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THOMAS ALVA EDISSON was a famous American inventor. He was born in the USA, state Ohio, in the 1847. At the age of 7 Thomas went to school. His formal schooling was limited to 3 month, he was not thought of as a clever boy at school, thereafter was tutored by his mother and developed into an avid reader. In the 1862, at the age of 15, he became a manager of a telegraph office. At the same time, he produced his first inventions – the transmitter and the receiver of the automatic telegraph. In the 1878 Edison began work on electric light and founded the Edison Electric Light Company. In the 1879 he demonstrated a lamp that glows for 40 hours. In the 1882 Thomas Edison established the world's first central electric light power station in New York City. During his life Edison made over 100 inventions which contributed a lot to the development of science and technology. His inventions are rapidly spread all over the world and became a beneficial for the human society. His greatest achievements are the invention of: a) electric light; b) the phonograph for recording sound (the invention he was most proud of); c) equipment for the cinema; d) electric light power station. The great inventor died in the 1931.
THE CREATIONS OF MANKIND The first great idea which started man on the road to his great achievements was when a caveman picked up a heavy stone to help him. The use of fire was another step without which no subsequent development would have been possible. Another great towards modern technology was the invention of the wheel. Gradually, he learned to capture and tame some of the creatures. Man also discovered how to plant crops. Later he began to use the help of domestic animals in pulling his primitive plough. Another important invention was writing. From the counting of days and months, man went on to count cattle and sheep and the earliest forms of arithmetic appeared. In the fifteenth century, Europe was filled with a wish to explore the world. No less important was the invention of printing, giving many men an opportunity to read. The voyagers of the Renaissance discovered the existence of many new and strange lands. The seventeenth century saw a development of science. The eighteenth century is culminated in the Industrial Revolution. The nineteenth century was the age of the machine. Farm machinery was invented, and production of larger food-crops became possible. The nineteenth century also saw the invention of electricity. The previous century was the one to see immense changes and various inventions. The airplane was constructed. The second half of the twentieth century was characterized by the inventions of television, computers, spacecraft and many other. All our discoveries today are based on the ideas of men who lived before us; and without their groundwork, modern inventions would have been impossible.
THE ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS The ancient Near East has been called the cradle of Western civilization. The Ancient Egypt is famous for its wonders and unique self-contained culture. Because of the country's dry climate a lot of its ancient monuments have been preserved: ancient cities, temples and various artefacts. The Egyptians consisted of the Vile valley. The Nile united the country and was its main source of life. The Egyptians used the cotton plant to make clothing, sails and ropes and the papyrus plant to produce a paper. In addition, they were good farmers. In Ancient Greece the typical unit of political and social organization was the ‘polis’ or independent city-state. During the Classic period the Creeks made radical experiments with different ideas, all of which have had lasting influence on Western civilization. One of the most fascinating things that the Greeks have left us is their legends. We remember them as they have become part of our culture too. For example, if a person has some way in which he can be hurt, he is said to have an Achilles heel. This expression goes back to the story of Achilles, one of the greatest heroes of Greek legends. Ancient Romans were great lawmakers and keen politicians. Romans expanded their power and conquered a number of neighboring peoples and took part in overseas wars. The wars were successful and increased the power and wealth of the upper classes. The Roman Empire shaken by civil wars got into the hands of Julius Caesar. He took the title of ‘Dictator for Life’ and allowed himself to behave like a monarch or a kind of god. Augusts became a powerful ruler, he made the Senate an effective branch of administration and took the Army out of politics.
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE was born on the island of Corsica in the 1769. At the age of 20 he supported the French Revolution. In the 1792 Napoleon became a captain of artillery after finishing the leading military school in Paris. 3 years later he crushed a royalist rebellion in Paris and soon became head of the French army, won great victories in Italy, Belgium and Austria. In the 1804 Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of France. A year later he couldn’t defeat Britain at sea, lost an important sea battle near Cape Trafalgar. Napoleon Bonaparte led a great army into Russia. In the 1815 he met his final defeat at the battle of Waterloo beaten by British and the Prussians and 6 years later he died a prisoner on the lonely Atlantic island of st. Helena.
