you can choose which seat in which car you want.

You should book your ticket on-line if you want to have a comfortable seat.

You can choose which car you want if you book your ticket at www.eurostar.com.

All bags taken onto Eurostar must have a label showing your name and surname.

All hand baggage taken onto Eurostar must be X-rayed and have the passenger’s name.

Both hand luggage and medium size bags must have a sticker showing the passenger’s name and surname.

At terminals, there are change machines, which can convert 10, 20 or 50 euro banknotes into the coins needed for the lockers.

If you don’t have coins for the left luggage locker, you can use a change machine available at the terminal.

Change machines are installed at every terminal operated by Eurostar trains.

Ex. 9. Mark the following statements as ‘True’ or ‘False’. Correct the false statements.

There are both smoking and non-smoking carriages on Eurostar trains.

It took the Eurostar Company one year to completely refurbish all its trains with a new interior design.

Between autumn 2004 and autumn 2005, all Eurostars were refurbished with a new interior design.

A passenger in the 1st class car should pay extra for alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks.

Bar cars are located in the middle of the train to provide passengers with access to the restaurants.

In the bar, passengers may pay by credit cards or in cash.

You can eat and drink in the bar area (standing space only, there are no seats) or take your meal back to your seat.

If you haven’t reserved your ticket beforehand, you wouldn’t be allowed to take a Eurostar train.

Passengers in 1st class carriages have the privilege of using laptops and cell phones.

You don’t have to buy a ticket for your baby when traveling by a Eurostar train.

There are no special baggage cars on the Eurostar train; therefore passengers can keep their travel bags and suitcases with them.

If you are very fond of your pet and can’t leave it for a second, Eurostar train won’t be your choice.

Every Eurostar passenger is to follow strict security rules.

At the London terminal, it is cheaper to use a small left luggage locker.

At the terminal in the French capital, there’s a change machine, which can convert 10, 20 or 50 dollar bills into the coins needed for the lockers.

Ex. 10. In the sentences below, replace the words in italics with a word (or words) from the text. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Eurostar is the high-speed passenger train run by a group of companies or organizations who are working together of SNCF, SNCB and Eurostar UK Ltd.

Eurotunnel trains carry motor cars, lorries and buses with comfortable seats used for long journeys from one side of the Channel to the other.

Hot airline-style 3-course meal and free alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks are included into the price you pay to travel somewhere by bus, train, plane,etc.

The bar cars serve tea, coffee, hot chocolate, beer, wine, sandwiches, very thin flat round pieces of potato cooked in oil and eaten cold and hot snacks.

The bar accepts credit cards as well as money in the form of coins or notes rather than cheques.

If you want to use a mobile or a small computer that you can carry with you on board the train, you’d better take a ticket for cars in first class.

Small children travel without payment on Eurostar.

Eurostar passengers are not allowed to take their animals, which they keep and care for at home. Dogs trained to guide blind people are an exception.

You can place small or neither large nor small size bags on the luggage racks above your head.

All bags taken onto Eurostar must have a label showing your name and the name that you share with your parents. 

The Paris terminal has left luggage small cupboards with locks where you can leave your things.

A change machine can change into something that can be used in a different way 10, 20 or 50 euro banknotes into the coins needed for the lockers.

Text For Additional Reading

Have you ever read any English books in the original? Below you will find an extract from the Agatha Christie’s detective novel “4.50 from Paddington”. You are free to choose between the original variant and the adapted one.

If your choice is an original text, listen to the tape and imitate the speaker as best as you can. After that, translate the text, consulting a dictionary as little as possible.

If you prefer an adapted version, do exercise 1, read the text and give its main idea without consulting a dictionary.

Original text

4.50 From Paddington

(after A. Christie)

Mrs. McGillicuddy was going along the platform, trying to catch up with the porter who was carrying her suitcase. Mrs. McGillicuddy was burdened with a large number of parcels; the result of a day’s Christmas shopping. Platform No 1 was rather crowded; people were rushing in several directions at once, to and from undergrounds, left-luggage offices, tea-rooms, information bureaus, indicator boards, to the outside world.

Mrs. McGillicuddy and her parcels were buffeted to and fro, but she arrived at last at the entrance to Platform No 3 and deposited one parcel at her feet while she was looking her bag for the ticket that would enable her to pass stern uniformed guardian at the gate.

At that moment, a loud voice burst into speech over her head. “The train standing at Platform 3” the voice told her, “is the 4.50 for Brackhampton, Milchester and Roxeter. Passengers for Brackhampton travel at the rear of the train. Passengers for Carvil change at Roxeter”. The voice shut itself off with a click and then reopened conversation by announcing the arrival at Platform No. 9 of the 4.00 from Birmingham.

Mrs. McGillicuddy found her ticket and presented it. The man clipped it, murmured: “On the right-rear portion.” Mrs. McGillicuddy found her porter outside the door of a third-class carriage. “Here you are, lady.” – “I’m traveling first-class,” said Mrs. McGillicuddy. “You didn’t say so,” grumbled the porter. He took the suitcase and marched with it to the adjoining coach. The 4.50 was almost empty, as the first-class passengers preferred either the faster morning express or the 6.40 with a dining car. Mrs. McGillicuddy handed the porter his tip, which he received with disappointment, considering it more suitable to third-class than to first-class travel. But Mrs. McGillicuddy, though prepared to spend money on comfortable travel after a night journey from the North and a day’s feverish shopping, was at no time an extravagant tipper.

She made herself comfortable on the plush cushions with a sigh and opened a magazine. Five minutes later, whistles blew, and the train started. Three minutes later she was asleep. She slept for forty minutes and awoke refreshed. It was quite dark now. “Serving last tea now,” said an attendant, opening the corridor door. But Mrs. McGillicuddy had already had tea at a large department store. She looked up at the rack where her various parcels reposed, with a pleased expression. Her satisfied gaze returned to the window; a train traveling in the opposite direction rushed by with a screech, making the windows rattle. The train passed through a station. Then it began suddenly to slow down, probably in obedience to a signal. For some minutes it crawled along, stopped; and then began to move forward again, gathering speed. For a time two trains ran parallel, now one gaining a little, now the other. Mrs. McGillicuddy looked from her window through the windows of the parallel carriages. Most of the blinds were down, but occasionally the passengers of the carriages were visible. The other train was not very full and there were many empty coaches. Suddenly in one of the compartments of the passing train Mrs. McGillicuddy saw a man. His hands were round the throat of a woman who faced him; he was slowly, remorselessly strangling her…

Ex. 1. Match the sentences in column A with the synonymous statements in column B.

A	B
Mrs. McGillicuddy was going along the platform, trying to catch up with the porter.	Mrs. McGillicuddy was carrying many small bags.
Mrs. McGillicuddy was burdened with a large number of parcels.	Mrs. McGillicuddy showed the ticket to the very strict looking conductor in the uniform.
Mrs. McGillicuddy showed the ticket to the stern uniformed guardian at the gate.	Passengers for Brackhampton travel in the end carriage.
Passengers for Brackhampton travel at the rear of the train.	Mrs. McGillicuddy was trying to walk the same speed as the porter.
Mrs. McGillicuddy handed the porter his tip, which he received with disappointment, considering it more suitable to third-class than to first-class travel.	Mrs. McGillicuddy was not poor, but she was in no mood to spend extra money for tips.
Mrs.McGillicuddy, though prepared to spend money on comfortable travel after a night journey from the North and a day’s feverish shopping, was at no time an extravagant tipper.	The porter wanted the lady to give him more money for his services because the lady was a first-class, not a third-class traveler.

