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Вариант 8
1. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите на русский язык выделенный курсивом отрывок
Runoff and Pollution
Although the ocean covers two-thirds of the surface of the Earth, it is surprisingly vulnerable to human influences such as overfishing, pollution from run-off, and dumping of waste from human activity. This kind of pollution can have serious economic and health impacts by killing marine life and damaging habitats and ecosystems. Toxins from pesticides, fertilizers, and other chemicals used on farms contaminate nearby rivers that flow into the ocean, which can cause extensive loss of marine life in bays and estuaries leading to the creation of dead zones. The dumping of industrial, nuclear and other waste into oceans was legal until the early 1970's when it became regulated; however, dumping still occurs illegally everywhere.
The most toxic waste material dumped into the ocean includes dredged material, industrial waste, sewage sludge, and radioactive waste. Dredging contributes about 80% of all waste dumped into the ocean, adding up to several million tons of material dumped each year. Rivers, canals, and harbors are dredged to remove silt and sand buildup or to establish new waterways. About 20-22% of dredged material is dumped into the ocean. The remainder is dumped into other waters or landfills and some is used for development. About 10% of all dredged material is polluted with heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, and chromium, hydrocarbons such as heavy oils, nutrients including phosphorous and nitrogen, and organochlorines from pesticides. Waterways and, therefore, silt and sand accumulate these toxins from land runoff, shipping practices, industrial and community waste, and other sources. When these materials find their way into the ocean, marine organisms suffer toxic effects and seafood is often contaminated. When "pure" dredged material is dumped into the ocean, fisheries suffer adverse affects such as unsuccessful spawning in herring and lobster populations where the sea floor is covered in silt.
In the 1970s, 17 million tons of industrial waste was legally dumped into the ocean. In the 1980's, 8 million tons were dumped including acids, alkaline waste, scrap metals, waste from fish processing, flue desulphurization, sludge, and coal ash.
2. Поставьте вопросы (не менее пяти) ко всему содержанию текста и дайте на них ответы. В вопросах используйте следующие вопросительные слова и выражения: when, how long, why, how much/many, where, etc.
3. Откройте скобки, употребив глагол в нужной временной форме, и переведите предложения на русский язык
3.1 The protocol for (to dispose) of nuclear waste (to involve) special treatment by (to keep) it in concrete drums so that it (not to spread).
3.2 Warming, (to assist) by the record of El Nino in 1997-1998, (to continue) right up to the present.
3.3 The dumping of radioactive material (to reach) a total of about 27.027 curies.
3.4 The unit (to name) for Pierre and Marie Curie who (to discover) radium.
3.5 Waste (to dump) into the ocean (to categorize) into the black list, the gray list, and the white list.
4. Употребите правильный предлог, если необходимо и заполните пропуски.
4.1 Although some claim the risk ___ human health is small, the long-term effects ___ nuclear dumping are not known, and some estimate ___ ___ 1,000 deaths__ the next 10,000 years.
4.2 The dumping ___ industrial waste had reached unacceptable levels ___ some regions, particularly ___developing countries.
4.3 It causes eutrophication (an increase ___ chemical nutrients __ an ecosystem) or poses any risk __ humans if dumped ___ the ocean.
4.4 Scientists have created a highly sensitive portable sensor ___ test the air ___ the most damaging greenhouse gases.
4.5 Radioactive waste is also dumped ___the oceans and usually comes ___ the nuclear power process, medical use ___ radioisotopes, research and industrial uses.