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Not all syllables of a disyllabic or a polysyllabic word are equally prominent: one is more prominent than the other(s). A property of syllables which makes them stand out as more noticeable than the others is called stress. Word stress is the stress pattern of a word.
Another term used in phonetic literature to refer to nearly the same notion is accent. It can be defined as the placement of pitch prominence , i.e higher or lower pitch than the surroundings, on a syllable. For example, in the word po’tato, the middle syllable is the most prominent; if you say the word on its own, you will probably produce a fall in pitch on the middle syllable, making that syllable accented.
The difference between stress and accent is based on the fact that in the case of stress the dominant perceptual component is loudness, in the case of accent it is pitch.
The word accent is also widely used as a synonym of sentence stress to refer to a greater prominence given to a syllable or a word of a particular sentence. In a sentence of five or six words, we tend to break a string of words into separate tone units each of which will be likely to have a strong stress. For example:
If she hadn't been 'rich I she couldn't have 'bought it.
It is widely believed that the most likely place for sentence stress to fall is on the appropriate syllable of the last lexical word of the sentence. In this case, “appropriate syllable" refers to syllable indicated by the rules of word stress, while "lexical word" refers to words such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. This rule accounts for the stress patterns of many sentences (80%), but there is considerable controversy over how to account for the many exceptions: some linguists say that sentence stress tends to be placed on the word which is most Important to the meaning of the sentence, while others say that the placement of the stress is determined by the underlying syntactic structure.
In tone-groups stress may undergo alternations under the influence of rhythm, but there are some rules concerning words that are usually stressed or unstressed in an utterance.
Given below is the list of words that are usually stressed:
Nouns. Adjectives. Numerals. Interjections. Demonstrative pronouns.
Emphatic pronouns. Possessive pronouns (absolute form). Interrogative pronouns. Indefinite pronouns: somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything (used as subject). Indefinite negative pronouns: no, none, no one, nobody, nothing. Indefinite pronouns some, any (expressing quallity). Deferminatives: all, each, every, other, either, both. Proclitics: much, many, a little, a few. Notional verbs. Auxiliary verbs (negative contracted forms). Two-word prepositions. Two-word conjunctions. Particles: only, also, too, even, just.
The words that are usually unstressed:
Personal pronouns. Reflexive pronouns. Reciprocal pronouns. Relative pronouns(The pronoun which in non-defining clauses is usually stressed, e.g. I gave him a spade, which tool he hid in the barn.) Possessive pronouns (conjoint form). Indefinite pronouns: somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything (used as object). Indefinite pronouns some, any (when expressing quantity). Auxiliary verbs (affirmative form). One-word prepositions and conjunctions.
Articles. Particles: there, to. Modal verbs (contracted forms and general questions are exceptions).
The meaning of the verbs may, should, must changes depending on whether they are stressed or unstressed, e. g. You ,may go - possibility. You may ,go - permission.