Adapted text

4.50 From Paddington

(after A. Christie)

Mrs. McGillicuddy was going along the platform, trying to catch up with the porter who was carrying her suitcase. Mrs. McGillicuddy was burdened with a large number of parcels; the result of a day’s Christmas shopping. Platforms were crowded; people were rushing in several directions at once, to and from undergrounds, left-luggage offices, tea-rooms, information bureaus, indicator boards, to the outside world.

At long last Mrs. McGillicuddy arrived at Platform No 3. She deposited one parcel at her feet and showed the ticket to the stern uniformed guardian at the gate.

At that moment, she heard a loud announcement: “The train standing at Platform 3 is the 4.50 for Brackhampton, Milchester and Roxeter. Passengers for Brackhampton travel at the rear of the train. Passengers for Carvil change at Roxeter”. The voice clicked off and then reopened by announcing the arrival of the 4.00 from Birmingham at Platform No 9.

The conductor clipped the ticket and let the elderly lady in. Mrs. McGillicuddy found her porter outside the door of a third-class carriage. “Here you are, lady.” - “I’m traveling first-class,” said Mrs. McGillicuddy. “You didn’t say so,” grumbled the porter. He took the suitcase and marched with it to the first-class coach. The 4.50 was almost empty, because the first-class passengers preferred either the faster morning express or the 6.40 with a dining car. Mrs. McGillicuddy handed the porter his tip, which he received with disappointment, considering it more suitable to third-class than to first-class travel. But Mrs. McGillicuddy, though prepared to spend money on comfortable travel after a night journey from the North and a day’s intense shopping, was at no time an extravagant tipper.

She made herself comfortable and opened a magazine. Five minutes later, the train started. Three minutes later she was asleep. She slept for forty minutes and awoke refreshed. It was quite dark now. “Serving last tea now,” said the conductor, opening the corridor door. But Mrs. McGillicuddy had already had tea at a large department store.

She looked at the window and saw a train traveling in the opposite direction. The train passed through a station, then it began to slow down and stopped. In some minutes it started to move forward again, gathering speed. For some time, two trains ran parallel. Mrs. McGillicuddy looked from her window through the windows of the parallel carriages. The other train was not very full and there were many empty coaches. Suddenly in one of the compartments of the passing train Mrs. McGillicuddy saw a man. His hands were round the throat of a woman who faced him; he was slowly strangling her…

Grammar Review

Ex. 1. Put the verbs into the correct tense form of Present Simple Active or Present Continuous Active.

As a rule, the workers to repair the track in summer.

The train to be late because the workers to repair the track.

Look! Two aircrafts to fly in the dark sky.

This overnight train always to arrive on schedule.

My TV set to work better now because we have installed the external antenna.

The arrow of compass always to point to the North.

The railways in the US to transport only 0.6 per cent of passengers.

All these passengers to wait for the suburban train arrival.

The train to London to depart from platform No 2 in 5 minutes.

Please keep the doors closed while the train to move.

Ex. 2. Put the verbs into the correct tense form of Past Simple Active or Past Continuous Active.

On the Platform

The train to stop at a small station. A passenger to look out of the window and to see two women who to sell cakes. The man to want to buy a cake. The women to stand rather far from the carriage. The man to call a boy, who to walk on the platform near the carriage and to ask him: “How much does the cake cost?” “Three pence, sir”, to answer the boy. The man to give him sixpence and to say to him: “Bring me a cake and with the other three pence buy one for yourself”. Some minutes later, the boy to return. He to eat the cake. He to give the man three pence change and to say: “There to be only one cake, sir”.

Ex. 3. Read the sentences and translate them, paying attention to the predicates in the Passive form.

The program of railway reforms is being carried out now in Russia.

When I came to Leningrad in 1957, the first underground line was still being built.

Are they ready with the parcel? – No, it is still being packed.

The bridge, which is being upgraded now, will be used for the movement of both road and railway traffic.

Newspaper correspondents arrived at the aviation plant when the new passenger airplane was being tested.

The construction of this high-speed line is being actively supported by the government because the development of heavy industry in this region requires reliable and speedy railway traffic.

The business day was in high gear (в полном разгаре): the mail was being looked through, the documents were being typed, letters were being answered, and talks were being held.

A fleet of 45 300km/h Eurotrains will operate on the 340km Taipei-Kaohsiung high-speed line, which is being constructed now in Taiwan.

Ex. 4. Put the verbs into the required tense forms.

Two passengers (to appear – Past Simple Active) on the platform too late just as the train (to pull – Past Continuous Active) out.

At present 2,500 km of high-speed lines (to construct – Present Continuous Passive) in Europe and Asia.

Paul (to catch – Future Simple Active) the train, if he (to hurry – Present Simple Active) up.

A lot of people (to wait – Past Continuous Active) for the train arrival on the platform.

Decommissioned (списанные) locomotives (to turn – Present Simple Passive) into scrap or (to leave – Present Simple Passive) to rust in a train depot. Some (to end – Present Simple Active) in railway museums or (to buy – Present Simple Passive) by railfans.

Steel rails (to use – Past Simple Passive) in the US for the first time in 1863.

The experiment (to be – Past Simple Active) very interesting, it (to watch – Past Continuous Passive) with great attention.

When the train (to move – Present Continuous Active), the doors of the carriage (to keep /always – Present Simple Passive) locked for security reasons.

At the start of the 1990s, car bodies (to make – Past Simple Passive) mostly of steel but use of aluminum (to increase – Past Continuous Passive) not only for high-speed cars.

The dealer (to provide – Future Simple Active) you with a courtesy (бесплатный) car while your vehicle (to repair – Present Continuous Passive).

The Tay Bridge (to build – Past Simple Passive) in Scotland in 1878. The bridge (to collapse – Past Simple Active) in 1879 when a train (to cross – Past Continuous Active) it. It (to be – Past Simple Active) one of Britain’s first serious rail disasters. The second rail bridge (to complete – Past Simple Passive) over the River Tay in 1888. It (to use / still – Present Continuous Passive).

Ex. 5. Choose the best alternative to complete the sentences.

The bridge ___ the island to the mainland.

a) is connecting   b) connects   c) is connected   d) was being connected

The movement of trains was stopped on that section of the line because it ___.

a) is being repaired   b) will repair   c) was being repaired   d) repairs

Passengers want to know what rail companies ___ to improve services.

a) are doing   b) does   c) were done   d) are being done

Such materials as reinforced concrete (железобетон) and steel ___ for the construction of modern bridges.

a) use   b) were being used   c) will be used   d) are used

Within five years, the railway ___ over seven million passengers a year.

a) carry   b) was carrying   c) will be carried   d) was being carried

The train ___ Moscow; let’s start packing.

a) approaches   b) is approaching   c) will approach   d) was approaching

A lot of foreign correspondents arrived in Japan when a new maglev train ___.

a) was testing   b) tested   c) was being tested   d) is being tested

The train for Boston ___ from track 2.

a) is leaving   b) leave   c) will be left   d) were leaving

The cigarette ban (запрет) ___ most troublesome for smokers on long train journeys.

a) are    b) were   c) will be   d) isn't

The conductor ___ on good-naturedly (доброжелательно) about long train journeys but Donna scarcely (едва ли) heard what he said.

a) babbled   b) will babble   c) is babbling   d) was babbling

Ex. 6. Put special questions. Begin with the question-words given in brackets.

