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History.
Cinematography is an art form unique to motion pictures. Although the exposing of images on light-sensitive elements dates back to the early 19th century, motion pictures demanded a new form of photography and new aesthetic techniques.
In the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between director and camera operator emerged. With the advent of artificial lighting and faster (more light sensitive) film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics and new techniques such as color film and widescreen, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area.
Cinematography was key during the silent movie era - no sound apart from background music, no dialogue - the films depended on lighting, acting and set.
In 1919, in Hollywood, the new motion picture capital of the world, one of the first (and still existing) trade societies was formed: the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC), which stood to recognize the cinematographer's contribution to the art and science of motion picture making. Similar trade associations have been established in other countries, too.
Oscar.
An Academy Award statuette
Awarded for Excellence in cinematic achievements
Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Country United States
First awarded May 16, 1929
An Academy Award is an award bestowed by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)[1] to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry, including directors, actors, and writers. The Oscar statuette is officially named the Academy Award of Merit and is one of nine types of Academy Awards.
The formal ceremony at which the Awards of Merit are presented is one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world, and is televised live in more than 100 countries annually, however the first broadcast was not televised. It is also the oldest award ceremony in the media; its equivalents, the Grammy Awards (for music), Emmy Awards (for television), and Tony Awards (for theatre) are modeled after the Academy.
The AMPAS was originally conceived by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio boss Louis B. Mayer as a professional honorary organization to help improve the film industry’s image and help mediate labor disputes. The Oscar itself was later initiated by the Academy as an award "of merit for distinctive achievement" in the industry.[2]
The first Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 16, 1929, at the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to honor outstanding film achievements of the 1927/1928 film season. The 84th Academy Awards, honoring films in 2011, was held at the Hollywood & Highland Center Theatre on February 26, 2012
Cinema.
Cinema plays an important role in the life of any society. The cinema has become part of the modern way of life. There is no denying the fact that the cinema is an excellent vehicle of culture. Its possibilities are unlimited. In the earliest years of the cinema its power to show contemporary events was recognized and appreciated. More than anything else this unique quality secured popularity for the film as a new form of instruction and entertainment. That’s why the cinema is considered to be one of the best ways of spending their leisure time.
There are a lot of different kinds of films: feature films, theatrical films, horror films, thriller films, popular science films, travelogues, mystery films, documentaries, animated cartoon films. Besides, the films may be color or black and white, full-length or short, sound or silent, dubbed in mother tongue, three-dimensional or wide-screen.
We can see films either in the cinema or on the TV. As I am often short of time, I have practically no time for going to the cinema. For this reason I see films on television more frequently. But sometimes I manage to go to the cinema. I prefer feature films and amusing comedies. It’s a pity the life is so difficult nowadays and I want to relax a little, sometimes even to laugh. But at the same time I am fond of true-to-life films describing the life of the ordinary people, their feelings and problems. Such films move me deeply, they arouse the feelings of sympathy or hatred for the heroes. As a rule such films leave a deep and lasting impression upon me.
A modern cinema program contains a newsreel which shows us pictures of important recent developments. It is usually shown before a feature film and it’s often worth seeing. Sometimes they show animated cartoon film at seeing which the audience is in a state of excitement from the beginning to the end. Especially I like Walt Disney’s cartoons “Duck Tales”, or “Vinnie-the-Pooh’s Adventures”. I
my opinion the animated cartoon films are popular both with children and adults.
Showing the educational films is arranged mainly for schoolchildren and students.
In Great Britain and the USA the cinemas (“movies” as they often call them) sell more than one billion tickets a year. Movies are also shown on television and can be rented or purchased as a DVD-recorder. People in these countries are equipped with video recorders in their majority. Although people once feared that television would ruin movie industry, movie popularity has soared in recent years in these countries. Attending movies is a relatively inexpensive leisure time activity that is very popular.
Aleksandr Aleksejevich Khanzhonkov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Алексе́евич Ханжо́нков; 8 August 1877 in modern day Oblast Donezk - 26 September 1945 in Yalta) was Russia's first cinema entrepreneur. He produced Defence of Sevastopol, Russia's first feature film, and Ladislas Starevich's ground-breaking puppet animations
Alexander Arturovich Rou (Russian spelling, English spelling may be "Rowe") (Russian: Александр Артурович Роу, 24 February [O.S. 11 February] 1906 - 28 December 1973) was a Soviet film director, People's Artist of RSFSR (1968). He worked primarily in fairy-tale genre.
Rolan Antonovich Bykov (Ukrainian: Рола́н Анто́нович Би́ков, Rolan Antonovych Bykov; Russian: Рола́н Анто́нович Бы́ков; November 12, 1929, Kiev – October 6, 1998, Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian actor, film director, script writer, poet, song writer. He was awarded People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1973 and the USSR State Prize in 1986. ( 4 слайд)
Akira Kurosawa (黒澤 明[1] Kurosawa Akira?, March 23, 1910 – September 6, 1998) was a Japanese film director, screenwriter, producer, and editor. Regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema, Kurosawa directed 30 films[note 1] in a career spanning 57 years. ( 9 слайд )