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1.The cultural traditions of our society. Nor can we make progress without getting to know the cultural traditions of others. Events of the last few years clearly show that it is precisely the intangible part of a culture which changes more slowly. The objects of the material world deteriorate, wear out; we throw them away if they are no longer usable; but we like to preserve sayings, proverbs, beliefs, myths, and legends -- even if we don’t need them every day. And these are the cultural factors that influence emotional decisions, prejudices developed about others, our picture of the enemy, and the patterns of national identity and forms of behavior when conflicts occur (e.g., in questions of heroism, honor or revenge, we always act according to the laws of local tradition!). Ethnological research can provide countless examples to prove this statement. But we must understand that there are cultures where a respect for the community, for tradition and the past have priority over the individual! In a tradition-based society, it is not the short-term but the long term aims that are important, not fast development (which often goes together with destruction) but the slow process of constructing and maintaining balance. Educating younger generations to learn to respect the traditions of other nations is the only way to achieve the peaceful coexistence of different ethnic groups. Organizing festivals shows the values of local traditions and enables nations to get to know each other’s culture. Recognizing the diversity of cultures is part of developing tolerance. Documenting local traditions and heritage (a never-ending task) is the only way we can hand something on to the next generation! It is important to carry out this preservation using contemporary means -- (e.g., video, film, multimedia) -- because this is the only way to reach the masses. At first glance globalization, with its highly developed communication technology, appears to help international cooperation and conflict prevention. But it is clear by now that globalization is just a new form of colonialism, not only in the Third World but elsewhere too! And this is not only economic neo-colonialism but also a cultural imperialism that brings with it the eradication and annihilation of local cultural traditions! The danger in this is that it denies and disregards the cultural identity of local groups (especially minorities), deprives them of their right to their own cultural heritage, their right to use of their own language, and their right to their own customs, religious precepts, mythology, and moral values. In short, this is the denial of collective cultural rights and freedoms! My concrete proposal, therefore, is that the Member States respect the cultures in their own countries and, above all, the cultural heritage of ethnic minorities and pass legislation to ensure that this happens. Respecting local cultures means, at the same time, upholding cultural identity. The most serious problem for the peaceful coexistence of various national groups, apart from human rights, is in the freedom to declare their collective cultural identity. These are, of course, not new ideas, since one of the Ten Commandments is about precisely this ancient wisdom: “Honor thy father and thy mother that thou might live long on this earth!” The commandment implies respect for our ancestors, respect for tradition, and the maintenance of the values inherent in local traditions.“Let us honor each other’s local traditions, so that we may live long on this earth!”
2.Youth culture in Great Britain and Kazakhstan. British Youth Culture. The youth then continues his job of kicking the pensioner in the face until a blood bubble appears on the old mans nose. A scene repeated every day on modern day Britain’s streets. This time it is not serious and the pensioner hands over his money to the youth and the yob saunters off to buy some cigarettes from the kiosk. The gathered crowd of youths laugh hysterically and jeer at the bloodied old man.After an hour, an ambulance arrives and takes away the crumpled body of the pensioner as he mutters words about fighting in the great war. The Police never arrive. A country which prides itself in such a rich heritage past has a new generation of young people who are feral in nature, violent, abusive and are no use to any society.A generation that does not work but instead leech’s off the UK’s Social Welfare System and plays Xbox. Crime statistics revealed by the Metropolitan Police show that under Tony Blair’s Britain, crime has risen by 87% since his election. The majority of crimes being committed by the disenfranchised British youths that are now called ‘chavs’. Oxford and Cambridge Universities once upheld the mantle of education to the highest levels for the elite and intellectual set, however, with the dumbing down of entry qualifications and Government sponsored quotas it is now a breeding ground for poor, uneducated, workshy ‘chavs’ who have infiltrated the ranks. The degeneration, of course, has fed upstream to the employment offices. Statistics from 2006 show that 80% of British youth who applied for jobs in the UK had no understanding of English grammar or basic mathematics. 