The “Repin” train departs from St. Petersburg’s Finlandsky terminal. (What terminal)

A new railway line is being constructed across the desert now. (Where)

The accident happened on the level crossing. (Where)

Our train is standing at platform No 4 ready to leave. (What platform)

Fast trains stop only at large stations on their way. (What stations)

We were going to the railway station along the railway track. (Where)

Last year, train fares more than doubled because of inflation. (Why)

Passengers wait for the arrivals and departures of their trains in the waiting rooms. (Where)

The first-class cars are situated at the front of the trainset. (Where)

My elder sister is taking a course to develop her computer skills. (Why)

Ex. 7. Write the comparative and the superlative forms of the adjectives below.

difficult high heavy useful fast safe reliable busy

loud comfortable slow cheap expensive quick simple accessible

rare common low little important simple easy deep

suitable close dirty good powerful small strict narrow

bad dangerous early famous wide late convenient broad

Ex. 8. Read the sentences and translate them, paying attention to the italicized adjectives and adverbs.

In the US, people prefer to use motor transport or aircrafts because traveling by train is slower than by plane and tickets are sometimes more expensive.

The earliest trains had no sleeping cars. There was no need for them because the railways were short; the longest journey lasted only a few hours, and nearly all trains went in the daytime.

In Australia, the traffic is heavier during the winter months, when many tourists travel in passenger trains.

The underground railway is the quickest, safest, the most reliable and comfortable means of city transport, which is operating in 80 cities all over the world.

It is much more convenient to go by express train because it doesn’t stop at small stations, and it takes you less time to get to your destination.

Semaphore used to (раньше) be the most common device of signaling.

Petrol engines are lighter and smaller than diesel engines; they are cheaper, less noisy and go faster; that is why they are used in cars and motorbikes. On the other hand, diesel engines use less fuel, last longer than petrol engines; this is why larger vehicles such as trucks and trains use them. They are also safer than petrol engines, because there is less danger of fire.

The Japan’s fastest trains called Hikari (which means ‘light’) cover the distance of 1,068 km from Tokyo to Hakata in less than 7 hours.

George Pullman’s sleeping car was much simpler in design than the sleeping cars of today, but it was much more suitable for long-distance travel than any other kind of cars in use at that time.

An electric train is one of the most ecologically friendly kinds of transport because it doesn’t contaminate (загрязнять) environment with exhausted gases.

Ex. 9. Read the sentences, using the italicized adjectives in the comparative or the superlative form.

The West Coast Main Line is busy mixed traffic railway in Britain.

George Westinghouse developed a system of air-braking that made travel by train much safe.

Quick and accessible form of public transport in London is the London Underground.

The rail becomes long when it’s hot and becomes short when it’s cold.

Convenient and fast way of door-to-door transport used by railways is the container.

The railway construction became easy and quick after the invention of special track-laying machines and other equipment.

Early form of railroad signal was simply a flag by day or a lamp at night.

In Europe, Asia, and Africa, the railway remains one of important carriers of both passengers and large volumes of heavyweight goods.

Although there are now fast and modern means of transport, railways still remain safe and popular form of transport.

The world’s long road tunnel links France and Italy under the Europe’s high peak Mont Blanc.

Ex. 10. Complete the sentences with an adjective from the list.

Statistically, it is ___ to travel by air than to drive a car. Signaling systems on high-speed railways are ___ than signal devices on usual lines. Indian Railway is one of ___ and ___ rail networks in the world that carries more than sixteen million passengers daily. Diesel and electric locos are ___ and ___ than steam locos. The engine trouble was ___ than we expected. The Konkan Railway in India crosses 2,134 bridges and viaducts. This rail line has ___ viaduct in Asia (its height is 64m) and ___ railway tunnel in India (its length is 6.5km). ___ metro system in the world is built in St.Petersburg: some stations and tunnels lie 100-120 meters below the surface. The Moscow-St. Petersburg railway is ___ and ___ mainline in our country. Broken stone (щебёнка) is ___ material for ballast. The first locomotive called “Rocket” was much ___ and ___ than modern locomotives. ___ trains in the world carry such freight as iron ore and coal. ___ passenger cars, about 5 m long and 2 m wide, were practically stagecoaches with railroad wheels. Soon ___ cars with six wheels instead of four were introduced.

the deepest the oldest the biggest the busiest the tallest the longest the heaviest the earliest the most famous the most suitable smaller lighter safer cleaner larger more efficient more complex more serious

Ex. 11. Read the sentences and translate them, paying attention to the modal verbs must, should, can, may.

Drivers of express and fast trains must have a rest after 3 hours of work.

The tickets should not be thrown away as conductors may check them during the trip.

What can you do while traveling by train? You can read a novel or do a crossword puzzle, you can stare out of the window or talk to your traveling companion, you just can sit back and listen to the clicking of the carriage over the rails.

This ticket may only be used by the person who has bought it.

In Metro, when the passengers get on the escalator, they should stand on the right so that people who hurry can run by on the left.

All trains must be regularly serviced, so that passengers can be sure that they are traveling in safety.

The inside body of the passenger car should be finished with materials that are easily washed.

Passengers may pay the subway fare with tokens or they may buy a pass for a specific period of time.

Additional carriages can be coupled (прицеплять) to the train as needed.

Several locomotives must be used to draw such a long and heavy container train.

A common carrier (компания грузопассажирских перевозок) may remove a passenger from its service for the refusal to pay a fare.

You should check all your electrical equipment regularly.

 Ex. 12. Match the two parts of the sentences.

The Trans-Europe expresses are equipped with interurban telephones… A wagon must be cleaned before… Train tickets can be booked now over the Internet or mobile phones… You should be at the airport… In Hungary, students and children between the age of 6 and 14… Passengers should keep their tickets… Tobacco cannot be advertised… Special cars must be used for transporting… Passengers shouldn’t walk across the railway lines… Stephenson’s first steam locomotive could draw…

there is a footbridge at the end of the platform. may get train tickets 50% cheaper. though this method carries an additional surcharge. on public transport. oil and other liquid goods. a small train of loaded cars at a speed of 13 mph. an hour before departure. till the end of the trip. over which the traveler can contact office or home. it will be used for another run.

 Ex. 13. Complete the sentences with a modal verb.

Passengers ___ check their tickets after buying to be sure that it is the correct ticket.

In Hungary, children under 6 years and seniors over 65 years from EU countries ___ travel by rail without charge.

On this section of the line, the trains’ speed ___ be limited to 40 mph.

___ you show me the nearest way to the station?

Baggage ___ not be left unattended in the terminal building.

Passengers ___ go by subway all day long for the same fare if they only change trains but don’t go out of the station.

You ___ call the station to enquire about train times.

Trains ___ run according to the timetable.

As Finland has the same railway gauge (ширина колеи) as Russia, high-speed trains ___ cross the border without stopping.

Such long and heavy container trains ___ be powered by several locos.

Ex. 14. Read the sentences and translate them, paying attention to the equivalents of the modal verbs. If possible, replace the equivalents with the appropriate modal verbs.

to have to

The attention of the railway authorities of all countries has to be focused on the development of high-speed passenger and freight service.

As the computer is still under guarantee, I will not have to pay for the repairs.

While building the railway in Siberia, the workers had to overcome (преодолеть) many difficulties.

Passengers traveling from Moscow to Vladivostok have to move the hands of their watches several times because the Trans-Siberian Mainline crosses several time zones.

Dining cars first appeared in the late 1870s. Until this time, the trains had to stop for meals at restaurants along the way.

There’s a direct train to Leeds. It may stop at other stations but you do not have to change trains.

As there were some defects in the train power supply system, the train had to be removed from service.

Switches are necessary where a train has to be moved from one track to another.

I will have to pay 50 rubles extra for my luggage because it is overweight.

