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Задания к зачету.
Variant 1. Education in Britain.
Let us take a look at schools as most British children experience them today.
State schools — primary, ages 5—11
Though some children may go to nursery school, most children first meet the school system at the age of 5 when they start in the infant department of a primary school. There they are expected to learn reading, writirig and simple arithmetic in much the same way as in schools in other countries.
Secondary, 11-16, 11-18
Most children move from primary to comprehensive school. These were intended to be big schools of 1,500-2,000 pupils offering a wide range of subjects, resources and expertise. Here pupils are divided up in some subjects according to ability for example in mathematics and languages. The school-leaving age is 16, but many stay on after that either in the upper forms of the same school or in a sixth-form college where they have more independence. The 1988 Act has provided for alternatives for those over 16 in the form of a city technical college, an elite school to meet the needs of business and industry.
Pupils take exams at the ages of 7, 11 and 14. At 16, the GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) is taken in as many subjects as possible, and at 18 the GCE A (advanced) levels are still required for entrance to university or colleges of higher education.
The school day for most children begins about 9 am and continues till 4 pm with short breaks mid-morning and mid-afternoon and a lunch break of about an hour. Then they either pay for a hot meal at school, eat sandwiches or go home for lunch. The school day often ends with extra-curricular activities - sports, clubs, music, drama, etc. Here the pupils play football, tennis, hockey, etc. or take part in inter-school competitions of various kinds. Many schools now have a simplified form of school uniform (grey skirt/trousers, school blazer) and is sixth-form colleges have more relaxed rules about most things.
Independent schools
Though only 7 out of every 100 British school children attend a private school, these schools have an influential role in Britain’s society. The most exclusive and expensive public schools like Eton, Harrow and Roedean (for girls), provide a disproportionately large number of cabinet ministers (even in the Labour Party), bishops and leaders of industry.
These schools are usually boarding schools, but some are day schools or have day pupils. They have their own entrance examinations, usually for 11-year-olds, or use the results of the Common Entrance Examination taken at 13. Fees vary, but 6,000-8,000 a year for boarders is not unusual.
Post-school education
More than 1/3 of young people attend some form of further education after secondary school. This is low compared to other Western industrial countries.
There are 46 universities in the UK. Theo oldest are Oxford and Cambridge, dating from the 12th and 13th centuries, and the Scottish universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh from the 15th and 16th centuries. In England and Wales there are 30 polytechnics offering an extremely wide range of courses, not just vocational and technical, but also in the arts and sciences and up to postgraduate level. The smaller colleges of further education offer a wide range of vocational courses.
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Задания к зачету.
Variant 2. Education in Britain.
Public schools also called Independent School, in the United Kingdom, one of a relatively small group of institutions educating secondary-level students for a fee and independent of the state system. They are the oldest of all British instituitions.
The modern public school will point out that engineering is the largest single destination for its leavers. It will show you computer terminals, science laboratories and craft workshops. Since the end of World War II, the style and content of education at the public schools have changed as the schools have become more consciously part of wider groupings of independent schools and have developed various links with schools in the state sector.
These schools are usually boarding schools, but some are day schools or have day pupils. They have their own entrance examinations, usually for 11-year-olds, or use the results of the Common Entrance Examination taken at 13. Fees vary, but 6,000-8,000 a year for boarders is not unusual.
Entry to many of the leading schools still depended on family connections rather than on academic ability.
The majority of the nation's cabinet ministers, top civil servants, ambassadors, High Court judges, military leaders, bishops and clearing bank directors went to public schools.
Although most Western countries have independent school sectors, the British public school system is unique in the extent to which it is set apart from the rest of the nation. The proportion of the nation's children attending public schools has remained virtually unchanged since the war at around 5 per cent, while in the United States private schools account for 10 per cent and in France, surprisingly, for 30 per cent.
While the state-educated child attends a day school, a quarter of the 530,000 pupils in independent schools are boarders. The state school child normally moves to secondary school at 11; the boy or girl in the independent sector usually moves at 13, after taking an examination for which five years at preparatory school provide by far the best training.
Most important of all, the public school sector has become more selective academically as the state sector has gone comprehensive. The top schools, such as Winchester and Westminster, are the nearest things in England to East European-style academies for the gifted. 1944
Задания к зачету.
Variant 3. Education in Britain.
Education is a vital concern throughout Britain because a highly developed nation depends upon educated professionals and a skilled workforce.
The most famous schools in Britain are private boarding schools, such as Eton College, Harrow School, Rugby School, and Winchester School. These famous private schools, founded during the Middle Ages, are theoretically open to the public, but in reality are attended by those who can afford the fees. Many of Britain’s leaders have attended these private schools. Local authorities and the central authority also provide assistance to some families who are unable to pay the fees. Only a small percentage of the population can attend these ancient and highly prestigious schools. A variety of other schools are also private, including kindergartens, day schools, and newer boarding schools. Private schools that take pupils from the age of 7 to the age of 11, 12, or 13 are called preparatory schools. Private schools that take older pupils from the age of 11, 12, or 13 to 18 or 19 are often referred to as public schools. Only 7 percent of British students attend private school.