87% of youth could not find Britain on a world map. British youth culture inevitably has its winners and these luminaries like Lily Allen, Posh Spice and Jade Goody all are champions of the banal, unintelligent, crass, money obsessed myspace youth that Britain has spawned. A nation where football wives, violence, drug abuse, Argos chic, under-age pregnancy and alco-pops hold court as something to aspire to and where the ‘ugly’ and ‘stupid’ in society are staunchly admired. The Role of Modern Youth in Politics It would be hard to qualify the Kazakhstani youth as an important subject in the political relations system in the current conditions. According to the official data, about 700 youth unions are acting in the country. However, their actual participation in the country’s political life is quite unnoticeable: the average citizen would hardly remember at least three of such organizations. Another obvious fact is that during the entire period of independence the youth movements in Kazakhstan failed to reach their main goal – to politicize the masses of youngsters and to ensure their active involvement in the political processes. The only organization creating a semblance of youths’ political activity in the society is MK Zhas Otan, a structural subdivision of the ruling party. However, the history shows that there are times when the youth forces both become active participants of the political life and act as the main player in the change of the social and political paradigm. An illustrative example for Kazakhstan is the activity of the Kazakh youth in early XXth century. During this period of vital importance for the country the youngsters became the political avant-garde of the entire Kazakh society. An original symbol demonstrating the achievements of youth back then became a poem by Magzhan Zhumabaev «Мен жастарға сенемін!» (“I believe in the youth!”), where the political portrait of the new generation was drawn to show its best. Therefore, the main problem in the current situation is that there is no understanding of the values that were instilled in the new generation during the sovereign development of Kazakhstan, both at the level of the State and at the level of society. There is no idea about the political portrait of the modern young Kazakhstani. Nobody knows what their priorities are, whether they are patriots or not, would they take on the current political traditions or, on the contrary, would they bear something new?
4. Cultural differences between Great Britain and Kazakhstan.. For me the United Kingdom has always been a country of traditions and customs. The most common associations in Kazakhstan with this country, if you randomly ask someone, certainly will be something like: Queen-mother, tea at 5 O’clock, pudding, the British restraint, the Scottish Kilts, raining most of the time, ceremony of changing of the guard of the Court battalion of Buckingham palace, and football… Probably it seems banal and perhaps most of these things are just stereotypes. There have always been a lot of them when we are talking about countries.Culture… It has so many various meanings. But first of all, it stands for the way of life (food, type of relationships), traditions and customs of different groups of people. The most important traditions of Britain are, of course, of family and friends. Examples are many snack and meal times: Breakfast, Brunch, “Elevensies”, Lunch, Afternoon Tea, Dinner, Supper etc. They are mostly excuses to have family time/meals or a social chat time. The other very popular holiday, without any doubts, is ChristmasBritish are really sporty! All major sports are well developed, but the most common one is, of course, football. England is known as its motherland, and nowadays football is among the favorite’s games everywhere you go. In most international competitions teams of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales represent themselves separated. In a conclusion, I want to say, that Great Britain has a lot to be proud of!Today London, its capital and one of the most astonishing, oldest and largest cities, vies with New York as the financial capital of the world. Oxford and Cambridge are the mostfamous British universities, and getting an education there is exclusive and prestigious. The United Kingdom has a very rich history: for example, the British Empire was the largest Empire in the history of the world. A lot of great people, who had done a lot for literature and science, have this country as their motherland. William Shakespeare, J. R. R. Tolkien, Agatha Christie, Darwin, Stephen Hawking to name a few… Name one person who hasn’t heard of Harry Potter, please! He, his friends and their creator, Joanne Rowling, are all British.
The Kazakh people are rich in traditions. From birth through old age and death, every step of their lives has historically been marked with celebration. Even their funeral ceremonies have their own special symbolism. Unfortunately, many rich and interesting traditions and customs of the Kazakh people have been forgotten throughout the past century. Real sovereignty is just now being reestablished in Kazakhstan due to the process of democratization. These abandoned traditions are just now being rediscovered by the Kazakh people. These traditions include being respectful to old people; being patriotic to the motherland; being honest; and learning to love mankind. The Kazakhs love the art of wordplay and their akyns (poets), who improvise at public competitions (aitys) accompanied by Kazakh stringed musical instruments: the dombra or the kobyz.
Traditionally every guest is offered Kazakh cuisine at the dastarkhan (the low table) in a yurt.