In Japan, passengers have to go through a gate (пропускной пункт) to enter the platform area. Passengers have to show their tickets to a station clerk at the gate and they will also have to show their tickets at a ticket gate after they deboard a train and exit the platform area.

to be to

This section of the track is to be reconstructed.

We were to leave for England on Saturday, but because of the delay with our visas we had to book tickets for Monday.

All the materials used for the railway car refurbishment are to comply with (соответствовать) fire safety standards.

In England, the speed of the first cars was not to exceed 4 mph.

Modern railways are to be completely automated to provide high-speed transportation.

At the Metro terminus (конечная станция), the driver is to move to the other end of the trainset.

to be able to

If the train comes in time, I will be able to watch the football match.

The first passenger trains didn’t travel very far, but they were able to transport more passengers over longer distances than any horse-powered wagons.

At the large terminal, passengers are able to book hotel or transport, to buy tickets for sporting and cultural events, to telephone or send mail to anywhere in the world, to hold a business meeting, to obtain information of interest and so on.

The new British train will be able to develop a very high speed, as it is equipped with more powerful engines.

For more than a hundred years, railways were able to maintain their dominant position in the field of transportation.

to be allowed to

If the signal is red, the train isn’t allowed to continue its running.

At this small station, passengers will not be allowed to get off the car because the train will stop for 2 minutes only.

You are allowed to carry 20kgs of baggage unless indicated otherwise on your ticket.

According to the customs (таможня) regulations, a passenger wasn’t allowed to carry more than ten packs of cigarettes.

In some companies, the staff is not allowed to use the Internet for personal purposes during business hours.

 Ex. 15. Read the sentences, replacing the modal verbs with their equivalents.

Passengers must show their tickets when they go on the train.

You may take any of these instruments; I do not need them now.

The car, which you could see at the exhibition, will be used on international railway lines.

This railway line must be converted from diesel to electric traction next year.

Passengers may have up to three pieces of hand luggage.

Thanks to wide sliding doors in Metro cars, passengers can get on and off the train quickly.

As trains are becoming heavier and longer, more powerful locos must be used.

We could not repair the car ourselves and had to take it to the auto-service station.

On weekdays, cars may not enter the centre of the city.

If you buy train tickets in advance (заранее), you must pay some extra money.

Steam locomotives could not haul very heavy trains at a high speed.

Such freight as dry chemicals, grain, sugar or mineral fertilizers (удобрения) must be transported in covered hoppers.

Ex. 16. Read the sentences, replacing the Russian words with their English equivalents.

To get to New Orleans, we придётся change trains in Birmingham.

I hope they смогли buy tickets for the last train.

German Rail пришлось stop passenger services on about 30 secondary lines in East Germany because of poor state of the infrastructure.

Any engineer может give you information on this question.

Larry приходится travel back and forth between London and Paris every week.

The train должен reach its destination in an hour.

To get to Moscow from St.Petersburg, passengers могут choose either the day- or night-time train.

I think that I смогу meet you at the station.

You придётся hurry up if you want to catch the train.

Mr. Crank не смог participate in the conference because he должен был go on business to Moscow.

At last, the passengers разрешили get on the carriage.

To lay down the track in the permafrost zone, workers пришлось use new equipment.

We можем book train tickets by phone or over the Internet.

People in large cities приходится spend a lot of money for paying the fares in public transport.

If I не смогу get the tickets for the fast train, we придётся go by the stopper.

The new passenger car должен begin its service in several months.

Ex. 17. Choose the best alternative to complete the sentences.

The conductor ___ check up tickets of all the passengers before the train departure.

    a) will be allowed     b) can to     c) is to     d) have to

It is a non-smoking carriage. You _____ smoke here.

    a) must not     b) should     c) will be able to     d) are allowed to

You ___ change trains in Moscow because there is no direct train to Minsk.

    a) shouldn’t     b) could     c) will have to     d) is be able to

Until the 19th century, people ___ travel freely between most countries without a passport.

    a) are allowed to     b) were to     c) should     d) were able to

The train ___ arrive at 5 p.m. but it detained because of track repair work.

    a) should     b) had not to     c) was able to     d) was to

The train ___ depart from the station, as the line was busy.

    a) couldn’t     b) isn't allowed to     c) wasn’t to     d) weren't able to

They ___ leave yesterday because there were no tickets available for today’s train.

    a) were able to     b) had to     c) could     d) was allowed to

Airline passengers ___ use mobile telephones during the flight.

     a) are able to     b) aren’t allowed to     c) were to     d) shouldn't

Passengers ___ keep their tickets till the end of the trip.

    a) had to     b) should     c) are able to     d) were to

Next year, the railway ___ increase the train fares because of inflation.

    a) should     b) won’t be able to     c) can     d) will have to

The suitcase was so heavy that Robert ___ change it from hand to hand all the time.

    a) were to     b) will be allowed to     c) had to     d) was able to

You ___ leave your luggage in the left-luggage office.

    a) has to     b) are able to     c) should to     d) was allowed to

Ex. 18. Complete the sentences with an equivalent of the modal verb from the list.

A
You ___ change trains because there is no direct train to Boston. Passengers ___ buy train tickets on the day of departure or reserve them in advance. The London Underground ___ pump 30,000 cubic meters of water out of its tunnels each day. To stop the car, the driver ___ use the hand brake. No British high-speed trains ___ run in service above 200 km/h. Locomotives and cars for the first Russian railway ___ be ordered from abroad. On this dangerous section of the line, the trains ___ move at the speed of 60 kmh. As the train stopped for 30 minutes, the passengers ___ get off.	had to are allowed to is to will have to are to were allowed to were to are able to
B
You ___ transfer to another line at the next Metro station. To keep a railway track in good condition, ballast ___ be regularly cleaned. As a rule, passengers ___ enter a baggage car while a train is in motion. Many railways ___ start dieselization (введение тепловозной тяги) only after World War II. To finish the journey on time, the driver ___ increase the train speed. Tomorrow, I ___ get up early to catch the 6.00 train. Several passengers missed (опаздывать) the train and ___ wait another for two hours. He ___ repair the engine himself.	will have to was able to aren’t allowed to is to are able to was to were be able to had to

Watch the Film and Discuss It

(A) Traveling by “White Nights” steam express

(Russian Railways)

Ex. 1. Watch the film and grasp its main idea.

Ex. 2. Choose the best alternative and translate the sentences into Russian.

The group of tourists will be traveling through ___ of Russia by “White Nights” steam express.

the middle   b) the west   c) the north

The trip will take ___.

two months   b) two weeks  c) two years

Both a departure and arrival point is ___.

St.Petersburg  b) Murmansk  c) Moscow

The tourists are making a tour through St.Petersburg while their ___ is being prepared for the trip.

diesel locomotive  b) steam locomotive c) electric locomotive

St.Petersburg is called ___.

the Venice of the North

the Venus of the North

the Vehicle of the North

There are ___ canals in the city.

sixty-five   b) fifty-six   c) sixty-six

The tourists are exploring the city ___.

on foot   b) by bus   c) by boat

The sun doesn’t set ___ of June – these nights are called White Nights.

in the end   b) in the middle  c) in the center

The founder of St.Petersburg was ___.

King Peter the Great

Tsar Peter the Great

Prince Peter the Great

The Tsar’s summer residence was ___.

Peterhof   b) Pavelhof   c) Hofpeter

There are many ___ in Peterhof.

bridges   b) lakes   c) fountains

Peter’s favorite building in Peterhof was ___.

Notre-Dame de Paris  b) Red Square  c) Mon Plaisir

The first Russian railway was opened in the town of ___.

