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There are four kinds of nouns: abstract (love, beauty, etc.), common (chair, table, etc.), collective
(class, audience, family, government, staff, team, etc.), and proper (Ann, Ted, Spain, etc.).
Gender
Masculine = men, boys, animals when we know their sex (he)
Feminine = women, girls, ships, animals when we know their sex (she)
Neuter = things, babies / animals when we don't know their sex (it)
Most personal nouns have the same form whether male or female (doctor, teacher, etc.).
Some nouns have different forms, though. Some of these are:
actor - actress father - mother landlord - landlady
boy - girl gentleman - lady lord - lady
(bride)groom - bride grandfather - grandmother monk - nun
brother - sister
duke - duchess
emperor - empress
hero - heroine
husband - wife
king - queen
|
doctor pilot nurse waiter teacher wife typist driver student emperor bride king heroine policeman |
prince waiter widower nurse landlord widow grandfather policeman engineer musician professor lecturerer queen nephew |
|
husband nephew doctor politician policeman monk landlady minister |
brother lawyer duke uncle waiter student actor shop assistant |
The Plural of Nouns
Nouns are made plural by adding:
-s to the noun. (pen - pens, etc.)
-es to nouns ending in Os, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh . .
(bus - buses, glass - glasses, box - boxes,
torch - torches, bush - bushes, etc.)
-ies to nouns ending in consonant + y.
(baby - babies, lady - ladies, etc.)
-s to nouns ending in vowel + y.
(lJoy - boys, day - days, etc.)
-es to nouns ending in -0 (tomato - tomatoes)
-s to nouns ending in: vowel + 0 (radio - radios),
double 0 (zoo - zoos), abbreviations (photo - photos)
and musical instruments (piano - pianos)
Some nouns ending in -0 can take either -es or -s
(buffalo, mosquito, volcano, etc.).
-ves to some nouns ending in -f / -fe. (leaf - leaves)
(but: chiefs, roofs, cliffs, handkerchiefs, safes, etc.)
Compound Nouns form their plural by adding -s / -es:
to the second noun if the compound
consists of two nouns. girlfriend - girlfriends
to the noun if the compound consists of
an adjective and a noun.
frying pan - frying pans
Irregular Plurals
to the first noun if the compound consists of two
nouns connected with a preposition.
sister-in-law - sisters-in-law
at the end of the compound if this is not made up
of any nouns. breakdown - breakdowns
• man - men • woman - women • foot - feet • tooth - teeth • louse - lice • mouse - mice
• child - children • goose - geese • sheep - sheep • deer - deer • fish - fish • trout – trout
1. Write the plural of the following nouns:
|
city tray potato ............... brother-in-law roof dining room headline. goose photo |
.trout water bottle stepfather mouse couch tooth bus driver dish. knife |
2. Give the plural oi the following nouns.
face, portfolio, swine, house, tomato, hearth, mother-in-law, basis, clergyman, ox, cry, key, fox, downfall, looker-on, rock, bush, enemy, leaf, roof, genius, hero, bunch, sheep, ship, criterion, youth, journey, penknife, man-of-war, loss, datum, goose, deer, pie, Englishwoman, wolf, mouse, formula, bath, volcano, possibility, forget-me-not, foot, handkerchief, thief, crisis, stepdaughter, birth, echo, finger-tip, court martial, joy, mischief-maker, extremity, spy, lie.