The yurt is one of the most sensible types of movable house. It is a comfortable and practical home, ideally suited to local conditions and ways of life - one of the greatest inventions of the Eurasian nomads. National games: these are usually performed on horseback and are an opportunity to witness the Kazakhs' outstanding riding skills. Kazaksha kures (Kazakh wrestling), baiga (horse racing over 25, 50 or 100 km), kokpar (a sort of polo game played with a dead goat), kyz-kuu (catch the girl) and alty bakan (six-pole swing).
5. A rich and diverse cultural life of four nations. The culture of the United Kingdom is the pattern of human activity and symbolism associated with the United Kingdom and its people. It is influenced by the UK's history as a developed island country, a liberal democracy and a major power, its predominantly Christian religious life, and its composition of four countries—England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales—each of which has distinct customs, cultures and symbolism. The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture, and Humanism, Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture. British literature, music, cinema, art, theatre, media, television, philosophy and architecture are influential and respected across the world. The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology. Sport is an important part of British culture; numerous sports originated in the country, including football. The UK has been described as a "cultural superpower", and London has been described as a world cultural capital. Great Britain is generally known as the country of reserved people with good taste, with a healthy conservatism in everything, including culture. Great Britain has never shocked the world with outrageous revolt in music like America did. But London could fairly claim being the classical music capital of Europe with its five symphony orchestras and high standards of performance. Britain has never been known for its great classical performances, but it has been able to attract world best performers and composers like Johann Christian Bach, the youngest son of the famous German composer, Handel and Haydn. Haydn’s symphony No. 104 is actually nicknamed the London Symphony. British composers of this century, born in London and maintaining classical trends in music are, among others, Benjamin Britten and Epton John. Most classical music performers know that the invitation to perform in the famous Albert Hall or Royal festival Hall is the sign of the universal recognition. Over years, English musicians have had an enormous impact on popular music – much greater, strangely, than their influence on "serious” music. The Beatles, the famous "Liverpool Four” , appeared after none the less famous Cliff Richard, who mainly imitated the style of Elvis Presley. Their style – turbulent and concerned not only with a catchy motive, but with a deep contents, gave rise to a long row of bands like the Rolling Stones, Deep Purple, Pink Floyd and some others. Young people from other countries often learned the English language specially to be able to understand their songs. Literature of Great Britain is also worth learning English specially to be able to read it. William Shakespeare’s tragedies "Hamlet”, "Othello”, "King Lear” and others, as well as his sonnets, have entered the world’s treasure-house of literature. The writers of the 19th century, Conan Doyle and Dickens have created personages whom many people believe to be real. Letters from different countries of the world still come to the address where Conan Doyle’s world-famous character, Sherlock Holmes lived. The world readership enjoys literary works by Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wild – the writers whose outstanding subtle humour and wit have never been surpassed. Biting satire by William Thackerey, sentimental, mild and romantic novels by Emily and Charlotte Bronté, humorous, sad and romantic stories by Steven Leacock, Hector Munro, Jerome K. Jerome, are only gaining popularity in the course of time and inspire film directors of different countries to make new screen versions of their books. British museums is also something on the one hand specifically English, and integrated in the world culture, on the other hand. One of the examples is Madam Tussauds’ Wax Museum. The idea has been picked up and now the production of wax figures has become the world-wide industry. So in many ways British culture has become an indispensable part of world culture as well.
6. A rich and diverse cultural life of the USA. American culture is rich, complex, and unique. It emerged from the short and rapid European conquest of an enormous landmass sparsely settled by diverse indigenous peoples. Although European cultural patterns predominated, especially in language, the arts, and political institutions, peoples from Africa, Asia, and North America also contributed to American culture. All of these groups influenced popular tastes in music, dress, entertainment, and cuisine. As a result, American culture possesses an unusual mixture of patterns and forms forged from among its diverse peoples. The many melodies of American culture have not always been harmonious, but its complexity has created a society that struggles to achieve tolerance and produces a uniquely casual personal style that identifies Americans everywhere. The country is strongly committed to democracy, in which views of the majority prevail, and strives for equality in law and institutions. American culture is more often defined by its popular and democratically inclusive features, such as blockbuster movies, television comedies, sports stars, and fast food, than by its more cultivated aspects as performed in theaters, published in books, or viewed in museums and galleries. Even the fine arts in modern America often partake of the energy and forms of popular culture, and modern arts are often a product of the fusion of fine and popular arts. While America is probably most well known for its popular arts, Americans partake in an enormous range of cultural activities. Besides being avid readers of a great variety of books and magazines catering to differing tastes and interests, Americans also attend museums, operas, and ballets in large numbers. They listen to country and classical music, jazz and folk music, as well as classic rock-and-roll and new wave. Americans attend and participate in basketball, football, baseball, and soccer games. They enjoy food from a wide range of foreign cuisines, such as Chinese, Thai, Greek, French, Indian, Mexican, Italian, Ethiopian, and Cuban. They have also developed their own regional foods, such as California cuisine and Southwestern, Creole, and Southern cooking. Still evolving and drawing upon its ever more diverse population, American culture has come to symbolize what is most up-to-date and modern. American culture has also become increasingly international and is imported by countries around the world.