Pavlovsk   b) Pushkin   c) Gogol

According to the film, in the Soviet Union trains were used primarily for industry and ___ transport.

military   b) freight   c) passenger

According to the authors of the film, information about Soviet railways was ___.

available    b) secret   c) free

With the development of diesel traction steam locos were stored as a ___.

museum   b) strategic reserve c) memory

Many historic steam locomotives are maintained by railway ___.

specialists   b) managers   c) enthusiasts

The first destination on the journey is ___.

Petropavlovsk  b) Petrozavodsk  c) Petrofactory

This is a capital of ___.

Finland   b) Komi   c) Karelia

This territory consists of vast forests and 60 thousand ___.

lakes    b) snakes   c) snacks

The largest lakes in Europe are Lake Ladoga and Lake ___.

Baikal   b) Michigan   c) Onega

For the first time the train ___ locomotives in Petrozavodsk.

changed   b) switched   c) switched off

Petrozavodsk is a ___ Russian city.

large    b) small   c) medium-sized

In Petrozavodsk, there is a ___ statue in the middle of the city square.

Lenin    b) Peter the Great  c) Stalin

In the amusement park the tourists saw ___.

camels   b) horses   c) donkies

There is a regular ___ connection between Petrozavodsk and Kizi Island.

boat    b) ferry   c) helicopter

Kizi Island is famous for its ___ architecture.

stone    b) wooden   c) golden

Of particular cultural importance on Kizi Island are ___.

Muslim mosques  b) Russian churches c) Buddhist temples

(B) Traveling through China

Ex. 1. Watch the film and grasp its main idea.

Ex. 2. Choose the best alternative and translate the sentences into Russian.

Tourists are travelling from ___.

Beijing to Hong Kong  

Hong Kong to Beijing

Beijing to Singapore

Century-old traditions go ___ with modern developments.

foot in foot   b) head in head  c) hand in hand

The unique old Chinese culture continues to ___ every-day life.

improve   b) dominate   c) save

___ point of the journey is the Chinese capital Beijing.

standing   b) starting   c) striking

The biggest tourists’ attraction of the country is ___ of China.

the Great Wall  b) the Great Door  c) the Great Floor

It was built to defend the country from attacks of ___.

enemies   b) foreigners  c) animals

The first brick was laid ___ years ago.

two thousand  b) three thousand  c) two hundred

The wall stretches ___ km.

five hundred  b) five thousand  c) fifty-five thousand

The construction took place under very difficult ___.

circumstances  b) sentences   c) spaces

In the heart of Beijing lies the Square of ___.

Heavenly Peace  b) Sky Peace  c) Heavenly Place

___ mausoleum is situated on this square.

Stalin    b) Mao   c) Lenin

From the square of ___ the tourists enter the Forbidden City.

the Forbidden Town b) the Forbidden City c) the Foreign City

It is the Chinese ___ where Chinese Emperors have ruled for 5 centuries.

imperial palace  b) king palace  c) internal palace

The Forbidden City is a beautiful example of the Chinese ___.

music    b) art    c) architecture

The most popular means of transport in Beijing is ___.

motor car   b) bicycle   c) scooter

The most modern and largest railway station in China is ___ in Beijing.

West Station  b) South Station  c) East Station

The tourists bought their train tickets ___.

on Monday   b) in advance c) on the day of departure

Railway authorities didn’t allow the tourists to use their ___ for taking photos.

telephones  b) cameras  c) glasses

The journey goes ___ to the city of Zhengzhou [Чжэнчжоу], the capital of Henan province.

southbound   b) northbound  c) westbound

In socialist China the train doesn’t have a first, second or third class; passengers book a ___ seat here.

hard or soft   b) high or low  c) white or black

The hard section is the cheapest and the most ___ section on the train.

luxurious   b) popular   c) crowded

The tourists have booked soft seats because their journey is ___.

last    b) long   c) light

It takes ___ hours to travel from Beijing to Zhengzhou.

twenty   b) twelve   c) twenty-two

On the platform passengers can buy ___.

fish    b) pancakes   c) food

Zhengzhou is one of the most important ___ in the Chinese railway network.

connections   b) junctions   c) stations

When the train is leaving the station the hostess ___ people seeing off the train and people standing on the platform wave passengers leaving their city.

salute(s)   b) good-buy(s)  c) hello(s)

Every compartment has its own ___.

cook    b) porter   c) hostess

In a soft seat compartment only a ___ number of passengers can be seated.

limited   b) lighted   c) listed

Many Chinese take their own food and beverages with them but the staff also ___ simple meals.

gives   b) serves  c) steals

The railway ___ maintain order on the train. But in a soft seat coach they don’t have much work to do because there are not many passengers.

police   b) army  c) policy

Ex.3. Watch the film once more and tell in Russian what places the following statements refer to.

This square was transformed into a battle field when in 1989 a peaceful students’ and workers’ demonstration was suppressed by the army.

The entry to this part of the city was forbidden for guests. Any person trying to enter this part of the city was executed. It was opened to the public in 1912.

Remarkable ritual is taking place in front of this building. A pianist is welcoming guests to this building. Very rich people are regular clients here.

It is the final destination of the journey. It is a city of skyscrapers. It is one of the major financial centers in the world. Last century the English used this territory as the base for opium trade. The Chinese didn’t like it and declared an anti-opium war, but they lost this territory to Great Britain in this war. The Chinese leased this place to the British under duration of 99 years. This term ended in 1997; at present the territory is under Chinese rule. The Chinese-British declaration guarantees that this place continues its capitalist development for at least 50 years.

(C) Traveling through Andalusia

(Spain)

Ex. 1. Before watching the film, make sure you understand the following words:

autonomous community – автономное сообщество

sherry – херес

the Moors – мавры [название в средневековой Западной Европе мусульманского населения Пиренейского полуострова и западной части Северной Африки - арабов и берберов, захвативших эти территории в ходе второй волны арабских завоеваний].

Ex.2. Watch the film and grasp its main idea.

Ex.3. Choose the best alternative and translate the sentences into Russian.

Andalusia is an autonomous community of ___.

France   b) Spain   c) Italy

Andalusia is famous for its flamenco, fiesta, sherry and ___.

bullfights   b) dogfights   c) cockfights

The journey starts in ___.

Granada   b) Sevilla   c) Madrid

Puerto de Atocha is the ___ in Madrid.

railway terminal  b) airport   c) museum

In the cool marble vestibule monitors overhead ___.

point the way  b) tell the way  c) show the way

The tourists take a ___ train to Sevilla.

stopping   b) commuter  c) high-speed

The section Madrid-Sevilla is very busy, it is ___ long.

570 km   b) 470 km   c) 740 km

The super high train ___ this distance in 2 hours 45 minutes.

covers   b) goes   c) comes

What is the train’s maximum speed?

300 kmh   b) 350 kmh   c) 400 kmh

What is the abbreviation for Spanish Railways?

FIFA    b) RENFE   c) RZD

The carriages of the Spanish high-speed train are equipped with seats like those in the ___.

airplane   b) motor car   c) minivan

Meals and drinks are ___ at seat.

brought   b) taken   c) served

Passengers can enjoy video; in every carriage of the fast train there is a ___.

game console  b) video   c) TV set

The station in Sevillia was completely ___ for the World Exhibition EXPO 92.

removed   b) renovated  c) replaced

Sevilla was the gate through which ___ went to the New World.