At the age of 16, prior to leaving school, students are tested in various subjects to earn a General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). If they wish to go on to higher education at a university, they take Advanced Level examinations, commonly known as “A” Levels. About a third of British students leave school as soon as possible after turning 16, usually taking lower-level jobs in the workforce. Those who stay in school past the age of 16 may go on either with further education or higher education. Students may also stay in school until age 18 to prepare for higher education.
Britain has more than 90 universities. British universities can be divided into several categories. The foremost universities are the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, both founded in the Middle Ages. Scotland has equivalent ancient institutions at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and St. Andrews. Another type of university is the so-called redbrick variety—old and solid schools built in the 19th century when bricks were the standard building material. The large number of ultramodern universities that appeared in the last half of the 20th century are often called cement block and plateglass universities. London has its own great schools, the enormous University of London and its world-famous college, the London School of Economics.
Students interested in advanced education can also attend polytechnics, which are schools dedicated to the sciences and applied technology. An education act in 1992 changed the status of these colleges to universities. Higher education can also be obtained through the Open University, founded in 1969, which offers extension courses taught through correspondence, television and radio programs, and videocassettes. It also sponsors local study centers and residential summer schools. The purpose of the Open University is to reach people who may not ordinarily be qualified for university study. 2600
Задания к зачету.
Variant 4. American Education
There are 85,000 elementary and secondary schools in the USA and 3,200 colleges and universities that are publicly supported institutions of learning. Such a large number of schools make different exam standards and teacher qualifications. The fact is, education is one of those areas each state controls for itself.
Each of the fifty states is responsible for the education of the children living within it and it is the states that set the standards, give exams (if any) and certify teachers. When a teacher moves from one state to another, for example, will have to ask for certification to teach and may have to qualify a new by taking courses and exams.
In general, all American children are guaranteed 12 years of schooling. Most go to elementary school for six years, middle school for three 5 years (also called junior high school in some areas) and high school for three more years. Children are obliged to start elementary school at six and most schools have a pre-school kindergarten class for five-year-olds. The legal school-leaving age is sixteen, as it is in most countries in Europe.
Any student gets a high school diploma on finishing high school at the age of eighteen. Secondary schools (junior highs and high schools) try to involve students by designing programs for them which include a core of required subjects. Social studies, English, math, science, a foreign language, typing, fine arts (drawing, music, etc) and physical education are among the required subjects one must take in secondary schools. These are interspersed with large numbers of elective courses which include practical courses like driver's education and sign language, special interest courses like modern media studies as well as courses for gifted students such as college science and literature courses.
Many high schools have well over a hundred elective courses to choose among and computers help the individual find required courses to fit his or her ability as well as elective courses suited to his or her taste and interests.
In addition to the 85,000 public primary and secondary schools, there are 15,000 private and parochial schools. Some private schools are for very wealthy students, of course, but the majority of private schools are parochial schools, that is schools which are church affiliated and which include religion classes in the academic program.
In the USA school is the center of a young person's life. After-school activities like drama, football, basketball and all the other ball sports, cheerleading, glee club, orchestra and the school newspaper and yearbook are to be found at most schools. In the summer there are recreational activities at large numbers of elementary schools as well as summer school classes at many high schools for students who have failed courses during the school year or who want to repeat the course for a better mark.
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Variant 5. Higher education in the USA
Standards differ so greatly in the USA that a top student in one place might be an average student in another. Consequently, though a high school diploma may be enough for entrance into some colleges, many institutions of higher learning demand a Scholastic Aptitude Test score from applicants. Such tests are multiple-choice tests given by private agencies that ask questions about everything: TV programs, modern culture, math, literature, psychology, chemistry - anything and everything.
No person taking the test is expected to know every answer, but people with high scores are considered good college material and will be accepted into colleges in which it is difficult to get a place. Higher learning starts very close to home in many places in the USA. Community colleges right in one's own neighborhood offer two-year courses ending in an Associate Degree or they enable students to go to a four-year college for the final two years of study towards a bachelor's degree. Tuition costs at community colleges are usually very low and affordable by most people. Students can also live at home or work and attend evening courses.
The first four years of university education in the USA is called college and a person with a bachelor's degree is called a college graduate whether he or she went to Harvard University or to Amherst College. A person who studies beyond this degree is called a graduate student and are generally pursuing degrees called the master's degree and finally the doctorate. Higher education is often expensive and provident parents start saving for their children as soon as they are born. Most students have part-time and summer jobs to help cover costs.
Higher education in the USA is rightfully considered one of the best in the world. One of the reasons is that, unlike European universities which retain exclusive academic traditions, American 10 colleges and universities include all sorts of educational pursuits in the same institution.
American universities will have courses for nurses as well as doctors, for business students as well as foreign language teachers, for agriculturalists as well as chemists, for social workers as well as sociologists. This combination of practical and academic specialities under one roof has made higher education more flexible and more able to meet the research needs of institutions outside itself.
Not all American colleges and universities are equally good, and even the best are not equally good in all subjects. American and foreign students therefore choose carefully when they decide to attend one or another institution. 2199