7. Rich and diverse cultural life of Kazakhstan. The Kazakh culture is very rich and diverse. During the formation of the Kazakh nation specific musical traditions appeared. As a result the rich musical culture was determined. The rituals connected to the child’s birth, weddings, funeral repast, usually were accompanied by singing. The favourite performance of the people became aytys of akyns. From ancient times the Kazakhs lived in the yurts. Yurta is adaptated to the nomadic life, it is very useful dwelling while moving and it satisfies the requirements of the nomadic way of life: it is mobile, easy pulled down and fast set on a new place. It can be regarded to the large achievement of the material culture of the Kazakh people. Today yurts are set on summer pastures, and during the festivals in the cities. Yurta is the connection between past and present. The national outerwear of the Kazakhs is different depending on the region. Men wear chapans (it is men’s clothes resembling the robe with a belt, made from velvet and decorated with the embroidery), and also soft tyubeteikas, high felt caps or hunting earflapped hats of the fox fur (malakai). Women’s national suit consists of white cotton or colour silk dress and the embroidered velvet waistcoat, hat or silk headscarf. Nauryz (New Year) is the most important holiday among the Kazakh festivals. It is celebrated on 22 of March - day of vernal equinox. On this day, the streets of cities and villages look different. The guests are met in the holiday yurts and treated with the ritual dish "Nauryz koje" cooked from seven traditional ingredients. Military and sport games performed the wide and universal function. The games were connected to military way of life (wars, invasions, armed conflicts) and business activities of the people. The games were saiys, audyryspak, jamby atu, altyn kabak, horse races, kures and others. The part of the games and entertainment carried the ritual and ceremonial functions, included to the system of funeral and sepulchral rites, as well as marriage. Many of them lost their first essence, they developed and degenerated. The examples are alaman bayga and kokpar.
8. Cultural similarities between Great Britain and Kazakhstan. Culture is a way of life for people, and it helps construct the foundation for people’s values, beliefs, and choices in life. Culture makes societies unique, making it an essential element in influencing our everyday lives. It is also important to be able to recognize and respect other cultures, and not believe one’s own culture is more valuable or superior than the rest. Sometimes issues of racism occur when people are unable to connect culturally with others. Being tolerant and understanding what other cultures value is the key for successful acceptance of one another. Every country, every nation has its culture, cultural life. I want to tell about some facts about cultural values of Kazakhstan that similar with cultural values of Great Britain. Tradition: Kazakh traditions and culture have been passed on from one generation to another through oral histories told by traditional Kazakh tribal leaders and elders. Much of the traditional Kazakh culture was lost under Soviet rule but strong elements remain today and are celebrated among family, a central part of Kazakh society. While the country is becoming increasingly modernised and in contact with global culture, Kazakhs hold on strongly to their traditions and culture of which they are proud.Freedom: Freedom is the major value of the civil society being formed in Kazakhstan. This must provide everyone with the possibility of creative self-realization. Nomads have always been famous for a freedom-loving spirit. The feeling of freedom resulted in special attitude to the environment, a developed awareness and a profound interest in the world. Patriotism: The formation of civil society institutions is impossible without the development of a patriotism shared by the entire Kazakhstan, and with deep roots in the culture, psychology, and historical past of the Kazakhs. In a traditional Kazakh society such values as love of the Motherland (atameken), its veneration and care have also been strong. Respect: Religious tolerance, absence of fanaticism and religious aggression are historic traditions of the Kazakh nation. Respect of elders and of the spiritual freedom of other nations are principal values. It is important to develop a productive dialogue between confessions and to acknowledge religion as an element of civil society.
