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UNIT 13
Manufacturing applications of industrial robots
vocabulary
manufacture (=manufacturing) – производство; изготовление
handling – управление; манипулирование; загрузка-разгрузка; транспортировка
assembly – сборка, монтаж
assembly cell – сборочный ГП-модуль; гибкий сборочный участок
inspection – контроль; проверка; браковка
loading – нагрузка; загрузка
to unload – разгружать; выгружать
unloading – разгрузка; выгрузка
arrangement – расположение; размещение; компоновка; наладка
arc welding – дуговая сварка
paint (=painting) – окраска, окрашивание
spray painting – окрашивание распылением
welding rod – присадочный пруток; электрод
grind (=grinding) – шлифование; заточка
polish (=polishing) – полирование
route (=routing) – маршрутизация; технологический маршрут
manual labour – ручной труд
manual assembly – ручная сборка
fastening – закрепление; скрепление; крепление
vocabulary exercises
1. to manufacture, 2. to apply, 3.to handle, 4. to process, 5. to assemble,
6. to inspect, 7. to load, 8. to transfer, 9. to arrange, 10. to produce, 11. to position,
12. to manipulate, 13. to program, 14. to operate, 15. to utilize, 16. to specify,
17. to substitute, 18. to identify, 19. to weld, 20. to move.
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A. 1.транспортировка, 2. размещение, 3. управлять, 4. осуществлять,
5. работа, 6. применение, 7. конструкция.
B. a. location, b. to complete, c. work, d. utilization, e. construction, f. handling,
g. to manipulate, h. use, i. motion, j. to control, k. design, l. to execute,
m. arrangement, n. labour, o. transfer, p. position, q. to handle, r. to accomplish,
s. job, t. application, u. style.
A. 1. to transfer, 2. to grip, 3. body, 4. seam, 5. area, 6. manufacture,
7. to position, 8. to coat, 9. to require, 10. to determine, 11. component,
12. to involve, 13. hazardous, 14. awkward, 15. to allow.
B. a. to grasp, b. to cover, c. part, d. to define, e. to place, f. to permit,
g. production, h. dangerous, i. to move, j. weld, k. field, l. to include,
m. uncomfortable, n. to demand, o. frame.
1. material transfer, 2. work part, 3. transfer operation, 4. production machine,
5. part geometry, 6. automobile body, 7. spot welder, 8. assembly method,
9. product style, 10. inspection job, 11. quality specifications, 12. human labour.
Text 13 A
I. Read and translate the text:
Robots in manufacturing
Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations; the applications can be divided into four categories: (1) material handling, (2) processing operations, (3) assembly, and (4) inspection.
Material-handling applications include material transfer and machine loading and unloading. Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one location to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple, requiring robots to pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts onto pallets in an arrangement that must be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts at a production machine. This requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry.
In robotic processing operations the robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding, and spray painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots in the United States. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to complete the assembly of the basic car body. Arc welding is a continuous process in which the robot moves the welding rod along the seam to be welded. Spray painting involves the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding, polishing, and routing, in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.
The next application area of industrial robots is assembly. The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour common in these operations. Since robots are programmable, one strategy in assembly work is to produce multiple product styles in batches, reprogramming the robots between batches. An alternative strategy is to produce a mixture of different product styles in the same assembly cell, requiring each robot in the cell to identify the product style as it arrives and then execute the appropriate task for that unit.
The design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not necessarily suitable for robots. Using a screw and a nut as a fastening method, for example, is easily performed in manual assembly, but the same operation is extremely difficult for a one-armed robot. Designs in which the components are to be added from the same direction using snap fits and other one-step fastening procedures enable the work to be accomplished much more easily by automated and robotic assembly methods.
Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part is consistent with the quality specifications.
In nearly all industrial robotic applications the robot provides a substitute for human labour. There are certain characteristics of industrial jobs performed by humans that identify the work as a potential application for robots: (1) the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic work motions every cycle; (2) the operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker (e.g., spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading and unloading tasks); (3) the task requires a work part or a tool that is heavy and awkward to handle; and (4) the operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts.
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III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the conversion of the underlined words:
IV. Compile the sentences using the table and translate them:
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Industrial robots |
1. transfer 2. handle 3. pick up 4. place 5. use 6. manipulate 7. perform 8. provide |
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Grammar revision exercises
Oral Practice Tasks
III. Do the tasks below:
1. Look through the scheme and fill in the blanks.
2. Using the scheme put some questions concerning robots in manufacturing.
3. Comment on the scheme.
IV. Supplement every statement with some phrases and make a short report on each point:
V. Make a short report on the applications of industrial robots in manufacturing.
Text 13В
Translate the text in written form using a dictionary:
MEASURING ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
The increasing presence of electronics in the unit controls has made it possible to achieve an important union between high-level automation and flexibility. More and more frequently, the entire production system is integrated at different levels by a network of computers which have the task of handling, often quite independently, the entire manufacturing process.
This means that process control is required which cannot be achieved with conventional measuring machines, but which calls for more suitable means: specially-designed measuring robots. A measuring robot is fast and designed to operate in the most difficult workshop conditions alongside the manufacturing machines, ensuring both high precision and high reliability.
When referring to “systems”, the application can range from a measuring robot loaded by a simple handling unit to an automatic measuring cell integrated in a transfer line, or measuring cells integrated into various flexible manufacturing systems (FMS).
Obviously, as an FMS is composed of a series of machining centres, the type of the pallet must be immediately identified and universal. In fact, the handling of the pallets (transfer systems, load/unload systems) is fundamental right from the start of the project. For this reason the measuring robot must be extremely flexible, i.e., easy to interface mechanically with the load/unload systems already defined, and able to receive the pallets from the FMS without any compatibility problems.
TEXT 13С
Look through the text and do the tasks below:
Industrial ROBOTS' functions
The word "robot" was first used by Czech playwright Karel Ĉapek, who in 1920 wrote a drama about machines that could move like human beings and do their work. Today this idea has become a reality. Industrial robots now being manufactured perform certain tasks even better than a human being. We are thus at the threshold of the era of robots what might be called a "robolution".
An industrial robot is a unit which has movement functions with a high degree of freedom similar to human arms and hands and is able to move autonomously on the basis of sense and perceptions.
There are six categories of robots: (1) the manual manipulator, remotely controlled by a person, which carries out hand-and-arm functions to hold and move objects; (2) the fixed-sequence robot, which performs a series of operations in a preset order, always in the same series of locations in space; (3) the variable-sequence robot, which operates in the same manner as the fixed-sequence robot but can easily be reprogrammed for a different sequence of operations; (4) the playback1 robot, which repeats a sequence of movements and operations that are first "taught" by manual movements of a manipulator and stored in the robot's memory unit; (5) the numerically-controlled robot, which moves from one position to another according to numerical instructions in such forms as punched paper tapes or cards; and (6) the intelligent robot, an advanced type that can decide its course of action on the basis of its sensing devices and analytical capability.
Today, robots play a major role in welding, press-forming2, coating and other operations, particularly in the automotive industry.
Notes:
1playback – воспроизведение; считывание
2forming – формование; штамповка
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