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS From 1931 to 1948 Mother Teresa taught at St. Mary’s High School in Calcutta, but the suffering and poverty she saw made such a deep impression on her that in 1948 she received permission from her superiors to leave and work among the poorest of the poor. She started her own order, ‘The Missionaries of Charity’, whose primary task was to lone and care for those nobody was prepared to look after. They provide effective help to the poor in a number of countries and they care of victims of natural catastrophes. Mother Teresa’s work has been recognized and acclaimed throughout the world and she has received a number of awards, including the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1979. Kofi A. Annan born in Ghana was first elected Secretary General of the United Nations Organizations in 1997. As Secretary General Mr Annan gave priority to strengthening the Organization’s traditional work. One of his ideas was ‘bringing the United Nations closer to the people’. The secretary General also took a leading role in the battle against AIDS, and more recently against the global terrorist threat. He got the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2001. Jimmy Carter, the thirty-ninth president of the United States, left office in 1981, a year later he founded the Carter Center. The aim of the Carter Center was to resolve conflict, promote democracy, protect human rights and prevent disease and other problems. Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter volunteer one week a year for Habitat for Humanity, a non-profit organization that helps needy people renovate and build homes for themselves. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2002. Wangari Maathai was born in Kenya in 1940. She became the first woman in East and Central Africa to earn a doctorate degree. Professor Maathai got her degree in Biological Science. She introduced the idea of planting trees in order to conserve the environment and improve the quality of life for many people. Through the Green Belt Movement she assisted women in the planting more than 20 million trees. Dr Wangari Maathai is internationally recognized for her persistent struggle for democracy, human rights and environmental conservation. She became a Nobel Peace Prize Laureate in 2004.
POLICY Charles de Gaulle was a French general and politician. He was the leader of the Free French Forces in World War II. He inspired a new constitution and was the Fifth Republic’s first president. His political ideology is known as Gaullism, which left a major influence in subsequent French politics. Madeleine Albright moved to the United States in 1950 and became a citizen in 1957. She was an American diplomat and the 64th United States Secretary of State. Mikhail Gorbachev became a student Moscow State University Faculty of Law. In 1971 he became a member of Communist Party`s Central Committee. Gorbachev was President of the Soviet Union from 1900 to 1991. He introduced many political and economic changes. Sir Winston Churchill was born in 1874. After a brief but eventful career in the army, he became a Conservative Member of Parliament. He held many high posts in Liberal and Conservative governments during. In May,1940 , he became Prime Minister and Minister of Defence and remained in office until 1945. John Kennedy was the thirty-fifth president of the US. He asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what the called «common enemies of man»: tyranny poverty, disease, and war itself. President Kennedy had to deal with many serious problems in the US. One of them was a violation of civil rights in the country.
THE COLD WAR AND BEYOND In March 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He inherited a vast country comprising 15 republics the economy of which was close to collapse and where corruption flourished. The country badly needed reform. Gorbachev intruded new policies: glasnost and perestroika . His aims were that needed reform and encourage popular debate. In November 1985, Gorbachev met US in Geneva for the first superpower summit since 1979. The summit showed that a new atmosphere of cooperation between the two countries was emerging. In December 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed the Intermediate Nuclear Force Treaty in Washington signifying a new warmth of feeling between the superpowers. To many people in meant that the cold war was beginning to come to an end. In 1988, Soviet troops were removed from Afghanistan. In 1980s the influence of Gorbachev`s reforms had begun to be felt in the Communist countries of Eastern Europe. By November 1989 the decision to open the border between East and West Germany had been made. In the new atmosphere of reform the two Germanies reunited. The cold war came to an official end in November 1990, when 34 countries representing the old East-West divide signed the Charter of Paris for a new Europe.