9 . National celebrations in Great Britain are one of the most important components of its culture. British culture has its distinct and unique aspects reflected to long history and traditions in its own. National celebrations in Great Britain are one of the most important components of its culture. There are many holidays in Great Britain. They are Christmas day, Boxing Day, New Year's day, Easter, May Day, Spring bank holiday and Summer bank holiday. . Public holidays in Great Britain are called bank holidays because the banks as well as most of the offices and shops are closed. All public holidays, except Christmas day and Boxing day observed on December 25th and 26th respectively, are movable, that is don't fall on the same day each year. The most popular holiday is Xmas. Christmas day observed on December 25th is the most popular public holiday of the year in all parts of Great Britain except Scotland. Central streets are beautifully decorated. During Xmas groups of singers go from house to house. They collect money for charity and sing carols, traditional Christmas songs. Many churches hold carol services on the Sunday before Xmas. The fun starts the night before, on the 24 of December. This is the day when people decorate their trees. Children hang stockings above their beds, hoping that Santa Claus will come at night and fill them with toys and sweets. Christmas is a family holiday. Relatives prepare for the big Xmas dinner of turkey and Christmas pudding and everyone makes and receives presents. The 26th of December, Boxing Day, is an extra holiday after Christmas. This is the time to meet friends or sit at home and watch TV. December 26th is called Boxing day because traditionally it was the day for people still give a "Christmas box" to the postman and milkman, but it's usually some money. This is the day when one visits friends, goes for a drive or a long walk or just sits around recovering from eating too much food. Easter is a religious holiday and Easter Monday is a bank holiday. Certain old traditions are observed, whenever it's celebrated as the start of spring or a religious festival. London greets the spring with a spectacular show, Easter Parade in Batter Sea Park on Easter Sunday each year. It is sponsored by the London, Tourist Board and is usually planned around a central theme related to the history and attractions of London. New Year's day is less popular in Britain then Christmas. Besides public holidays there are some special holidays in Britain. One of them takes place on the 5th of November. On that day in 1605 Guy Fawkes tried to blow up the House of Parliament and to kill King James I. But he didn’t succeed. The King’s men found the bomb and took Guy Fawkes to the Tower. Since that day the British celebrate the 5th of November. The Spring Bank Holiday falls on the last Monday of May or on the 1st Monday of June. Besides public holidays, there are other festivals, anniversaries and simply days, for example Pancake Day and Bonfire High on which certain traditions are observe. There are also some smaller and lesser known holidays in Great Britain.
10. National celebrations in Kazakhstan are one of the most important components of its culture. Kazakhstan is a large multinational country which is rich with its both old traditions and new ones acquired for the period of Independence.The Republic of Kazakhstan observes international holidays such as New Year, 8 March but it also has holidays specific only for this country such as Unity Day, Capital Day etc. National celebrations in Kazakhstan are one of the most important components of its culture. Celebration of the national holidays is accompanied with holding of official events. Such holiday is considered Independence Day of Kazakhstana. Kazakhs celebrate Independence Day by dressing in traditional clothes, and villages will set up a yurt, a kind of elaborate tent used by the nomad Kazakhs. In the yurt is served meals, especially a dish of horse meat called beshbarmak. Kazakhs take the opportunity of the day off to visit friends and family, bringing gifts like flowers or candies. It is usual to organize tournaments with traditional games like horse races surrounded by other amusing activities and popular games. The state holidays are the holidays devoted to the events having social and political importance, they also include traditional Kazakh holidays. This category of the holidays includes New Year, 8 March, Nauryz, Unity Day, Capital Day, Constitution Day etc. One of the most favorite holidays for the Kazakh people is considered New Year. This holiday was celebrated in the territory of Kazakhstan beginning from mid-XIX century when Russian migrants settled there. Celebration of New Year traditionally begins from the night of 31 December. Cities and villages host open-air merrymaking, and the coming-in of New Year is celebrated with salute.One of the main attributes of New Year worldwide is a festive New Year tree. In many countries it is decorated for Christmas day and called a Christmas tree. The Kazakh also observe this tradition that is why there is a lovely New Year tree in every house.To celebrate New Year, close friends and relatives gather at table to watch in. First they “see off” Old Year remembering everything that was good in it and at 00 hours 00 minutes the chime starts striking counting the last seconds of Old Year. With occurrence of 1 January everybody congratulates each other and drinks champagne which is considered a traditional drink for New Year. Nauryz is a very important holiday for Kazakhs, which marks the beginning of a new year. It is celebrated several days starting from 21st of March, the day of the spring equinox. Nauryz means ‘new day’, it is celebrated in the Great Steppes from ancient times.Nauryz symbolizes goodness and wealth, happiness and love and a great friendship day, since this holiday is common for many nations. During Nauryz celebrations, past offences are forgiven and forgotten and everybody makes a wish to leave all badness behind and bring renewal in the New Year. The holidays of national and state nature are days off for the whole Kazakhstan population. These days Kazakhstan holds open-air merrymaking and official events.