Columbus   b) Marco Polo  c) Newton

What musical instrument is a street musician playing?

the piano   b) the accordion  c) the guitar

The most important part of the fiesta held in Sevilla is ___.

the flamenco  b) the flamingo  c) the domingo

Andalusia Express is a ___ hotel on wheels.

four-star   b) five-star   c) fine-star

As at an airport the baggage is checked in before passengers ___.

board the train  b) buy the train  c) bite the train

The carriages of the train are ___ in Europe.

the longest   b) the brightest  c) the widest

The luxury Andalusia Express is heading ___ for Granada.

west    b) east   c) south

The city of Granada was founded by ___.

the Moors   b) the Mails   c) the Means

The palace garden with lots of ___ is world famous.

apple trees   b) flowers   c) fiestas

After an extensive ___ to Granada the tourists board the Andalusia Express to continue their trip.

visit    b) voyage   c) journey

The train is hauled by a ___ locomotive.

diesel    b) electric   c) steam

Ex.4. Watch the film once more and tell in Russian what you have learnt about the city of Jerez.

КРАТКИЙ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК

§ 1. Личные и притяжательные местоимения

Personal and Possessive Pronouns

личные местоимения	притяжательные местоимения
именительный падеж	объектный падеж
I – я you – ты, Вы he – он she – она it – он, она, оно we – мы you – вы they – они	me – меня, мне you – тебя, Вас, тебе, Вам him – его, ему her – её, ей it – его, её, ему, ей us – нас, нам you – вас, вам them – их, им	my – мой your – твой, Ваш his – его her – её its – его, её our – наш your – ваши their – их

§ 2. Глагол to be

Глагол to be имеет следующие формы:

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
Present Simple
I              am he she          is it we you         are they	I              am not he she            is not it we you           are not they	Am            I?                      he? Is                she?                      it?                     we? Are          you?                      they?
Past Simple
I he            was she      it we you          were they	I he            was not she      it we you          were not they	I? Was         he?                   she?                   it?                   we? Were       you?                   they?
Future Simple
I he she it             will be we you they	I he she it               will not be we you they	I                   he                  she Will          it            be?                   we                  you                  they

She is an engineer by profession. – По профессии она инженер.

Is she an engineer by profession? – Она инженер по профессии?

What is she by profession? – Кто она по профессии?

She is not (isn't) an engineer. – Она не инженер.

§ 3. Глагол to have

Глагол to have имеет следующие формы:

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
Present Simple
I we          have you they he she          has it	I we          do not have you they he she          does not have it	I Do           we          have?                 you                 they                 he Does      she          have?                  it
Past Simple
I he she it             had we you they	I he she it             did not have we you they	I                 he                 she Did        it              have?                 we                 you                 they
Future Simple
I he she it             will have we you they	I he she it              will not have we you they	I                 he                 she Will       it              have?                 we                 you                 they

He has a cellular phone. – У него есть сотовый телефон.

Does he have a cellular phone? – У него есть сотовый телефон?

What phone does he have? – Какой у него телефон?

He does not (doesn't) have a cellular phone. – У него нет сотового телефона.

Примечания:

•  Глагол to have означает "иметь" и переводится на русский язык "(у меня) есть".
•  В разговорной речи глагол to have очень часто заменяется формой have got (has got).

§ 4. Оборот there + to be

Оборот there + to be используется для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какого-либо предмета или лица в определённом месте или в определенное время. Переводится на русский язык при помощи слов: есть, имеется, находится, существует или близкими по значению фразами.

В этом обороте слово there не переводится, так как является формальным. Перевод предложений с оборотом there + to be следует начинать с обстоятельства места (времени), если оно указано, или со сказуемого, если обстоятельство отсутствует.

There are various types of cars. – Существуют различные типы вагонов.

There were a lot of passengers in the waiting room. – В зале ожидания было много пассажиров.

There will be a meeting tomorrow. – Завтра состоится собрание.

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
Present Simple
there is there are	there is no / there isn't any there are no / there aren't any	Is there? Are there?
Past Simple
there was there were	there was no / there wasn't any there were no / there weren't any	Was there? Were there?
Future Simple
there will be	there will not be / there won't be	Will there be?

§ 5. Притяжательный падеж имени существительного

Possessive Case

Существительное в притяжательном падеже является определением к последующему существительному и отвечает на вопрос whose? (чей?)

•  Притяжательный падеж существительных в единственном числе образуется при помощи апострóфа и окончания  -s (my friend’s letter – письмо моего друга).
•  Притяжательный падеж существительных во множественном числе образуется с помощью только апострóфа (my friends’ letter – письмо моих друзей).

В притяжательном падеже чаще всего употребляются:

1.  существительные, обозначающие одушевлённые предметы

Stephenson’s locomotive  локомотив Стефенсона

our secretary’s office   офис нашего секретаря

1.  существительные, обозначающие названия стран, городов

Russia’s Minister of Transport  министр транспорта России

Great Britain’s railways   железные дороги Британии

1.  существительные, обозначающие меры времени, расстояния, веса

five kilometers’ distance  расстояние в 5 километров

two hours’ work    двухчасовая работа

1.  существительные world, earth, country, nation, city, ship, train, company, firm, corporation, bank, commission, computer, etc.

company’s annual profits  ежегодные доходы компании

commission’s decision   решение комиссии

1.  наречия времени today, yesterday, tomorrow

yesterday’s meeting   вчерашнее собрание

§ 6. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

Comparison Degrees of Adjectives and Adverbs

Положительная степень Positive degree	Сравнительная степень Comparative degree	Превосходная степень Superlative degree
Односложные прилагательные и наречия
high высокий	higher выше, более высокий	the highest высочайший, самый высокий
Двусложные прилагательные и наречия, оканчивающиеся на -y
easy лёгкий	easier легче, более лёгкий	the easiest наилегчайший, самый лёгкий
Многосложные прилагательные и наречия
important важный	more important важнее, более важный less important менее важный	the most important наиважнейший, самый важный the least important наименее важный
Исключения
good хороший bad плохой many, much много little маленький	better лучше worse хуже more больше less меньше	the best самый лучший the worst самый плохой the most самый большой the least самый маленький

Примечание:

•  Некоторые двусложные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -y, -er, -ow (clever, narrow, shallow) образуют степени сравнения двумя способами. Например:

narrower / more narrow – ýже

the narrowest / the most narrow – самый узкий.

§ 7. Основные формы глагола

Глагол в английском языке имеет четыре основные формы. По способу образования второй и третьей форм глаголы делятся на правильные (стандартные) и неправильные (нестандартные).

I форма	II форма Past Simple	III форма Past Participle	IV форма Present Participle
work (правильный)	worked	worked	working
begin (неправильный)	began	begun	beginning

§ 8. Времена групп Simple, Continuous, Perfect

в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах

Группа времён Simple представляет действие как факт и служит для выражения отдельных или повторяющихся действий в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.

•  The Present Simple Tense часто уточняется обстоятельствами типа:

always - всегда      every day (month, year) - каждый день (месяц, год)

sometimes - иногда     usually, generally - обычно

seldom, rarely - редко     regularly - регулярно

often - часто      as a rule - как правило

•  The Past Simple Tense часто уточняется обстоятельствами типа:

yesterday - вчера   last year (month) - в прошлом году (месяце)

ago - тому назад   last week - на прошлой неделе

конкретной датой (in 2004)

•  The Future Simple Tense может уточняться обстоятельствами типа:

tomorrow - завтра  next year (month) - в следующем году (месяце)

soon - скоро   next week - на следующей неделе

Группа времён Continuous представляет действие как процесс и служит для выражения продолжающегося действия, происходящего в определённый момент в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.

•  The Present Continuous Tense выражает действие, совершающееся в момент речи, либо действие, которое произойдёт в ближайшем будущем. Часто уточняется словами типа:

now - сейчас/в данный момент   still - всё ещё

at present / nowadays - в настоящее время  while - пока

•  The Past Continuous Tense выражает незаконченное действие:

(а) совершавшееся в определённый момент в прошлом, который может обозначаться либо точным указанием времени (at 5 o’clock, at that moment, from…till, all day long, throughout 2007, the whole evening), либо другим однократным действием, выраженным глаголом в Past Simple.