11.The influence of Great Britain’s climate on its culture. Britain has a temperate maritime climate, which basically means it is mild and damp. Summers are warm and air-conditioning unnecessary. July and August are usually the hottest months of the year. Probably the most surprising thing about summer in Britain is how long the days are. It can stay light until 10pm in June! In winter, on the other hand, it gets dark as early as 5pm in December and there is a lot of fog on most mornings. Winters are cold in Britain and a warm jacket or heavy coat are a must from November to March and sometimes even in mid-April. Rain and cloud are frequent throughout the year, as is wind. It will influence what clothes you wear, what food you eat, housing, activities outside. It can also influence your language . The geography or climate of a particular place or region influences the region's culture by the way they dress ,what they eat etc. basically it influences our way of life .To answer this question, the cultural elements of Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States have been compared to their policies on climate change. These three countries have played an important role in climate change negotiations from the start. To define the culture specific elements of the nations, the theories of Hofstede and Trompenaars, Hampden-Turner are used. Distinctions between the cultural dimensions are that both the United Kingdom and the United States are individualistic countries, while Germany is a more collectivistic country. Germany also has a high uncertainty avoidance index, which means that the society prefers rules and guidelines. Another aspect in which the countries differ from another is how status is attained. In the United States, status can only be attained by achievement. In the United Kingdom where you come from is often more important than what you have done in your life. Germany is a more collectivistic country. For this reason, status can be achieved by groups more then by individuals. The three countries also have different perceptions on the climate change matter, comparing results from the countries on three categories of interest, namely: polluter interest, supporter interest and victim interest. Germany has a strong interest for both the polluters as the supporters, whereas in the UK the focus of interest lies on the victims. In the United States, the interest is spread evenly over the three categories. In the last chapter, the cultural specific elements of the countries are brought in connection to their policy on climate change. This showed that culture can indeed be a predictor for the policy on climate change of a country. Coming to this conclusion, it is important to see what this actually means for climate change negotiations. When culture influences the policy of a country, it could be useful for the different countries to have knowledge about other countries’ cultural dimensions, because they can explain the rationale for the policy change. This could lead to mutual understanding and more fruitful negotiations
12. National costume in Great Britain is one of the most important components of its culture. Scottish National Dress. One of the most famous national costumes in the world is that worn in Scotland, the kilt, however some people say that the kilt is not as traditional as some would have it. Be that as it may it is certainly what people associate with Scotland, along with whisky and haggis that is. Some people consider it very bad luck to wear a kilt in a tartan that does not belong to your family. Welsh National dress is relatively young and not as famous as Scottish National dress. Still they do have a National costume, but it's the way the ladies dress that is most well known, in fact there isn't really a National costume for men although recently through the rise of nationalism in Wales a tartan has been created and tartan trousers or kilts are often worn. For the ladies the typical Welsh costume consists of a hat, made of black felt, with a high crown and wide brim, which is worn over a lace cap. A red flannel shawl is worn over a crisp white blouse, and a full skirt made of wool with a black and white check pattern and a starched, white apron. Proper Welsh ladies always wore black woolen stockings and black shoes and carried a basket, made from willow withies. With the revival of Irish dancing, the traditional Irish costume has become associated with the bright flamboyant costumes worn by traditional Irish dancers. However in ancient Ireland people were more likely to be seen wearing 'leine' (Irish for shirt), trews (Irish for trousers) and long cloaks fastened with a brooch. Unfortunately the English don't really have a traditional National Dress as such. England, unlike Wales and Scotland, has no national dress. Some people think men in England wear suits and bowler hats but it is very unusual these days to see anyone wearing a bowler hat. On the other hand, our customs and traditions involve a wide variety of costumes, from the spectacular ceremonies associated with monarchy to the traditional costumes worn by morris dancers and others at English country fairs.
13. Kazakh national costume is one of the most important components of Kazakh culture. For centuries, Kazakh national clothes were simple and rational. It was characterized by common forms for all segments of the population, but with a certain social and age regulations. Elegance and beautiful elements to dresses were given by fur trim, embroidery, jewelry. Traditional materials for the clothes were leather, fur, thin felt, cloth, which was produced by the local population. Clothes sewn from imported materials - silk, brocade, velvet, were a kind of measure of wealthiness of their owners. Cotton was also widely used. Kazakhs have always valued animal skins and furs as sewing material. Coats, or so called Tons, were sewed from animal skins, and fur coats, such as Shash were sewed from furred animals, which were perfectly suitable for weather conditions in Kazakh Steppes. A Kazakh woman traditionally wore a dress with a waistcoat. Headwear of Kazakh women, similar to many other nationalities, was also a kind of indicator of their marital status. Headwear of married women differed in different tribal groups, but girls' headwear was comparatively similar throughout the territory of Kazakhstan. Girls used to wear hats of two types: skull cap (Takiya) and a warm hat (Borik), decorated with otter, fox or beaver fur.Kazakh women's national bridal headwear Saukele, which is a high (70 cm) conical hat, is of particular importance (see pic. on the left). The most expensive of them were evaluated in a hundred selected horses. Saukele was a mandatory part of girl’s dowry, and was prepared long before the girls reached the age of marriage, together with a wedding gown, which was often made of expensive fabric, usually red coloured. Kazakh men used to wear different skullcaps (takiya), summer and winter hats. Summer hat - kalpak was sewed from thin felt, mostly white, and had a specific ancient cut. Borik and tymak were worn in winter. Bashlyk is another national headwear, made of camel cloth, which was supposed to be worn on top of other hats, to protect from dust, sun, rain and snow.Men's clothing consisted of the following components: Double under vest (zheyde), lower pants - made of light fabric and the upper - of cloth, suede, sheepskin or thick cotton fabric.The main type of outer clothing was shapan, a kind of robe. In XIX - beginning of XX cc. complex of men and women's clothes was quite steady and homogeneous all over the territory of Kazakhstan. Composition of the costume and principles of cut remained almost invariable. Social differences in clothes were shown first of all in choice of material and in quality of making.
14.The role of good manners in English culture. Good manners play an important part in maintaining peace in a community. A man who has good manners does not hurt the feelings of others, and therefore he is on good terms with his friends and neighbors and also with others. In this way he helps to keep peace in society. Good manners are very important as they teach us the way to behave in society. They enable us to make favorable impressions on others, in school, at job interviews, in business and in just about every situation in life.But a man whose manners are bad has no respect for others. He behaves rudely towards other and causes a lot of ill-will and unpleasantness. In the end, it is he himself who suffers the most and is forced to live almost in isolation. Every culture across the ages has been defined by the concept of etiquette and accepted social interaction. However, it is the British – and the English in particular – who have historically been known to place a great deal of importance in good manners. Whether it be in relation to speech, timeliness, body language or dining, politeness is key. Traditionally, one of the best examples of the British etiquette is the importance placed on punctuality. It is considered rude to arrive late to a business meeting, medical appointment or formal social occasion such as a wedding. As such it is advisable to arrive 5-10 minutes early to appear professional, prepared and unflustered as a mark of respect to your host. Conversely, should you arrive too early to a dinner party this could also appear slightly rude and ruin the atmosphere for the evening if the host is still completing their preparations. For the same reason an unannounced house call is often frowned upon for risk of inconveniencing the home owner. British etiquette dictates courteousness at all times, which means forming an orderly queue in a shop or for public transport, saying excuse me when someone is blocking your way and saying please and thank you for any service you have received is de rigueur.
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