(б) совершавшееся одновременно с другим действием.

•  The Future Continuous Tense выражает незаконченное действие, которое будет совершаться в определённый момент в будущем. Этот момент может быть обозначен обстоятельствами типа (at 5 o’clock, at that time) или придаточным предложением.

Группа времён Perfect представляет действие как результат и служит для выражения действия, которое совершилось к определённому моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.

•  The Present Perfect Tense выражает действие, завершившееся к моменту речи. Этот момент:

(а) может быть совсем не обозначен;

(b) может быть обозначен обстоятельствами типа:

already - уже  ever - когда-либо  this year - в этом году

today - сегодня  just - только что  this month - в этом месяце

not yet - ещё не  lately - недавно  предлогом since - с

never - никогда  recently - недавно  предлогом for - в течение

•  The Past Perfect Tense выражает действие, завершённое до какого-либо момента (действия) в прошлом. Этот момент может быть либо обозначен обстоятельством с предлогом by к, либо придаточным предложением с глаголом в Past Simple.

•  The Future Perfect Tense выражает действие, которое будет завершено до определённого момента (действия) в будущем. Этот момент уточняется обстоятельством с предлогом by к, или придаточным предложением с глаголом в Present Simple.

Таблица временных форм глагола

		Active Voice действительный залог	Passive Voice страдательный залог
Simple (простое)	Present (настоящее)	V1 he, she, it  V1 + s	am is           + V3 are
	Past (прошедшее)	V2	was             + V3 were
	Future (будущее)	shall             + V1 will	shall be                  + V3 will be
Continuous (длительное)	Present	am is           + V4 are	am is           being + V3 are
	Past	was             + V4 were	was              being + V3 were
	Future	shall be                  + V4 will be	______________
Perfect (совершённое)	Present	have             + V3 has	have              been + V3 has
	Past	had + V3	had been + V3
	Future	shall              have V3 will	shall              have been + V3 will

Таблица временных форм глагола to ask

		Active Voice действительный залог	Passive Voice страдательный залог
Simple (простое)	Present (настоящее)	ask he, she, it asks	am is           asked are
	Past (прошедшее)	asked	was              asked were
	Future (будущее)	shall             ask will	shall be                   asked will be
Continuous (длительное)	Present	am is           asking are	am is           being asked are
	Past	was              asking were	was             being asked were
	Future	shall               be asking will	_____________
Perfect (совершённое)	Present	have              asked has	have              been asked has
	Past	had asked	had been asked
	Future	shall             have asked will	shall             have been asked will

Примечания:

•  Если сказуемое выражено глаголом в страдательном залоге, то подлежащее переводится на русский язык существительным или местоимением в форме винительного или дательного падежа.

He was asked to buy tickets. – Его попросили купить билеты.

The coach was asked many questions. – Тренеру задали много вопросов.

•  В английском предложении за сказуемым в форме страдательного залога может следовать предлог. При переводе на русский язык этот предлог ставится перед подлежащим.

This new project is much spoken about. – Об этом новом проекте много говорят.

Перевод глагола to write в разных временных формах:

	Present	Past	Future
Simple	I write я пишу (вообще, обычно)	I wrote я (на)писал (вчера)	I will write я напишу, буду писать (завтра)
Continuous	I am writing я пишу (сейчас)	I was writing я писал (в тот момент)	I will be writing я буду писать (в тот момент)
Perfect	I have written я написал (уже, сегодня)	I had written я написал (уже к тому моменту)	I will have written я напишу (уже к тому моменту)

§ 9. Согласование времён (Sequence of Tenses)

 he works (is working)   работает (одновременное действие)

He says he worked (was working)  работал (предшествующее действие)

 he will work (will be working) будет работать (будущее действие)

 he worked (was working)  работает (одновременное действие)

He said he had worked    работал (предшествующее действие)

 he would work (would be working) будет работать (будущее действие)

§ 10. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)

Present	Past	Future
must должен	___	___
can может, умеет	could смог, мог, сумел	___
may может, можно; возможно, может быть	might мог, разрешили; возможно, может быть	___
should следует, должен, нужно	___	___

All workers must follow the safety standards. – Все рабочие должны соблюдать правила техники безопасности.

They may arrive tomorrow or the day after. – Возможно, они прибудут завтра или послезавтра.

The results of the experiment should be checked once more. – Результаты эксперимента следует проверить ещё раз.

You can go by train or rent a car. – Ты можешь поехать на поезде или взять машину напрокат.

§ 11. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов

Equivalents of Modal Verbs

Verb	Present	Past	Future
must = to have to необходимость совершить действие в силу внешних обстоятельств	have to has to должен, приходится	had to должен был, пришлось	will have to должен буду, придётся.
must = to be to необходимость совершить действие в связи с имеющимися планами или предварительной договорённостью	am to is to are to должен, вынужден	was to were to должен был, вынужден был	___
can = to be able to	am able to is able to are able to может, умеет	was able to were able to смог, сумел	will be able to сможет, сумеет
may = to be allowed to	am allowed to is allowed to are allowed to может, имеет разрешение	was allowed to were allowed to разрешили	will be allowed to сможет, разрешат

I missed the commuter train and I had to go by bus. – Я опоздал на электричку, и мне пришлось ехать на автобусе.

The management was to take measures to reduce the power consumption. – Руководство было вынуждено принять меры, чтобы сократить потребление электроэнергии.

You are able to go by train or rent a car. – Ты можешь поехать поездом или взять машину напрокат.

Passengers aren't allowed to smoke in the compartment. – Пассажирам запрещено курить в купе.

Примечание:

•  В отрицательной форме конструкция to have to (don’t have to; doesn’t have to; didn’t have to; won’t have to) переводится не нужно, нет необходимости.

Since the tape-recorder is still under guarantee, you don’t have to pay for the repairs. – Так как гарантийный срок службы магнитофона ещё не закончился, вам не нужно платить за ремонт.

§ 12. Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях

В английском языке существует несколько типов вопросов: (A) общие; (B) специальные; (C) разделительные; (D) альтернативные.

 (A) Общий вопрос – это вопрос, который задаётся ко всему предложению и требует краткого ответа “да” или “нет”. На первое место в таких вопросах ставится вспомогательный глагол. Схема порядка слов в общем вопросе следующая:

Вспомогательный или модальный глагол

+

подлежащее

+

основной  глагол

…?

Если сказуемое простое, то нужно использовать вспомогательный глагол to do:

do – если сказуемое в I форме без окончания –s [ask, write];

does – если сказуемое в I форме с окончанием –s [asks, writes];

did – если сказуемое во II форме [asked, wrote].

При этом основной глагол во всех случаях ставится в I форму без окончания –s.

They speak English. → Do they speak English?

She lives in London. → Does she live in London?

He bought a new computer. → Did he buy a new computer?

Если сказуемое составное, то вспомогательный/модальный глагол, входящий в состав сказуемого, переносится на первое место в предложении; при этом форма основного глагола не изменяется.

The company has designed a new car. → Has the company designed a new car?

The cars were produced in Germany. → Were the cars produced in Germany?

She can speak English. → Can she speak English?

(B) Специальный вопрос – это вопрос, который задаётся к одному члену предложения и требует полного ответа. Схема порядка слов в специальном вопросе следующая:

Вопросительное слово

+

вспомогательный или модальный глагол

+

подлежащее

+

основной глагол

…?

Вопросительные слова:

who кто    where где, куда  which который из

whom кого, кому, кем  where…from откуда how как

whose чей, чья, чьё  what что, какой  how long как долго

when когда    what kind of какой how often как часто

why почему, зачем  what…for для чего how many / much сколько

The train arrived at 5 p.m. → When did the train arrive?

A dispatcher controls the train movement. → What does a dispatcher control?

The devices were produced in Japan. → Where were the devices produced?

The engineers have improved the design of the car. → What have the engineers improved?

Примечания:

•  Если вопрос задаётся к определению и начинается с вопросительного слова what? какой? how many (much)? сколько? whose? чей?, то между вопросительным словом и вспомогательным глаголом нужно поставить существительное.

They study at the University of Transport. → What University do they study at?

The first computers weighed 30 tons. → How many tons did the first computers weigh?

•  Если вопрос задаётся к подлежащему и начинается с вопросительного слова who? кто? what? что?, то сказуемое, следующее сразу за вопросительным словом, всегда имеет форму 3-го лица единственного числа.

I write. → Who writes?

I am writing. → Who is writing?

They are writing. → Who is writing?

We were writing. → Who was writing?

I have written. → Who has written?

The books are written. → What is written?

The books were written. → What was written?

The books are being written. → What is being written?

The books were being written. → What was being written?

The books have been written. → What has been written?

•  Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях с оборотом there+to be и со сказуемым to be или to have см. в §2, §3, §4.

(C) Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей. Первая часть – это повествовательное предложение (утвердительное или отрицательное), вторая, отделённая запятой от первой, – краткий вопрос, который на русский язык переводится не правда ли? не так ли?

В кратком вопросе повторяется вспомогательный или модальный глагол предложения, содержащего заявление. Если сказуемое предложения выражено глаголами to be и to have, то повторяются эти глаголы.

Helen met you at the station, didn't she?

You are an engineer, aren't you?

He has a map of the London Underground, hasn't he?

Если в повествовательной части разделительного вопроса содержится утверждение, то во второй должно быть отрицание. Если в повествовательной части – отрицание, то во второй части – утверждение.

She lives in London, doesn't she?

She doesn't live in London, does she?

(D) Альтернативный вопрос – это вопрос, который предполагает выбор из двух (или более) вариантов ответа. Альтернативный вопрос начинается как общий вопрос, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса.

Will we go by bus or by train? Мы поедем на автобусе или на поезде?

Do you live in London or Manchester? Ты живёшь в Лондоне или в Манчестере?

§ 14. Наиболее распространенные служебные слова

according to – в соответствии с, согласно ч-л. along with – наряду с already – уже although – хотя; несмотря на то, что as – так как; в качестве as…as possible – как можно as long as – до тех пор пока as soon as – как только as well – также; тоже as well as – так же, как и as to / for – что касается because of – из-за, вследствие besides – кроме того both – оба, и тот и другой both…and… – как…, так и… by means of – посредством, при помощи despite – несмотря на, вопреки чему-л. due to – благодаря; из-за; в результате during – в течение, в продолжение; во время either…or … – или… или… for – так как; для; за; в течение however – однако, тем не менее in order to/for – для того чтобы if – если

in spite of – несмотря на instead of – вместо того, чтобы; вместо ч-л. moreover – более того, кроме того neither … nor … – ни…ни… nevertheless – тем не менее, однако no longer – уже не, больше не provided – при условии (что); если только rather than – а не since – так как; с тех пор как; с so as + Infinitive – так чтобы such as – например; такой, как the…, the… – чем…, тем… the same as – такой же как though – хотя, несмотря на through – через, посредством, благодаря throughout – через; на всем протяжении towards – к, по направлению к unless – если…не unlike – в отличие от until – до тех пор пока…не within – в; в пределах; в рамках whether – ли while – в то время как; когда

ТАБЛИЦА НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ

Infinitive	Past Simple	Participle II	Перевод
be	was, were	been	быть
become	became	become	становиться, делаться
begin	began	begun	начинать
break	broke	broken	ломать, нарушать
bring	brought	brought	приносить, привозить
build	built	built	строить
burn	burnt	burnt	гореть, жечь
buy	bought	bought	покупать
catch	caught	caught	ловить, схватить
choose	chose	chosen	выбирать
come	came	come	приходить
cost	cost	cost	стоить
cut	cut	cut	резать
do	did	done	делать
draw	drew	drawn	тянуть, везти
drive	drove	driven	везти, ехать; приводить в движение
fall	fell	fallen	падать
feed	fed	fed	подавать, питать
feel	felt	felt	чувствовать
find	found	found	находить, обнаруживать
fly	flew	flown	летать
forbid	forbade	forbidden	запрещать
forget	forget	forgotten	забывать
get	got	got	получать, доставать, становиться
give	gave	given	давать, предоставлять
go	went	gone	идти, ехать
grow	grew	grown	расти, увеличиваться
have	had	had	иметь
hear	heard	heard	слышать
hold	held	held	держать
keep	kept	kept	держать, хранить
know	knew	known	знать
lay	laid	laid	класть, положить
lead	led	led	вести, управлять
learn	learnt	learnt	узнавать, учить
leave	left	left	оставлять, уходить, уезжать
let	let	let	позволять, разрешать
lie	lay	lain	лежать
light	lit	lit	освещать, зажигать
lose	lost	lost	терять; проигрывать
make	made	made	делать, заставлять
mean	meant	meant	значить, означать; иметь в виду
meet	met	met	встречать
pay	paid	paid	платить
put	put	put	класть, ставить
read	read	read	читать
ride	rode	ridden	ездить
ring	rang	rung	звонить
run	run	run	бегать, двигаться; управлять
say	said	said	говорить, сказать
see	saw	seen	видеть
sell	sold	sold	продавать
seek	sought	sought	искать, стремиться
send	sent	sent	посылать, отправлять
set	set	set	ставить, помещать, устанавливать
show	showed	shown	показывать
shut	shut	shut	закрывать
sit	sat	sat	cидеть
sleep	slept	slept	cпать
speak	spoke	spoken	говорить, разговаривать
spend	spent	spent	тратить, проводить (время)
spread	spread	spread	растягивать, распространять (ся)
stand	stood	stood	стоять; поставить; держаться
steal	stole	stolen	красть, похищать
take	took	taken	брать, принимать
tell	told	told	сказать, сообщать, рассказывать
think	thought	thought	думать, полагать
wear	wore	worn	носить, изнашиваться
win	won	won	выигрывать
write	wrote	written	писать, сочинять

БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК

1.  ABBY Lingvo 13.
2.  Encarta Premium DVD 2006. (компакт-диск)
3.  Encyclopedia Britannica (Children’s Edition). Chicago, 2008.
4.  http://www.en.wikipedia.org/.
5.  http://www.multitran.ru/.
6.  Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English on CD.
7.  Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (7th edition) on CD.
8.  Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English. Oxford University Press, 2005.
9.  The LTP Dictionary of Selected Collocations. Ed.: Jimmie Hill, Michael Lewis. - London, 1999.

План 2010

Учебное издание

Жесткова Марина Владимировна

Никитина Светлана Яковлевна

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебно-методическое пособие

Подписано в печать 25.06.2010. Формат 60х84 1/16.

Усл. печ. л. Тираж 200 экз. Заказ № 152.

Издательство «СамГУПС»

443022, Самара, Заводское шоссе, 18.

Тел. (846) 999-01-56

Отпечатано в Самарском государственном университете путей сообщения

443022, Самара, Заводское шоссе, 18.

PAGE   \* MERGEFORMAT 76